Suchergebnisse

International audience ; France has a powerful arms industry, highly competitive on international markets for political reasons, in spite of sometimes archaic management and a policy of systematic protectionism for defence strategy reasons. Outlays are concentrated in a few industries and enterprises. It is difficult to determine the costs and advantages of that national industry, but for the French governments the independence of arms equipment supplies is essential., whatever the economic and industrial costs. It is mainly the case for nuclear weapons. It is interesting to indicate the size and composition of the military budget, the structure of military procurement by sectors and type of firms, The listing of the largest defence contractors, and the development of the "loi de programmation militaire". ; La France dispose d'une industrie de l'armement puissante, très compétitive sur les marchés internationaux pour des raisons politiques, malgré une gestion parfois archaïque et une politique de protectionnisme systématique pour des raisons de stratégie de défense. Les dépenses sont concentrées dans quelques industries et entreprises. Il est difficile de déterminer les coûts et les avantages de cette industrie nationale, mais pour les gouvernements français, l'indépendance des approvisionnements en matériel d'armement est essentielle, quels qu'en soient les coûts économiques et industriels. C'est principalement le cas pour les armes nucléaires. Il est intéressant d'indiquer la taille et la composition du budget militaire, la structure des achats militaires par secteurs et par type d'entreprises, la liste des plus grands contractants de la défense, et le contenu de la "loi de programmation militaire".

International audience ; France has a powerful arms industry, highly competitive on international markets for political reasons, in spite of sometimes archaic management and a policy of systematic protectionism for defence strategy reasons. Outlays are concentrated in a few industries and enterprises. It is difficult to determine the costs and advantages of that national industry, but for the French governments the independence of arms equipment supplies is essential., whatever the economic and industrial costs. It is mainly the case for nuclear weapons. It is interesting to indicate the size and composition of the military budget, the structure of military procurement by sectors and type of firms, The listing of the largest defence contractors, and the development of the "loi de programmation militaire". ; La France dispose d'une industrie de l'armement puissante, très compétitive sur les marchés internationaux pour des raisons politiques, malgré une gestion parfois archaïque et une politique de protectionnisme systématique pour des raisons de stratégie de défense. Les dépenses sont concentrées dans quelques industries et entreprises. Il est difficile de déterminer les coûts et les avantages de cette industrie nationale, mais pour les gouvernements français, l'indépendance des approvisionnements en matériel d'armement est essentielle, quels qu'en soient les coûts économiques et industriels. C'est principalement le cas pour les armes nucléaires. Il est intéressant d'indiquer la taille et la composition du budget militaire, la structure des achats militaires par secteurs et par type d'entreprises, la liste des plus grands contractants de la défense, et le contenu de la "loi de programmation militaire".

International audience ; France has a powerful arms industry, highly competitive on international markets for political reasons, in spite of sometimes archaic management and a policy of systematic protectionism for defence strategy reasons. Outlays are concentrated in a few industries and enterprises. It is difficult to determine the costs and advantages of that national industry, but for the French governments the independence of arms equipment supplies is essential., whatever the economic and industrial costs. It is mainly the case for nuclear weapons. It is interesting to indicate the size and composition of the military budget, the structure of military procurement by sectors and type of firms, The listing of the largest defence contractors, and the development of the "loi de programmation militaire". ; La France dispose d'une industrie de l'armement puissante, très compétitive sur les marchés internationaux pour des raisons politiques, malgré une gestion parfois archaïque et une politique de protectionnisme systématique pour des raisons de stratégie de défense. Les dépenses sont concentrées dans quelques industries et entreprises. Il est difficile de déterminer les coûts et les avantages de cette industrie nationale, mais pour les gouvernements français, l'indépendance des approvisionnements en matériel d'armement est essentielle, quels qu'en soient les coûts économiques et industriels. C'est principalement le cas pour les armes nucléaires. Il est intéressant d'indiquer la taille et la composition du budget militaire, la structure des achats militaires par secteurs et par type d'entreprises, la liste des plus grands contractants de la défense, et le contenu de la "loi de programmation militaire".

The defence of a country is ill-suited to improvisation, but planning also requires the formulation of fundamental strategic assumptions in the long term. The aim of the plan is to reduce uncertainty as to the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the Nation. Previous programming has not always been adhered to, due to incorrect economic assumptions, difficulties in setting up certain programmes and rapid innovation in the sector. The 6th Programming Act focuses on nuclear deterrence, improvement of the safety of the communication and command network. This is a rolling programming. It is subject to different analyses of its appropriateness. ; International audience The defence of a country does not lend itself to improvisation, but planning also involves making fundamental long-term strategic assumptions. The purpose of planning is to reduce uncertainty about the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the nation. Previous programming has not always been respected, with deviations due to inaccurate economic assumptions, the difficulty of setting up certain programmes and rapid innovations in the sector. The 6th programming law insists on nuclear deterrence, improving the safety of the communication and command network. It is a slippery programme. It is the subject of different analyses on its appropriateness. Programmation militaire, dissuasion nucléaire, dépenses militaires Military programming, nuclear deterrence, military spending ; The defence of a country is ill-suited to improvisation, but planning also requires the formulation of fundamental strategic assumptions in the long term. The aim of the plan is to reduce uncertainty as to the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the Nation. Previous programming has not always been adhered to, due to incorrect economic assumptions, difficulties in setting up certain programmes and rapid innovation in the sector. The 6th Programming Act focuses on nuclear deterrence, ...

International audience ; Cutaneous leishmaniasis transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies is endemic in the rain forests of French Guyana. The 3rd Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie, based in Kourou carries out numerous operations in the Amazonian areas. In 1998 two outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred: one during an exercise at the training center in the equatorial forest of Regina (10 patients) and the other during a mission in Saint Elie (21 patients). Clinical findings were variable and diagnosis was confirmed by skin smear tests. Patients were treated by two intramuscular injections of pentmidine isethionate (Pentacarinate). Recurrence was observed in two patients who were retreated using the same agent. Persistent lesions were treated by intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). Both outbreaks were characterized by high attack rates (91 p. 100 and 84 p. 100) and were facilitated by non-observance of standard procedures because of training or operational requirements at the beginning of the leishmaniasis season. Strict planning of activities, wearing protective clothing, deployment of insecticide treated bed nets, and of candles rather than electrical lamps for lighting are key preventive measures. Greater emphasis is needed on the use of insect repellents.

International audience ; Cutaneous leishmaniasis transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies is endemic in the rain forests of French Guyana. The 3rd Régiment Etranger d'Infanterie, based in Kourou carries out numerous operations in the Amazonian areas. In 1998 two outbreaks of cutaneous leishmaniasis occurred: one during an exercise at the training center in the equatorial forest of Regina (10 patients) and the other during a mission in Saint Elie (21 patients). Clinical findings were variable and diagnosis was confirmed by skin smear tests. Patients were treated by two intramuscular injections of pentmidine isethionate (Pentacarinate). Recurrence was observed in two patients who were retreated using the same agent. Persistent lesions were treated by intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). Both outbreaks were characterized by high attack rates (91 p. 100 and 84 p. 100) and were facilitated by non-observance of standard procedures because of training or operational requirements at the beginning of the leishmaniasis season. Strict planning of activities, wearing protective clothing, deployment of insecticide treated bed nets, and of candles rather than electrical lamps for lighting are key preventive measures. Greater emphasis is needed on the use of insect repellents.

The rivers (or watercourses in general) are not inconsiderable elements of the Tacite framework; The author sometimes provides information of a geographical nature, whether he presents the course, whether he uses it as a reference point for organising space, or that he focuses on some curiosity; and the large rivers appear mainly in an ideological and material borderline function. Here we focus on the place that watercourses hold in the military narrative: they are of particular interest to Tacite as they are linked to human elements, and since its approach to provinces is mainly characterised by a military perspective, it is not surprising that river mentions are often part of a snack context. Here, together with the strategic or tactical role of rivers in the city's narrative, we look at the variations in this topos of historiography. ; International audience ; The rivers (or watercourses in general) are not inconsiderable elements of the Tacite framework; The author sometimes provides information of a geographical nature, whether he presents the course, whether he uses it as a reference point for organising space, or that he focuses on some curiosity; and the large rivers appear mainly in an ideological and material borderline function. Here we focus on the place that watercourses hold in the military narrative: they are of particular interest to Tacite as they are linked to human elements, and since its approach to provinces is mainly characterised by a military perspective, it is not surprising that river mentions are often part of a snack context. Here, together with the strategic or tactical role of rivers in the city's narrative, we look at the variations in this topos of historiography. ; Les fleuves (ou cours d'eau en général) sont des éléments non négligeables du cadre chez Tacite; I'auteur fournit parfois sur ceux-ci des renseignements à caractère géographique, qu'il en présente le cours, qu'il les utilise comne repères pour organiser I'espace ou qu il s'attache à quelques curiosités; et les grands ...

In 2001-2002, several military working dogs died suddenly in Port-Bouet, Ivory Coast (Africa). The parasite Trypanosoma congolense, one of the agents of canine African trypanosomiasis, was identified in these animals. The progression of canine African trypanosomiasis is generally acute, with non-specific clinical features. The use of the molecular biology technique PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) has helped improve the etiological diagnosis. Specific anti-trypanosome treatments are based on the use of trypanocidal drugs. Dogs were treated successfully with IM administration of isometamidium (Samorin®, Trypamidium®) at the dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Isometamidium is currently being tested for chemoprophylactic purpose. Canine African trypanosomiasis is transmitted mainly by the bite of tsetse flies. An entomological survey performed on site in April 2003 provided 427 flies, all belonging to the Glossina palpalis palpalis species. To control these vectors, in addition to capturing the flies, military working dogs are treated with deltamethrin (Scalibor® collar) and permethrin (Defendog® spray). ; En 2001-2002, plusieurs chiens militaires stationnés à Port-Bouet, en Côte d'Ivoire (Afrique), sont décédés brutalement. Chez ces animaux, le parasite Trypanosoma congolense, un des agents de la trypanosomose canine africaine, a été identifié. La trypanosomose à T. congolense évolue en général chez le chien selon un mode aigu. Les manifestations cliniques de cette affection sont peu spécifiques. Le protocole retenu pour aboutir au diagnostic étiologique a été amélioré grâce à l'utilisation de la technique PCR. La lutte spécifique contre les trypanosomomes repose sur l'utilisation de molécules trypanocides. L'isométamidium (Samorin®, Trypamidium®) a été employé avec succès comme traitement à la dose de 0,5 mg/kg par voie intra musculaire. Cette molécule est à présent testée à titre prophylactique. La transmission de la trypanosomose canine africaine est principalement assurée par des glossines ou mouches tsé-tsé. Une enquête entomologique réalisée sur place en avril 2003 a permis de capturer 427 mouches, toutes appartenant à l'espèce Glossina palpalis palpalis. Pour lutter contre ces vecteurs, en plus des mesures de piégeage des mouches, les chiens militaires sont traités avec de la deltaméthrine (collier Scalibor®) et de la perméthrine (Defendog® spray).

The concept of military expenditure raises numerous controversy, the political implications of which are significant, particularly in the context of the negotiated framework for reducing national funding. In this context, it is necessary to define and measure the extent of States' military expenditure, to classify the expenditure incurred according to its nature and function, to determine the best indicators for comparing in time and space the financial effort undertaken by States for their national security, and finally, in the context of disarmament for development, to consider the disarmament dividends and development aid that major powers will commit to developing countries. ; The notion of military expenditure raises many controversies with important political implications, particularly in the negotiated framework of a reduction in the funding allocated to it nationally. In this context, it is necessary to define and measure the scale of states' military expenditure, to classify the expenditure made according to its nature and function, to determine the most effective indicators for comparing the financial effort made by states for their national security over time and space and, finally, in the context of disarmament for development, to consider the dividends of disarmament and the development aid that the major powers will commit to developing countries. ; The concept of military expenditure raises numerous controversy, the political implications of which are significant, particularly in the context of the negotiated framework for reducing national funding. In this context, it is necessary to define and measure the extent of States' military expenditure, to classify the expenditure incurred according to its nature and function, to determine the best indicators for comparing in time and space the financial effort undertaken by States for their national security, and finally, in the context of disarmament for development, to consider the disarmament dividends and development aid that major powers will ...

International audience ; CET ARTICLE TRAITE DES LEÇONS A TIRER DE L'ANTÉRIORITÉ DU MODÈLE MILITAIRE DANS LE FONCTIONNEMENT DES GRANDES ORGANISATIONS

International audience ; [This article analyzes the characteristics of the executive pension plan in France. It highlights the political, economic and demographic risks of this regime. He wondered whether his interprofessional nature was a sufficient condition for financial equilibrium.] ; Cet article analyse les caractéristiques du régime de retraite des cadres en France. Il met en évidence les risques politique, économique et démographique de ce régime. Il se demande si son caractère interprofessionnel est une condition suffisante pour assurer l'équilibre financier.

International audience ; [This article analyzes the characteristics of the executive pension plan in France. It highlights the political, economic and demographic risks of this regime. He wondered whether his interprofessional nature was a sufficient condition for financial equilibrium.] ; Cet article analyse les caractéristiques du régime de retraite des cadres en France. Il met en évidence les risques politique, économique et démographique de ce régime. Il se demande si son caractère interprofessionnel est une condition suffisante pour assurer l'équilibre financier.

International audience ; [In metropolitan France, the Ministry of Defense occupied, all-inclusive, the equivalent of half a French department, 268,000 hectares exactly. However, since the late 1980s, this heritage has been restructured for several reasons. First, the need for military rights-of-way changes with the evolution of military doctrine. Then, the techniques are transformed, making the old semaphores useless. Not to mention the abolition of the national service which reduces the number of employees and imposed various changes in order to succeed in professionalization. The result is a large number of unnecessary military rights-of-way, which the army is trying to convert back into the civil sector, that is to sell, with the proceeds being returned to the Ministry of Defense's budget.] ; En France métropolitaine, le ministère de la Défense occupait, tout compris, l'équivalent de la moitié d'un département français, 268 000 hectares exactement. Or, depuis la fin des années 1980, ce patrimoine se restructure pour plusieurs raisons. D'abord, les besoins d'emprises militaires se modifient avec l'évolution de la doctrine militaire. Ensuite, les techniques se transforment, rendant par exemple inutiles les vieux sémaphores. Sans oublier la suppression du service national qui réduit les effectifs et a imposé divers changements pour réussir la professionnalisation. Il en résulte un grand nombre d'emprises militaires devenues inutiles et que l'armée cherche à reconvertir vers le civil, c'est-à-dire à vendre, le produit des ventes étant reversé intégralement au budget du ministère de la Défense.

International audience ; [In metropolitan France, the Ministry of Defense occupied, all-inclusive, the equivalent of half a French department, 268,000 hectares exactly. However, since the late 1980s, this heritage has been restructured for several reasons. First, the need for military rights-of-way changes with the evolution of military doctrine. Then, the techniques are transformed, making the old semaphores useless. Not to mention the abolition of the national service which reduces the number of employees and imposed various changes in order to succeed in professionalization. The result is a large number of unnecessary military rights-of-way, which the army is trying to convert back into the civil sector, that is to sell, with the proceeds being returned to the Ministry of Defense's budget.] ; En France métropolitaine, le ministère de la Défense occupait, tout compris, l'équivalent de la moitié d'un département français, 268 000 hectares exactement. Or, depuis la fin des années 1980, ce patrimoine se restructure pour plusieurs raisons. D'abord, les besoins d'emprises militaires se modifient avec l'évolution de la doctrine militaire. Ensuite, les techniques se transforment, rendant par exemple inutiles les vieux sémaphores. Sans oublier la suppression du service national qui réduit les effectifs et a imposé divers changements pour réussir la professionnalisation. Il en résulte un grand nombre d'emprises militaires devenues inutiles et que l'armée cherche à reconvertir vers le civil, c'est-à-dire à vendre, le produit des ventes étant reversé intégralement au budget du ministère de la Défense.

General de lattre de tassigny's troops crossed the Rhine in april, 1945. Since then, the french army has been present in germany. As occupying forces, in compliance with the berlin accord, the troops were stationed in the Rhineland-Paltinate and Baden-Wurtemberg, an area of 48 000 sq kms. Stationed forces as of 1955, over the years the french forces in germany gave rise to a complex society, partly artificial, but nevertheless forming a real "community". Neither french citizens living abroad, nor french citizens living in France, all military and civilian personnel are under the authority of the general commander-in-chief, and are housed in residential areas built especially for them and offering services as much as possible like those available in france, staffed by "civilian personnel following the troops", and including the domain of leisure activities. To respond to the needs of a population having totalled up to 80 000 people, the army became an employer of civilian personnel, many of whom live near the obrder. The army developed its own transport system. Its budget, voted annually as part of the defense budget, is converted in part into dms to cover expenses in the german sector, and is thus sensitive to fluctuations in the dm ff exchange rate. All these factors, in addition to the proximity to the border, limit relations with the German milieu and allowed for the development of a specific population, living neither wholly in France, nor wholly in Germany. The end of a divided Europe did not, however, put an end to the French military presence. Since september 1, 1993, the french forces stationed in Germany have been recentered around Baden-Baden. The 1st tank division, all that remains of the dissolved 2nd army corps, is - along with the Franco-German Brigade-part of Eurocorps with headquarters in Strasburg ; En avril 1945, les troupes du général de Lattre de Tassigny franchissent le Rhin. Depuis l'armée française est présente en Allemagne. Force d'occupation, conformément aux accords quadripartites de ...