Suchergebnisse

A GRADUAL ADAPTATION OF MILITARY SOCIOLOGY & MILITARY POLITICAL SCIENCE TO THE SHIFTING ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN THIRD WORLD POLITICS IS SUGGESTED. 5 PHASES ARE TRACED: (1) THE BELIEF IN THE 'WESTERN' ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN THE THIRD WORLD, (2) THE SURPRISE OF MILITARY INTERVENTIONS IN AFRICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS, (3) THE ACCEPTANCE OF MILITARY INTERVENTIONS AS A 'NORMAL' & 'INSTITUTIONALIZED' PHENOMENON, (4) THE ACCEPTANCE OF MILITARY REGIME AS A 'NORMAL' POLITICAL CONSTELLATION, & (5) THE COOL ANALYSIS OF THE POLICY OUTCOMES OF MILITARY REGIMES. 8 BOOKS ARE DISCUSSED ON THE BASIS OF 6 THEMES DOMINATING MILITARY SOCIOLOGY & MILITARY POLITICAL SCIENCE: (A) THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MILITARY IN POLITICS IS SERIOUSLY HAMPERED BY WEAK CONCEPT FORMATION & CLASSIFICATORY SCHEMES, (B) VARIOUS TYPES & DEGREES OF COOPERATION OF THE MILITARY AUTHORITIES FOR THE GATHERING OF INFORMATION ON THEIR ORGANIZATION ARE NOTICED; THE AWARENESS OF ENCAPSULATION & MUTILATION OF EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENTLY PRESENT, (C) THE COMPLEX RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOCIAL ORIGIN OF THE OFFICE CORPS, THEIR ATTITUDES, & THEIR BEHAVIORAL ACTS ARE NOT TREATED IN A SOPHISTICATED MANNER, (D) THE 'EXPLANATION' OF MILITARY INTERVENTION IN POLITICS IS FREQUENTLY PUT IN INACCURATE TERMS, (E) THE LEGITIMACY PROBLEMS OF MILITARY REGIMES ARE ANALYZED UNSYSTEMATICALLY, & (F) THE INTERNATIONAL FACTOR SHOULD BE INTRODUCED AS A POSSIBLE STIMULUS & IMPEDIMENT TO MILITARY INTERVENTION & MILITARY RULE IN POLITICS. 2 TABLES. MODIFIED HA.

From the class meeting in Bruck in 1578 to Berlin Congress in 1878, i. e. from the very beginning till the end of its fundamental function, Military Border goes through various and very complex processes. Its problems in the 1850-ies are the topic of this paper. In spite of clear demands of political circles in Zagreb concerning the Military Border, the Monarchy in Vienna tries to protect it as a distinctly military institution that will not act against Hungary only but against national integration on the Balkan and Apenine Peninsula too. After the revolution in 1848/49 military and court circles in the Austrian monarchy invest special labours to turn the Military Border into a corpus separatum where military tradition will be further cherished, with corporal strictness, waiting for the development of events on the East, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the presence of Vienna and Budapest, especially after 1849, solving of the Military Border question is affected strongly by the impulse coming just from Zagreb. Trying to gather around itself the separated Croatian territories as soon as possible, Zagreb supported in the Military Border question up to Austro-Hungarian agreement in 1867 the opinion about the need of administrative integration of military and civil territories of Croatia. But, because the administrative integration does not put in the first plan demilitarization of Military Border, there appear due to such political conception in Zagreb some fundamental prerequisites for the collaboration between military and royal circles in Vienna and Croatian politicians. However, this collaboration left no deeper traces in the Croatian politics. The last ''Basic Law of Military Border", accepted in 1850, rejects all the projects of political representation of Croatia about the future of Military Border. The project has been saved as Jelačić's "Military Border Foundation" from 1849. In spite of expectations of Croatian politicians the last "Military Border Foundation" from 1850 tries to contribute to stabilization of Military Border mechanism and to its preserving. This new Military Border's constitution, contrary to demands of Croatian representatives formulated in the "Military Border Foundation" in 1849, declares the whole Military Border to be a part of the imperial army. Although the basic intention of that Law was to subordinate social relationships in Military Border to its main task, i. e. to supply the Monarchy permanently with cheap army, still it did not succeed to stop the process of social differentiation and destruction of outlived forms of traditional Military Border society, In this paper are analyzed first of all those social phenomena in Military Border which point to the movement of the social structure and the crisis of traditional military-rural society. Besides problems of disharmony between legal superstructure and social reality there are analyzed the efforts of Croatian business circles to hold back - by means of concentrating merchants and craftsmen in Croatia under the ban and in Military Border - the Austrian capital existing for centuries in Military Border, that important part of Croatian territories.

Ovo je nastojanje da se ukratko zabilježi vrijeme i rad Ratnog stacionara i pričuvne ratne bolnice u Donjem Miholjcu. Stara poslovica kaže: »Verba volant - scripta manent«, tj. riječi lete, ali zapisano ostaje, ili - ono što nije zapisano, nije ni postojalo. Vrijeme neumitno prolazi, a sjećanja blijede. Ne želimo da nam ovo naše iskustvo opet zatreba, ali će mo biti spremni ako zatreba da ga opet primijenmo. ; The work of the war-time military hospital in Donji Miholjac has been brieflay described. There is an old Roman proverb: »Verba volant, scripta manent«., i. e. »The words fly, the written materials remain«, or in other words: »That what has not been described has not happened«. The time is inexorably passing and memories are fading. We do not want to use our experiences again. However, if it is necesary we are prepared to do it.

Nakon kratke uvodne kontekstualizacije i ocrtavanja renesansne vojno-političke slike Italije, kao i susljednih društveno-kulturalnih stratuma, u radu su u kratkim crticama prikazani djetinjstvo Leonarda da Vincija i njegove prve umjetnički formativne godine, odnosno šegrtovanje u firentinskom ateljeu Andree del Verrocchija. Glavnina rada potom je posvećena raspravi o vizualnim prikazima Leonardovih ratnih izuma, razvijenima na dvorovima ondašnjih najmoćnijih talijanskih obitelji, milanskih Sforzi i rimskih Borgia. Kraćom interpretacijom dostupne historiografske produkcije nastoje se povući paralele između kasnorenesansne i moderne vojne tehnologije te istražiti donekle nezastupljena sfera Leonarda da Vincija kao homo militarisa. ; After a brief introductory contextualization and depiction of the Renaissance military-political image of Italy, as well as the subsequent socio-cultural strata, the work briefly illustrates the childhood of Leonardo da Vinci and his first artistic formative years, that is, apprenticeships in the Florence studio of Andrea del Verrocchi. The majority of the work deals with a discussion of visual representations of Leonardo's inventions of war, developed on the courts of the most powerful Italian families of that time, Milan Sforzi and Roman Borgia. A shorter interpretation of the available historiographical production seeks to draw parallels between the late Renaissance and Modern military technology as well as to explore the somewhat unrepresented sphere of Leonardo da Vinci as a homo militaris.

U radu je prikazan analitički model procjene troškova održavanja i uporabe vozila u vojnoj logistici, prilagođen specifičnim konstrukcijskim zahtjevima i karakteristikama vojnih vozila, profilu (uvjetima i načinu) uporabe, kao i tehnološkim postupcima preventivnog i korektivnog održavanje vojnih vozila. Predloženi model ocjenjivanja omogućuje unaprijedno ekvivalentnu usporedbu ukupnih troškova uporabe sličnih vozila različitih proizvođača tijekom cijelog vijeka trajanja (to jest kroz cijeli životni vijek ili životni ciklus). U okviru predloženog modela jasno su definirani početni (ulazni) i rubni uvjeti. Implementacija analitičkog modela pruža procjenu i planiranje troškova održavanja i izravnih troškova uporabe vozila u vojnoj logistici već kod kupnje novih vozila, a također i procjenu optimalnoga vijeka trajanja (životnog vijeka) vozila, što vodi do povećanja pouzdanosti i raspoloživosti, a s time i do veće učinkovitost uporabe vojnih vozila. ; The article presents an analytical model of evaluating costs of vehicle use in military logistics adapted to specific construction demands and characteristics of military vehicles, profile (conditions and manner) of use and technological procedures of preventive and remedial maintenance of military vehicles. The proposed model of evaluation enables an equivalent comparison of total costs in advance of use of similar vehicles made by different manufacturers throughout the entire operating period (their service life). Initial (entry) and boundary conditions are clearly defined within the proposed model. The implementation of the analytical model ensures the evaluation and planning of maintenance costs and costs of direct vehicle use in military logistics already at the point of purchasing new vehicles, as well as evaluation of optimal operating period (service life) of vehicles, which leads to increased reliability and availability, and, consequently, to more effective use of military vehicles.

Udžbenik Vojna topografija, koji se sastoji iz dva dijela: Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zem­ljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte, objavljen je 2012. go­dine. Izdavač je Ministarstvo obrane Republike Hrvatske – Oružane snage Republike Hrvatske – Hrvatsko vojno uči­lište "Petar Zrinski", autor je pukovnik doc. dr. sc. Mladen Paher­nik. Recenzenti su bili prof. dr. sc. Aleksandar Toskić i doc. dr. sc. Robert Župan, a lektorica i ko­rektorica Gabrijela Capjak, prof."Koncepcija sadržaja ovog udžbe­nika vezana je za postavljen koncept izobrazbe iz područja vojno-geografske grupe predmeta unutar vojnih škola Hrvatskog vojnog učilišta. Na temeljnoj razini školovanja časnika i dočasnika, potrebno je polaznicima dati temeljno znanje iz vojne topografije koje uklju­čuje prikaz topografskih elemenata ze­mljišta, orijentaciju u prostoru i čitanje topografskih karata. Upravo su te teme razrađene kroz udžbenike Vojna topografija I – Topografski objekti zemljišta i Vojna topografija II – Orijentacija i topografske karte. …" (iz Predgovora). ; The Military Topography text­book was published in 2012, consisting of two parts: Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps. It was published by the Ministry of Defence of the Repu­blic of Croatia – Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia – Croatian Military Academy "Petar Zrinski". The author is Colonel Assist. Prof. Dr. Mladen Pahernik. The textbook was reviewed by Prof. Dr. Ale­ksandar Toskić and Assist. Prof. Dr. Robert Župan and proofread by Gabrijela Capjak, Prof."The concept of this textbook's content is associated with the concept of education in the military-geographic group of subjects within military schools of the Croatian Military Academy. The fundamental level of educating officers and non-commissioned officers needs to provide attendants with basic military topography knowledge, including representation of topographic land objects, orientation in space and reading topographic maps. These topics are discussed in textbooks Military Topography I – Topographic Land Objects and Military Topography II – Orientation and Topographic Maps…" (Preface).

Jesu li u veljači 1945. godine širokobriješki franjevci ubijeni sudjelujući u borbi ili je nad njima izvršen ratni zločin? Iako se na prvi pogled ovako postavljen upit doima kao nedopustivo pojednostavljena dvojba, doista u ovome slučaju postoje samo dvije mogućnosti: ili su usmrćeni kao sudionici u oružanim sukobima ili su pak nevini ubijeni? U prilogu se na temelju dostupne arhivske dokumentacije, relevantne literature i izjava svjedoka nastoji provjeriti valjanost tvrdnji o (ne)umiješanosti franjevaca u oružane sukobe na Širokome Brijegu od 6. do 8. veljače 1945. ; Were the Franciscans from Široki Brijeg killed in February 1945 while participating in the battle or the war crime was committed over them? Although at first such question seems as an inadmissibly simplified doubt, in this case there are only two possibilities indeed: were they murdered as actors in the armed conflicts or killed innocent? On the basis of available archive documents, relevant literature and witness statements the paper seeks to verify the validity of claims on (un)involvement of Franciscans in the armed conflicts in široki Brijeg from 6th to 8th February 1945.

Even though many would have bet on NATO's demise after the Cold War and consider it now to be an archaic, antiquated alliance — as the reality that led to its formation no longer exists to justify its purpose — the need for collective defence in an increasingly complicated security environment stands as grounds for its ever-growing importance and its need to adapt to a spectrum of challenges that is becoming more diversified. NATO has long surpassed its military defensive role and has adapted to new challenges and new threats, while it has broadened its security agenda accordingly. The 'out of area' missions that dragged the Alliance out of its borders brought more meaning to the community of shared values, whilst allowing it to become both a security exporter, and a values and norms exporter. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan comprises NATO's transformation and adaptation to the new security challenges and its diffusion of norms in the 'near abroad'. ; Even though many would have bet on NATO's demise after the Cold War and consider it now to be an archaic, antiquated alliance — as the reality that led to its formation no longer exists to justify its purpose — the need for collective defence in an increasingly complicated security environment stands as grounds for its ever-growing importance and its need to adapt to a spectrum of challenges that is becoming more diversified. NATO has long surpassed its military defensive role and has adapted to new challenges and new threats, while it has broadened its security agenda accordingly. The 'out of area' missions that dragged the Alliance out of its borders brought more meaning to the community of shared values, whilst allowing it to become both a security exporter, and a values and norms exporter. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) mission in Afghanistan comprises NATO's transformation and adaptation to the new security challenges and its diffusion of norms in the 'near abroad'.

The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia started producing military topographic maps that differ from the inherited cartographic system in the projection, ellipsoid, and the manner of designating the grid, format, margin contents and scale system. Since the maps will be used for purposes other than the military ones, the paper looks back on essential characteristics in map production in the new accepted cartographic system. ; Ministarstvo obrane RH započelo je s izradom vojnih topografskih karata koje se u odnosu na naslijeđeni kartografski sustav razlikuju u projekciji, elipsoidu, načinu označavanja u pravokutnoj mreži, formatu prikaza, izvanokvirnom sadržaju i sustavu mjerila. Kako će se karte, osim za vojne, koristiti i u druge svrhe, u članku je dan osvrt na bitne karakteristike izrade karata u novoprihvaćenom kartografskom sustavu.

U radu se iz ekohistorijske perspektive prikazuju šume Slavonske vojne krajine u 18. stoljeću. Šume se proučavaju kao zasebni ekosistem te kroz njihovu interakciju s čovjekom. Rad se temelji na pregledu izvora – karti Slavonske vojne krajine iz 1780. godine, Šumskih uredbi iz 1787. godine i putopisu austrijskog državnog službenika Friedricha Wilhelma von Taubea. Naglasak je na prikazu izgleda šuma i njihovih karakteristika te na utjecaju čovjeka kroz ekonomsku eksploataciju i deforestaciju. Predstavljaju se oprečni pogledi vojne vlasti i krajišnika po pitanju korištenja i zaštite šuma. ; The paper portrays the forests of the Slavonian Military Border in the 18th century from the perspective of ecohistory. The forests are studied as a separate ecosystem and through their interaction with humans. The paper is based on an overview of sources – a map of the Slavonian Military Border from the year 1780, the Forest Decree from the year 1787 and the travelogue of the Austrian civil servant Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube. The paper emphasizes the appearance of forests and their characteristics, as well as man's influence on forests through economic exploitation and deforestation. The conflicting views of the military authorities and the frontier soldiers on the use and protection of forests are presented.

Plemićka vojna akademija u Bečkom Novom Mjestu otvorena je 1752. o državnom trošku, a cilj habsburških vlasti bio je da bude komplementarna viteškoj akademiji Terezijanumu (osnovan 1746. pod isusovačkom upravom). Naime, ondje su se školovali mladi plemići za rad u civilnoj službi, dok je Bečko Novo Mjesto bilo namijenjeno obrazovanju časnika. Marija Terezija osigurala je stipendije za četristotinjak kadeta iz siromašnijih plemićkih obitelji, kao i za sinove zaslužnih časnika koji su dokazali lojalnost u vojnoj službi. Prije Plemićke akademije dječaci mlađi od 14 godina pohađali su tzv. Pripremnu vojnu školu u Beču. Obje ustanove spojene su 1769. u c. i k. Terezijansku vojnu akademiju. Učiteljski kadar, koji je isprva bio samo svjetovni, tj. časnički, nastavljao je tradiciju humanističkih i baroknih viteških akademija te usvajanja "viteških vještina i vojnih vrlina" koje su bile usmjerene više na fizičku spremnost nego na stjecanje suvremenih znanja o ratovanju koja su bila potrebna za profesionalizaciju vojske. U radu se prikazuju reforme i promjene koje su se provodile na Akademiji za vrijeme Marije Terezije i Josipa II. u nastojanju da se osuvremeni časničko obrazovanje i da se uz pomoć prosvjetiteljskih načela razvije nadnacionalni "austrijski patriotizam" koji bi bio glavni temelj lojalnosti budućih časnika. Ta nastojanja kulminirala su za vrijeme uprave prosvijetljenog pedagoškog pisca, austrijskog generala i češkog grofa Franza Josepha Kinskog (1779.-1805.), čiji su odgajateljski koncepti i djelovanje opširnije predstavljeni. ; The Noble Military Academy at Wiener Neustadt was opened in 1752 at state expense, and the aim of the Habsburg authorities was to make it a counterpart of the Theresianum Knight Academy (founded in 1746 under the Jesuit administration). Young noblemen were trained there for work in civil service, while the academy at Wiener Neustadt was intended for officer education. Maria Theresa secured scholarships for ca. four hundred cadets from poorer noble families, as well as for sons of deserving senior officers. Boys under the age of 14 attended the so-called Preparatory Military School in Vienna before being admitted at the Wiener Neustadt Noble Military Academy. Both institutions were merged in 1769 into one Imperial and Royal Theresian Military Academy. Teachers, who were at first only secular, that is, coming from the officer class, continued the tradition of humanist and baroque knight academies and the adoption of "knightly skills and military virtues," aimed at the acquisition of physical readiness rather than the contemporary knowledge of warfare needed to professionalize the army. This paper presents the reforms and changes that took place at the Theresian Military Academy during the reign of Maria Theresa and Joseph II with the intention of modernizing officer education and developing the supra-national "Austrian patriotism" based on the Enlightenment principles as the main foundation of the future officers' loyalty. These efforts culminated during the command of the enlightened pedagogical writer, the Austrian general and Bohemian aristocrat, Franz Joseph Kinsky (1779-1755), whose educational concepts and actions are here extensively presented.