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Producción Científica ; This article aims to highlight the longstanding issues concerning properties no longer useful to the institutional goals of Italian Ministry of Defense, to analyze the State dismissal and valorization policies and the related procedures (such as the 'Territorial Unitary Development' and 'federalism state property' programs). Specifically, it will focus the attention on role of the task force between the Ministry of Defense and State Property Agency for the elaboration of hypotheses and paths of rationalization and optimization projects of the use of military sites. Starting from some research already carried out by the two authors, it will update the ongoing procedures of refurbishment of abandoned military sites in Italy (among them, the art. 26 of Decree Law 'unlocked Italy' and the 'federal building') and it will analyze the role of 'new' actors in the procedures, as the Investment Management Companies 'Cassa Depositi e Prestiti' and 'Invimit'. Those actors, through their real estate investment trusts, are acting as private stakeholders in an attempt to unlock the planning, design, economic and sometimes social inertia related to urban regeneration projects of former military assets in several Italian cities (such as Bologna, Florence, Milan, Rome and Turin). Eventually, it will try to understand if nowadays it is faced with a season characterized by more efficient procedures. ; European Joint Doctorate "urbanHIST". European Union. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 721933.

In 1810 Napoleon wrote: "Portoferraio is a very important place". That place on Island of Elba was a central node in the network of military arsenals of the Empire and an important piece on Italian military chessboard. Outside the Renaissance walls of the town, around a crumbling fort built in 1700, Napoleon planned a new military fortification's system inspired to the model of the "camp retranché", useful to protect the town against the landing of the enemy. Three forts were built. Two ones were only planned. A total of five fortresses constituted a crown around the town and are, also today, an unique example of the original and direct Napoleon personal architectural overview.

SDR, since its theoretical definition by J. Mitola, has been really appealing for the military communications. The possibility to move forward from the legacy radio devices, where all the functionalities were directly embedded in the hardware, towards a new type of radio that allows reconfigurability and flexibility is seen as a Deus ex machina in the complex and crowded panorama of tactical communications. The possibility to execute different waveforms on the same platform can potentially prolong the lifecycle of an operational radio for several years. The possibility to port the same waveform to different hardware, on the other hand, has twofold implications: it allows the re-use of the same waveform, maximizing the return on investment for the developers and, in addition, it allows decoupling the radio manufacturer from the software developer, potentially creating a new market for the waveforms development and procurement. Similarly to what has been commonly experienced in the smartphone market, where Apps are developed independently by the vendor of the terminal, in the future, SDR waveforms might be developed by different subjects, even outside Industry (e.g. universities and research centers) and then ported on an existing SDR platform. The "SDR revolution" is anyway not feasible as long as common development rules for waveforms and common interfaces between the waveform and the underlying hardwarewill be clearly defined. The most relevant contribution in this sense was the definition of the Software Communication Architecture (SCA), published and maintained by the Joint Tactical Networking Centre (JTNC). The SCA defined a set of requirements and rules both for the development of waveforms and for the software definition of processing elements and functions within the host platforms, though leaving to implementers the possibility to choose between different hardware and software solution for the implementation of a SCA-compliant SDR solution. SCA, rapidly became a de facto standard in the military panorama, as it has been widely adopted for the major military SDR programmes also in Europe, mainly in its version 2.2.2. SCA 2.2.2 was designed to meet the stringent requirement of military communications, in terms of security,timing accuracy, real time behavior and it was not able to spread widely outside this context for several years, mainly because of the overhead it imposes to the applications. Today SCA, in its version 4.1, has been published in the US as an emerging standard and its evolution is also supported by the Wireless Innovation Forum. One of the goal of the SCA 4.1 is to define profiles that allows its implementation in devices with limited processing resources, meeting the needs of small form factor devices in the military context and projecting towards applications outside the military. Nevertheless, some other emerging standards are facing the military SDR market, as possible alternatives to SCA. From the point of view of a procurement agency (like MoDs are in the context of military communications),SDR offers significant benefits but, at the same time, it raises new issues and challenges. First, the transition to the software implementation of some functions of the radio platform, requires the development of new testing skills inside the Defence panorama. Each service (i.e. Armed Force) in the Italian Defence, developed during the years, its verification and validation (V&V) facilities, holding a proven experience in the testing methodologies for military radios. The transition to SDR requires that radio testing skills are enhanced with software verification and signal processing skills, as many of the function of new radios are not only performed in software but they also offer the possibility to perform inspection on their behavior. The military procurement strategy for SDR is today closely linked to SCA-based architectures. For these architectures new waveforms have been developed. The ability to test these waveforms,prior to their porting on the final hosting platforms, requires the verification of the compliance of the software modules to the rules of the underlying software architecture (SCA-based). This means that the verification strategy shall comprise the ability to verify that the SCA implementation of a software component is properly performed, assuring future compatibility of the component with the other elements of the waveform and of the platform. After the aforementioned V&V steps, carried out usually during the development of the SDR system or of one of its component (platform, waveform), the complete system is usually delivered to the test facility to undergo a number of tests analogous to that performed on the legacy systems: they span from testing the behavior of the radio over the air, to environmental and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing, to interoperability testing with existing communication systems, where applicable. These activities are usually performed through "live fire exercise", how they are called in military jargon: the system is deployed into an environment that tries to recreate as much as possible the operational scenario and tested under realistic conditions, by the operators that will employ it in real operations soon afterwards. In response to these needs, the Italian MoD has identified the development of a governmental capability for SDR V&V as a strategic pillar and has consequently funded the establishment of a dedicated laboratory (called LANCERS), based on a cooperation between CSSN ITE, a research and experimentation center of the Italian Navy located in Livorno and CNIT (Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni) where experimentation and research on tools and technicques for SDR V&V are performed. The laboratory has developed with the time also some collaboration with industries involved in the SDR market. This work summarizes the outcomes of the activities carried out in the LANCERS laboratory, regarding methodologies, tools and experimentation oriented to V&V of military SDR. After providing a brief overview of the major programmes and stakeholders of the military SDR panorama in chapter 1, an analysis of the domains of application of the T&E strategies for SDR will be identified in Chapter2. Chapter 3 will provide an in depth description of the tools and procedures developed at LANCERS lab for military SDR test and evaluation. Different tools, addressing the needs of different phases of SDR development, will be presented, together with the design process that brought to their creation and some results of real applications of these tools. Chapter 4 will present a field testing campaign performed as a necessary complement to the lab test activities listed in chapter 3. Chapter 5 will draw the conclusions and present future work plans for further improving the tools and procedures presented. For some testing activities the presentation of the results will be limited, due to the fact that the disclosure of information related to some particular SDR product is at the moment of writing this thesis yet subject to restrictions. Provided results will be anyway sufficient to provide the reader with a good understanding of the functionalities and applicability of the presented tools and procedures.

According to the common opinion, the status of base of operations accorded to Milan at the time of Gallienus prefigures the pre‐eminent role of the city that will emerge during the Tetrarchic age; notwithstanding, this historical period has been little investigated so far due to the scarcity of available documentation. Therefore, this paper aims to study the history of Milan and, more generally, of the Cisalpina between the invasion of the Alamanni in 259‐260 and the age of Diocletian. During these years, northern Italy seems to act as a driving force of macro‐regional events which concern the internal struggles to achieve the imperial power and the conflicts with those barbarians who were militarily active along the borders. Particular attention will be paid to Aureolus: his military ducatus, which was extended at least to the Raetia, prefigures the connection be‐ tween the Raetia and Italy that will be institutionalised in late antiquity. ; È opinione corrente che il ruolo di base operativa rivestito da Milano durante l'età di Gallieno anticipi quella preminenza della città poi affermatasi in età tetrarchica; questa fase tuttavia, anche a causa della scarsità della documentazione, è stata sinora poco indagata. Il contributo si propone pertanto di approfondire lo studio della storia della città, e più in generale della cisalpina, tra l'invasione degli Alamanni del 259‐260 e l'avvento di Diocleziano. In questi anni, l'Italia settentrionale appare il motore di eventi di portata macro‐regionale, che investono sia le lotte interne per la conquista della porpora, sia lo scontro con i barbari che premono sui confini. Particolarmente significativa appare l'esperienza di Aureolo, il cui ducato militare esteso perlomeno sino alla rezia preannuncia quel legame tra la rezia e l'Italia che verrà istituzionalizzato in epoca tardoantica.

The territory of Arborea is rich of military fortifications built during the Second World War as part of the long series of posts erected in Sardinia, designated to protect and control the coasts from assaults and landings. In this specific area, reclaimed and farmed thank to a great reclamation conducted by the company Società Bonifiche Sarde in the first decades of the XX century, several military fortifications such as bunkers, batteries and strongholds were built along the coast, starting from 1940-41. The typical pattern of the land, designed on the basis of a weave of orthogonal roads, determined a precise position of these works, so we can find a first line on the beach and inner groups of four or five elements at the beginning of the roads that led to the heart of the region; thus we notice a contrast between two opposite and tangible tensions that coexist here. On the one hand, in fact, there is the one related to the human capability of shaping a land by stealing it from swamps and making it productive and inhabited in a few years; on the other hand, the tension, also human, represented by the threat to its survival. Currently, these works, abandoned and often swallowed in the vegetation, are silent witnesses of a past that must be a warning for the future. Rediscovering and enhancing them is part of the wider path to the protection, conservation and promotion of the whole Arborea's area, from the landscape point of view and from the architectural one, that consider reusing these "modern archeologies" giving them new functions in order to be used and useful again, but also making them vehicles of historical memory.

Le aziende militari private si sono dimostrate, nel corso degli ultimi anni, come una realtà emergente della conflittualità contemporanea. Tuttavia, tanto la loro natura quanto la loro costituzione rimangono a tutt'oggi alquanto sfuggenti, rendendo sovente difficile un approccio distaccato alle questioni problematiche che esse pongono. Si cerca dunque di affrontare il nodo critico della definizione della nuova attività mercenaria, comparandola con le sue alternative tradizionali, e stabilendo quindi quali canoni risultino significativi nel definirla. Le conclusioni che se ne ricavano delineano la possibile nascita di un moto di controtendenza alla concentrazione della forza, fenomeno questo che è possibile individuare anche in altre manifestazioni della bellicosità attuale.