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Military cartography is studied in order to approach the role of information in war. This serves as an opportunity to reconsider the Military Revolution and in particular changes in the eighteenth century. Mapping is approached not only in tactical, operational and strategic terms, but also with reference to the mapping of war for public interest. Shifts in the latter reflect changes in the geography of European conflict.

In 1974 David Woodward suggested a framework for organizing the study of the history of cartography that unified on one hand the process and the output of cartographic production, and on the other hand the four sequential phases of cartographic production, from information gathering through document use. In a survey of scholars who have cited Woodward's model I note that, while this framework has influenced the conceptual development of map history, it has rarely been applied rigorously to specific instances of mapping. I argue that this model is an underutilized tool in cartographic scholarship, and that Woodward's matrix is ideally suited to examining how military units carry out mapping. Because military units, particularly large ones, are in effect self-contained systems that cyclically produce, use, and reproduce their own maps, I contend that scholars can modify Woodward's original model in content, though not in structure, to study military mapping activities. To illustrate this point, I present as a case study the British military's Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) during the Gaza Campaign of late 1917. This force performed a broad range of mapping activity, much of it innovative. A modification of the Woodward framework that brings together the specific elements of the EEF's information gatherers, information processors, and map users into a single cohesive cartographic system illustrates the value and utility of this framework for studying the history of military cartography.

Ceļš uz militāro karšu ražošanu nebija viegls, tomēr pateicoties speciālistiem izdevās gan iegūt bagātīgu kartogrāfisko materiālu no PSRS, gan noturēt militārās kartogrāfijas nozari Latvijā. Darbā apskatīta bruņoto spēku saikne ar militārajām topogrāfiskajām kartēm un ĢIS pielietojumiem armijas vajadzībām. Savukārt pētījuma daļā aplūkota Latvijas pieredze un attīstības ceļš pēc neatkarības atjaunošanas militārās kartogrāfijas jomā. 1992.gadā tika izveidots Valsts zemes dienests, kura pakļautībā līdz 2006.gadam atradās Ģeodēzijas un kartogrāfijas departaments. Pēc VZD reorganizācijas departaments nonāca Aizsardzības ministrijas padotībā, un 2006.gadā darbu uzsāka Latvijas Ģeotelpiskās informācijas aģentūra, kura arī šodien gatavo kartes gan Latvijas bruņotajiem spēkiem, gan civilām vajadzībām. ; The aim of Master thesis is to investigate and assess the military cartography in Latvia between 1990 and 2012. To achieve its aim, data for this research was obtained from literature and, document analysis method and gathered by interviews with field specialists. The theme of study has not been adequately addressed so far. The first part of theses describes the connection of the armed forces with military maps and GIS applications for its purposes. Whereas, the result section describes the Latvian experience and development of military cartography. This includes chapters of central institutions, which organized its functioning – the State Land Service and The Latvian Geospatial Information Agency. After 1990, few specialists gained access to maps from the USSR. These maps were to be destroyed, because they were classified. We did not have new maps to work with, thus the Soviet maps were the bases for our research.

El presente estudio examina los fondos cartográficos localizados en los diferentes archivos nacionales e internacionales que han servido para la elaboración de la base de datos del proyecto "Arquitecturas Dibujadas. Ingenieros militares en Cuba (1764-1898)". Para el presente artículo se han seleccionado los proyectos arquitectónicos elaborados por ingenieros militares en la isla desde su devolución a España tras la Guerra de los Siete Años hasta la conclusión de la centuria, con el fin de mostrar una visión pormenorizada de las tareas de investigación emanadas del proyecto. ; This study analyzes the cartographic collection located in national and international archives, that are used to prepare the project's database "Arquitecturas Dibujadas. Ingenieros militares en Cuba (1764-1898)". However, this article has selected architectural projects made by military engineers on the island from the end of the Seven Years War to the end of the century, in order to illustrate a detailed view of the project's research.

El presente estudio examina los fondos cartográficos localizados en los diferentes archivos nacionales e internacionales que han servido para la elaboración de la base de datos del proyecto "Arquitecturas Dibujadas. Ingenieros militares en Cuba (1764-1898)". Para el presente artículo se han seleccionado los proyectos arquitectónicos elaborados por ingenieros militares en la isla desde su devolución a España tras la Guerra de los Siete Años hasta la conclusión de la centuria, con el fin de mostrar una visión pormenorizada de las tareas de investigación emanadas del proyecto. ; This study analyzes the cartographic collection located in national and international archives, that are used to prepare the project's database "Arquitecturas Dibujadas. Ingenieros militares en Cuba (1764-1898)". However, this article has selected architectural projects made by military engineers on the island from the end of the Seven Years War to the end of the century, in order to illustrate a detailed view of the project's research.

Abstract
West Africa became more strategically important during the Second World War owing to the air reinforcement route to Northeast Africa. The West African Air Reinforcement Route (WARR) went across the colony of Nigeria into the African interior. Geographical knowledge production was important for the smooth running of these air logistics operations. The United States, which came on the air supply route in support of the British war effort, was involved in map production for this purpose. Hence, this paper explores the United States military cartography of WARR, used during the Second World War. In particular, it examines the 1942 image of Northwest Yorùbáland. This paper contends that the reproduced African landscapes of the Geographical Section of the General Staff (GSGS) 2465 Series convey ideological meanings. As a social practice, cartography during this global conflict resulted in further territorial ordering and control over the ground and air space of this part of West Africa. These Allied military maps depicted specific geographies along the trans-African air route, with precise strategic purpose, but they also had ideological implications for wider cultural geographies.

Drone Art brings a broad range of research projects that do not have an agenda in common. This emergent Art brings an opportunity to examine social justice, democracy, and ethical issues, and also helps us to observe the connections between art, culture, ideology and power. Moreover, it also confronts the emergent kinds of armed conflicts around the world. This article is a cartography of Drone Art projects characterized as a strategy of resistance, as a way to criticize the use of drones in military conflicted areas and civil life. In recent years, the controversial use of drones called the attention of artists with different technical backgrounds and nationalities. The artistic products created by them are paintings, photographs, urban interventions, dance, fashion vestments and interactive online applications.

The map of the Operational Plan for the Coastal Front, from Poland 1970 forms the basis for this paper. The map portraits the blueprint of the combined operational war plans for the Polish military in the late 1960's and 70's. It details the offensive against NATO countries and their forces in Northern Europe. As such, this map is clearly designed as an operational map produced to outline and regulate, not just the actual plan of the offensive, but also to produce a narrative about the Polish army as capable of undertaking such a massive enterprise. We argue, with a point of departure in this particular map, that the regional, operational scale of military maps can be understood as performative maps, outlining not just plans and structuring space, but often also narratives. ; The map of the Operational Plan for the Coastal Front, from Poland 1970 forms the basis for this paper. The map portraits the blueprint of the combined operational war plans for the Polish military in the late 1960's and 70's. It details the offensive against NATO countries and their forces in Northern Europe. As such, this map is clearly designed as an operational map produced to outline and regulate, not just the actual plan of the offensive, but also to produce a narrative about the Polish army as capable of undertaking such a massive enterprise. We argue, with a point of departure in this particular map, that the regional, operational scale of military maps can be understood as performative maps, outlining not just plans and structuring space, but often also narratives.

The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia started producing military topographic maps that differ from the inherited cartographic system in the projection, ellipsoid, and the manner of designating the grid, format, margin contents and scale system. Since the maps will be used for purposes other than the military ones, the paper looks back on essential characteristics in map production in the new accepted cartographic system. ; Ministarstvo obrane RH započelo je s izradom vojnih topografskih karata koje se u odnosu na naslijeđeni kartografski sustav razlikuju u projekciji, elipsoidu, načinu označavanja u pravokutnoj mreži, formatu prikaza, izvanokvirnom sadržaju i sustavu mjerila. Kako će se karte, osim za vojne, koristiti i u druge svrhe, u članku je dan osvrt na bitne karakteristike izrade karata u novoprihvaćenom kartografskom sustavu.

Includes index. ; Later ed., published by the U.S. Dept. of the Army in 1952, has title: Mapping functions of the Corps of Engineers. ; Bibliography: p. 41-42. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In 1916, the German museum director and archaeologist Theodor Wiegand travelled to the Near East and became "Inspector General of Antiquities in Syria" as head of the 19th Bureau within the IV Ottoman Army under Ahmed Cemal Pasha. In the post-war period the formation was called "German Turkish Commando for Monument Protection", though it consisted mainly of German archaeologists and architects who dedicated themselves to the preservation of antique sites and the collection of antiquities. To investigate the region, the scientists also used Bavarian Flying-Detachments and had aerial photographs taken. The Commando enquired, preserved, and surveyed ancient sites. However, the scientists were also involved in mapping important sites and cities such as Damascus. For this purpose, the archaeologists not only conducted trigonometrical surveys but also used aerial photographs to complement the results taken on the ground. Against the background of the German-Ottoman cooperation and the involvement of experts such as archaeologists and architects, the paper analyses the – occasionally paradoxical – situation in which the actors dedicated themselves to map the city of Damascus. The contribution answers the question whether the map was developed to visualize ancient buildings and structures in Damascus for preservation purposes or was rather produced due to military objectives. In a helix of overlapping or rivalling aims and agendas of the German and Ottoman archaeology, military and politics it shows attempts, measures and intentions aiming at the production of maps during the First World War.

In 1916, the German museum director and archaeologist Theodor Wiegand travelled to the Near East and became "Inspector General of Antiquities in Syria" as head of the 19th Bureau within the IV Ottoman Army under Ahmed Cemal Pasha. In the post-war period the formation was called "German Turkish Commando for Monument Protection", though it consisted mainly of German archaeologists and architects who dedicated themselves to the preservation of antique sites and the collection of antiquities. To investigate the region, the scientists also used Bavarian Flying-Detachments and had aerial photographs taken. The Commando enquired, preserved, and surveyed ancient sites. However, the scientists were also involved in mapping important sites and cities such as Damascus. For this purpose, the archaeologists not only conducted trigonometrical surveys but also used aerial photographs to complement the results taken on the ground. Against the background of the German-Ottoman cooperation and the involvement of experts such as archaeologists and architects, the paper analyses the – occasionally paradoxical – situation in which the actors dedicated themselves to map the city of Damascus. The contribution answers the question whether the map was developed to visualize ancient buildings and structures in Damascus for preservation purposes or was rather produced due to military objectives. In a helix of overlapping or rivalling aims and agendas of the German and Ottoman archaeology, military and politics it shows attempts, measures and intentions aiming at the production of maps during the First World War.