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Latest issue consulted: Vol. 86, no. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 2006). ; Description based on: Vol. 63, num. 11-12 (nov.-dec. 1983); title from cover. ; Not distributed to depository libraries in a physical form, Issues for Nov.-Dec. 1995- called "Hispano-American" ed. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Issued also in English and Portuguese.

El trabajo ante el que nos encontramos tiene como finalidad sumergirnos en el Derecho Penal Militar de España. Para ello, es necesaria una pequeña introducción histórica, continuando con el Derecho Procesal Militar, el Código Penal, las sanciones disciplinarias, Derecho Penitenciario Militar y, por último estableciendo la relación entre la Administración Penitenciaria y el sujeto penado. Notable importancia supone la mención a la jurisdicción castrense en nuestra Constitución, al igual que la necesaria condición de militar en los delitos del ámbito castrense, la competencia en tiempos de paz y en tiempos de guerra, el régimen y el tratamiento en prisión, y, la premisa básica de disciplina, jerarquía y cohesión en las Fuerzas Armadas. Finalmente, todo en conjunto nos permitirá conocer esta jurisdicción tan desconocida en las Universidades Españolas y en el día a día de un civil. ; The present project we are working on is aimed at immersing ourselves in the Spanish Military Criminal Law. Therefore, an analysis will be made on the historical introduction, continuing with the Military Procedural Law, the Penal Code, disciplinary sanctions, Military Penitentiary Law, and finally establishing the relationship between the Penitentiary Administration and the subject punished. Remarkably important is mentioning the military jurisdiction in our Constitution, as well as the necessary military status in military crimes, competition in times of peace and in times of war, regime and treatment in prison, and the basic premise of discipline, hierarchy, and cohesion in the Armed Forces. Finally, everything together will allow Spanish universities and citizens to understand the components of this jurisdiction. ; Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Profesión de Abogado (M155)

Este artículo relata la dicotomía en la actuación de las policías militares. En Brasil, por ser un país federativo, los gobiernos de las provincias tienen autonomía sobre el cuerpo policial provincial. Uno de principales problemas de las instituciones está relacionado con su forma de actuación: militar o policial. Esta dicotomía da paso a muchas críticas sobre su desempeño como institución responsable del mantenimiento del orden público presencial, debido a que evidencia una jerarquía muy fuerte que distancia la institución de la sociedad.

El presente trabajo impulsa el estudio de la cultura estratégica militar española, estableciendo como característica básica su orientación hacia la eficacia práctica en combate mediante una útil reflexión estratégica. Se ha analizado como facilitador del aprovechamiento de revoluciones técnicas en instrumentos de combate. así ocurrió con la incorporación sistemática de las armas de fuego en la edad moderna con liderazgo español, disponiendo España de abundantes recursos. También se ha producido con recursos limitados como ocurrió con la aviación militar española desde sus inicios. sobre este poco conocido caso se ha compuesto una completa imagen de la formación de la mentalidad estratégica de los aviadores militares españoles y comparado con sus equivalentes en los principales países occidentales, sobresaliendo la española por su eficacia práctica, equilibrio y complementariedad con el resto. Finalmente, se explora esta complementariedad en el marco de las principales culturas estratégicas militares implicadas en la actual cooperación militar europea ; This paper pushes forward the study of the spanish military strategic culture, establishing as basic characteristic its focus on practical effectiveness in combat through a useful strategic reflection. It is analyzed as facilitator of the exploitation of technical revolutions in combat means. It was the case of the systematic incorporation of firearms in the modern age with spanish leadership, when spain had abundant resources. It has also been the case with limited resources, as it happened with the spanish military aviation from its beginning. on this scarcely known case, a complete picture of the formation of spanish military aviators' strategic mentality has been produced and compared with its equivalents in the main Western countries, standing out the former for its practical effectiveness, balance and complementarity with the rest. Finally, this complementarity is explored in the framework of the main military strategic cultures involved in the present european military cooperation

The "military anarchy" witnessed the decline and fall of the political institutions of the Early Empire. That period may be interpreted not only as a time of total destruction but also as a transition from on stage of the Roman state to another. The transition was rather spasmodic, revolutionary. By analogy the "military anarchy" may be defined as the second Roman Revolution, just appearing new elements of a future state: The Late Empire. ; La "anarquía militar" atestigua la disminución y la caída de las instituciones políticas del Alto Imperio. Aquel período puede ser interpretado no sólo como una época de destrucción total, sino también como una transición de una forma de gobierno romana hacia otra. La transición era bastante discontinua, revolucionaria. Por analogía "la anarquía militar" puede ser definida como la segunda Revolución romana, apareciendo los nuevos elementos de un futuro estado: El Bajo Imperio.

This paper focuses on elements of military thought & doctrine & the approaches of Antonio Hardt & Antonio Negri's theory of imperialism in the context of the defense of human rights. To defend human rights, it is necessary to know how & by whom they were violated. To resist violation, one must understand the mechanisms & functioning of repression. Psychological violations of human rights are difficult to discern, but they cause much suffering, & their role in the set of mechanisms of repression is increasing. The military use of psychological repression illustrates this situation. As described in documents of military doctrine, it is one of the fundamental principles that guide military forces' actions in achieving the 'national objectives' sought by imperialism. Hardt & Negri define imperialism as a new global form of sovereignty, a new logic & structure of power, the new rationality of globalization, & the new order of the capitalist project. Imperialism is established through power, which is obtained in good part via psychological means, including military psychological operations.

Invitation to a Lunch-Champagne dance party to celebrate New Year's Day organized by the members of the General Staff; Generals Alvaro Obregón, Secretary of War and Navy; Pablo González, Chief of the Army Corps of the East, and Benjamin G. Hill, Military Commander of the Plaza in Mexico City. Invitation to the literary-musical soiree organized by the Gen. Alvaro Obregón's Staff and the chiefs and officers of the disappeared Army Corps of the Northwest in memory of those who died during the struggle against Victoriano Huerta's usurpation and the reaction movement led by Francisco Villa. The Tribute will be chaired by the First Chief Venustiano Carranza and sponsored by Gen. Alvaro Obregón. Invitation to the banquet in honor to Gen. Alvaro Obregón, organized by his friends, senators, and congressmen. / Invitación a un Lunch-Champagne, baile que para celebrar el Año Nuevo organizan los miembros de los Estados Mayores de los Grales. Alvaro Obregón, Secretario de Guerra y Marina; Pablo González, Jefe del Cuerpo de Ejército de Oriente y Benjamín G. Hill, Comandante Militar de la Plaza de la Ciudad de México. Invitación a la velada literario-musical organizada por el Estado Mayor del Gral. Alvaro Obregón y los jefes y oficiales del extinto Cuerpo de Ejército del Noroeste, en memoria de los que murieron durante la lucha contra la usurpación de Victoriano Huerta y la reacción encabezada por Francisco Villa. El homenaje será presidido por el Primer Jefe Venustiano Carranza y patrocinado por el Gral. Alvaro Obregón. Invitación al banquete dedicado al Gral. Álvaro Obregón que organizan sus amigos, senadores y diputados.

La siguiente monografía referativa muestra a familiaresmilitares que integraron el árbol genealógico de la familia Martí, loscuales sirvieron de ejemplo al Héroe Nacional para que se convirtieraen un soldado de las ideas. Sus participaciones en diferentes filiacionesfueron pautas a seguir por José Julián para lo que sería posteriormentela creación de la Guerra Necesaria. Todos portaron grados militares ysirvieron de forma estoica en los ejércitos que sirvieron, obteniendo condecoracionesy logros relevantes en sus vidas. Este resultado es parte deuna tesis doctoral donde se pretende dotar a alumnos de la UniversidadCentral «Marta Abreu» de Las Villas de una nueva herramienta prácticael pensamiento militar martiano. Los métodos empleados fueronel estudio de documentos, el histórico lógico y la práctica pedagógica. The following refectory monograph shows military relativeswho integrated the family tree of the Martí family, which served as anexample to the Cuban National Hero to become a soldier of ideas. Theirparticipation in different affiliations guidelines to be followed by JoséJulián for what would later be the creation of the Guerra Necesaria. Allcarried military degrees and served stoically in the armies they served,earning decorations and relevant achievements in their lives. This resultis part of a doctoral thesis where it is intended to provide students of theUniversidad Central «Marta Abreu» de Las Villas with a new practicaltool for Martian military thinking. The methods used were the study ofdocuments, the logical history and the pedagogical practice.

Civilians constitute a large share of casualties in civil wars across the world. They are targeted to create fear and punish allegiance with the enemy. This maximizes collaboration with the perpetrator and strengthens the support network necessary to consolidate control over contested regions. I develop a model of the magnitude and structure of civilian killings in civil wars involving two armed groups who Öght over territorial control. Armies secure compliance through a combination of carrots and sticks. In turn, civilians di§er from each other in their intrinsic preference towards one group. I explore the e§ect of the empowerment of one of the groups in the civilian death toll. There are two e§ects that go in opposite directions. While a direct e§ect makes the powerful group more lethal, there is an indirect e§ect by which the number of civilians who align with that group increases, leaving less enemy supporters to kill. I study the conditions under which there is one dominant e§ect and illustrate the predictions using sub-national longitudinal data for Colombiaís civil war.

Para pasar del pensamiento y la filosofía de la guerra a su práctica es necesario un puente conceptual que facilite la transformación de los principios en acciones. Ese puente es la doctrina militar, como guía de actuación del mando en combate. Para entender la doctrina es necesario conocer cómo se genera, de dónde se parte, a través de un análisis histórico y conceptual. Este análisis nos lleva desde las características de las sociedades hasta su esfuerzo en la guerra, acorde con su tiempo. Una vez efectuado el análisis histórico podemos volcarnos en comprender la doctrina militar actual en el caso que nos preocupa, que es el de España y sus Fuerzas Armadas, que responde igualmente a la sociedad española actual ; Moving from the idea and philosophy of war to its practice requires a conceptual bridge, facilitating the transformation of principles into actions. Military doctrine constitutes this bridge, guiding command action in combat. To properly understand doctrine, we need to know its generation process, where it comes from, through a historical and conceptual analysis. This analysis will lead us from the features of a society to its war effort, concordant with its own time. Once the historical analysis has been presented, we can dive into current military doctrine, specially in our immediate concern, Spain, and its Armed Forces, which respond to the current state of the Spanish society

This group of texts forms a set, unhappily incomplete, dealingvvith a subject of the greatest interest to the ancient historian — t he military preparations against an expected attack from the sea on the territory of Pylos,, an attack which was successful if we may judge from the fact that these tablets were preserved by baking in the fire which finally consumed the «Palace of Nestor».

This paper explains some of the most important processes through the Chinese army has passed, as well as the industry dedicated to the arms production in China. The People's Republic of China after reaching economic stability in the late 1990s refocused its military modernization policies, to be able to measure with the most powerful ones in the world, leaving behind the mass army to make way for the era of computerization and Cyberwar. To understand this process is essential to study the situation in the early years of the Republic, through the era of the Four Modernizations to the National Defense White Papers and other policies related to the modernize China's military industry. ; El presente trabajo explica algunos de los procesos más importantes por los que ha pasado el ejército chino, así como la industria dedicada a la producción de armamento en China. La República Popular China después de haber alcanzado una estabilidad financiaría a finales de la década de 1990, reoriento las políticas de modernización militar para poder medirse con las poderosas del mundo, dejando atrás el ejército de masas para dar paso a la era de la informatización y guerra cibernética. Para entender dicho proceso es indispensable estudiar la situación durante los primeros años de la Republica, pasando por la era de las Cuatro Modernizaciones hasta los Libros Blancos de Defensa Nacional y otras políticas relacionadas para modernizar la industria militar china.

This paper analyses the links of military elites to Freemasonry in El Salvador from 1931 to 1953. Military-led governments in the country were continuously in power for nearly 50 years of the 20th century. There is evidence showing that certain members of the military were active Freemasons. Some of them even became presidents of the Republic. In this paper, it will be possible to briefly observe the vision that some military Masons had of the events of their time, among them, the Second World War or the Spanish Civil War. ; El presente texto abordará de manera sucinta la vinculación de las élites militares y la masonería en El Salvador durante el período comprendido entre 1931 a 1953. Los gobiernos militares en el país fueron continuos durante casi 50 años en el siglo XX. Hay evidencias mostrando que ciertos militares fueron miembros activos de la masonería. Incluso, algunos de ellos llegaron a la presidencia de la República. En este trabajo también podrá observarse brevemente la visión que tenían algunos militares masones de los acontecimientos contemporáneos, entre ellos, la segunda guerra mundial o la guerra civil española.

Several incidents in the last few weeks have raised additional doubts over how Mexico's soldiers are approaching the so-called "drug war." Not only are there questions over how appropriately the security forces react in confrontations with civilians, but the importance of the military itself in Mexico's democracy may yet come under scrutiny. ; News Analysis (InSight Crime Foundation)

The aim of the article was to analyze the current state and prospects of development of military law. The methodological basis of the study was the use of empirical research methods, theoretical knowledge and logical research techniques. The research was based on several certainties: The first systemic certainty is the limited or conditional commitment of some states to international law. The second systemic certainty is the state perspective of international security. The third is the structural deficiencies of the United Nations. The fourth systemic certainty is that horror in the context of armed conflict is present and that war is always a humanitarian catastrophe. Finally, the fifth systemic certainty is the defensibility of a state in possession of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction. It is concluded that it is necessary to create a military justice system for modern police practice, i.e., to enact military law directly. Based on the idea that military justice is a system of organs, it should include: an organ that conducts pre-trial investigation or ensures law and order and an organ that monitors the rule of law; military courts.