Modern tendencies analysis as for providing an appropriate and sustainable functioning of maritime complex, which consists of marine and river transport with their coastal infrastructure, and also the industries the activity of which is connected with the usage of mineral, energy, biological resources of seas and oceans, resort and recreational and tourist complexes induce to a solution of current issues of development which are under consideration now. Researches were based on the assessment of the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) where it is stated that the tourism contribution in world gross domestic product taking into account indirect effect makes 10%. The total number of jobs which directly concern the sphere of tourism makes 11%. As the mentioned sphere is connected with the activity of more than 50 industries, its development promotes an increase in a level of employment, diversification of the national economy, preservation and development of cultural potential, preservation of the ecological environment and also induces to harmonization of the relations between various countries and nations. Nowadays cruises are one of the most fast-growing sectors of the tourist market in the world. The cruise fleet grows, designs of passenger ships are improved, their amenities increase, new routes are developed. Large cruise companies have most courts. In the world, there are more than 150 sea cruise companies. Important aspects are an improvement of the legislation concerning regulation of the public relations in the sphere of tourism, assistance to the development of interregional and international cooperation, improvement of a business environment and development of fair competition in this sphere. The existence of opportunities and potential in the area, favorable conditions for the development of the sphere of tourism have to be the priority directions in the regulation of development of sea economy of Ukraine. ; В статье освещены отечественный и мировой опыт в подходах к регулированию и развитию отраслей морского хозяйства и круизного туризма как составной реализации политики модернизации национальной экономики. Изложены результаты анализа предыдущих исследований и углубленное обоснование подходов к оценке современного состояния развития отраслей морского хозяйства и круизного туризма. Доказано, что сбалансированное развитие отраслей морского хозяйства способствует обеспечению координирующей роли государства в реализации национальной туристической политики с применением принципов и методов регулирования, концентрации ресурсов государства на приоритетных задачах развития этой сферы, формировании и развитии информационной системы в круизном туризме и постепенной ее интеграции в мировую информационной туристической сети в современных условиях. ; У статті висвітлено вітчизняний та світовий досвід у підходах до регулювання та розвитку галузей морського господарства та круїзного туризму як складової реалізації політики модернізації національної економіки. Викладено результати аналізу попередніх досліджень та поглиблене обґрунтування підходів щодо оцінки сучасного стану розвитку галузей морського господарства та круїзного туризму. Доведено, що збалансований розвиток галузей морського господарства сприяє забезпеченню координуючої ролі держави в реалізації національної туристичної політики із застосуванням принципів та методів регулювання, концентрації ресурсів держави на пріоритетних завданнях функціонування цієї сфери, заходів формування та розвитку інформаційної системи в круїзному туризмі та поступовій її інтеграції до світової інформаційної туристичної мережі в сучасних умовах.
В статье выполнен анализ основных тенденций динамики и структуры экспорта и импорта как товаров, так и услуг Крыма за период с 2004 по 2014 год. В рамках исследования географической структуры внешней торговли выделены основные группы стран мира: страны СНГ, страны Европы, страны Азии, страны Америки. Остальные страны объединены в группу «Другие страны мира». В рамках исследования товарной структуры внешней торговли выделены основные товарные группы и наиболее крупные виды продукции. По экспорту товаров такими товарными группами явились «Продукция химической и связанных с ней отраслей промышленности», «Минеральные продукты», «Машины, оборудование и механизмы; электротехническое оборудование», «Готовые пищевые продукты», «Изделия из черных металлов», «Зерновые культуры». По импорту товаров выделены товарные группы «Машины, оборудование и механизмы; электротехническое оборудование», «Минеральные продукты», «Продукты растительного происхождения», «Недрагоценные металлы и изделия из них», «Средства наземного транспорта, летательные аппараты, плавучие средства». В рамках исследования структуры услуг выделены наиболее значимые экспортные услуги Крыма: транспортные услуги, в том числе услуги морского, железнодорожного, автомобильного и воздушного транспорта, а также услуги, связанные с путешествиями (отдыхом зарубежных и внутренних гостей). При проведении анализа особое внимание уделено ситуации, сложившейся во внешней торговле региона в 2013 и 2014 годах. Предпринята попытка оценить возможности восстановления объемов внешней торговли в ближайшей перспективе до уровня 2013 года. В заключительной части статьи сказано о законодательных актах, принятых в последнее время на федеральном уровне и направленных на ускоренное развитие экономики полуострова: ФЦП «Социально-экономическое развитие Республики Крым и г. Севастополя до 2020 года», федеральном законе «О развитии Крымского федерального округа и свободной экономической зоне», постановлении Совета Федерации «Об интеграции Республики Крым в экономическую, финансовую, социальную и правовую систему Российской Федерации». ; The article analyzes key trends of the dynamics and the structure of export and imports of both goods and services in the Crimea in 2004-2014. The study of the geographic structure of foreign trade reveals the main groups of countries: CIS countries, Europe, Asia and America. The rest of countries are grouped as "Other countries". The research in the commodity structure of foreign trade discloses basic commodity groups and major types of products. By export we differentiate the following commodity groups: "Products of chemical or allied industries", "Mineral products", "machinery, equipment and mechanisms; electrical equipment", "food products", "ferrous metal products", "Cereals"; by import "machinery, equipment and mechanisms; electrical equipment", "Mineral products", "Products of vegetable origin", "Base metals and articles thereof ", "Vehicles, aircraft, floating equipment". Under the study of the services structure we identify most valuable export services of the Crimea: transport services, including the services of marine, rail, road and air transport, and services related to travelling (rest of foreign and domestic guests). In the analysis special attention is paid to the situation in foreign trade of the region in 2013 and 2014. The attempt is made to assess the possibility of restoring amounts of foreign trade up to the 2013 level in the short term. The final part of the article is devoted to the legislation, recently adopted at the federal level and aimed at the accelerated economic development of the peninsula: the federal target program "Socially-economic development of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol until 2020", the federal law :On development of the Crimean Federal district and the free economic zone"; the decree of the Federation Council "On the integration of the Republic of Crimea in the economic, financial, social and legal system of the Russian Federation".
Sub-Saharan Africa is facing deep economic crisis. A situation has reached where there is total stagnation with zero per cent growth rate and no hope of recovery. Hunger is hovering over vast areas of Africa threatening the lives of 150 million people and every day people are dying of starvation. It is said, that nature and international economic relations are both responsible for the crisis. The problems include drought and expanding desertification leading to scarcity of food and consequently rising foreign exchange expenditure on food purchase. There is shortage of inputs for the very few industries that exist. The burden of external debts is increasing every day and is reaching a stage when repayment would be impossible. According to a World Bank Report: "Of the 45 states in the sub-Saharan region, 24 have fewer than five million people. African economies are for the most part small in economic terms. These are open economies where foreign trade accounts for about a quarter of the GDP. They are specialized economies, most of them agricultural, dependent on the export of two or three primary commodities. Even in mineral exporting countries, the majority of the population (around 80 per cent) is engaged in agriculture with subsistence production. Only 20 per cent of the population is non-rural, and modern wage employment absorbs a very small proportion of the labour force—in most countries less than 10 per cent."1 There is mass-poverty and regional inequality with under-developed structures. Agricultural growth per capita, a key indicator in Africa, has been showing negative rates of growth. In most African societies the patriarchal, tribal social structure still exists today side by side with the foreign companies (MNCs) holding key positions in the economy of a number of countries. Small-scale production by farmers, livestock breeders and handicraftsmen is still the largest sector of the African economy today. The low level of subsistence farming often with primitive tools and Implements prevails all over the continent. The small cash crop growers are ruthlessly exploited by foreign monopolies, local feudals and the tribal elite. Forced by an unbearable and miserable existence "peasants" abandon land temporarily and are forced to seek work in the cities, plantations or in mines. As the rate of industrial growth is very low, migration from the rural to the tertiary or industrial sector is minimal. Africa is underdeveloped, that is, Africa's economic potential is scantily developed. For instance, the African continent possesses two-fifths of the world's total hydroelectric potential—more than Europe and the two Americans put together but the present production is ridiculously small—25 billion kwh—that is equivalent to the consumption of a large European city. Similarly African mineral resources have been relatively little exploited and so far research on tropical soils is in the first stages, knowledge of water resources is minimal. African human resources have remained underutilized. Africa lags far behind in education leading to low capacity in technical and economic inventiveness. Between 1960 and 1979 the per capita income in a number of sub-Saharan countries showed increase while some others had a very low rate of growth and still others showed negative rates of growth. Since 1980 it appears that there has been a constant tendency of decline in the rate of growth in a large number of countries.2 Even the oil-producing countries are in trouble.
Rohstoffe sind seit alters her eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von Gesellschaft und Industrie. Dabei spielen sowohl mineralische und metallische Massenroh-stoffe eine entscheidende Rolle als auch jene Rohstoffe, die in nur vergleichsweise geringen Mengen eingesetzt werden und gerade für die heutige und zukünftige Produktion von Hoch-technologieprodukten von besonderer Relevanz sind. Die Verfügbarkeit dieser wirtschafts-strategischen Rohstoffe ist jedoch begrenzt, weshalb viele von ihnen auf der Liste der kritischen Rohstoffe 2017 der Europäischen Kommission geführt werden. Zu ihnen zählen u.a. auch Indium und Gallium. Selbst bei einem flächendeckenden und effizienten Recycling ist der steigende Rohstoffbedarf aus Abfällen nicht zu decken, weshalb auch in Zukunft auf die Primärrohstoffproduktion nicht verzichtet werden kann. Zahlreiche wirtschaftsstrategische Rohstoffe bilden jedoch keine eigenständigen Erzminerale aus, sondern liegen als Begleitelemente in anderen Wertträgern vor oder sie treten nicht in ausreichend hoher Konzentration auf, um eine darauf abgestimmte Erzgewinnung aufzubauen. Vielmehr steht die Gewinnung der Hauptmetallträger im Fokus. Im Verbund damit ist dann die Gewinnung der beibrechenden wirtschaftsstrategischen Metalle zu gestalten. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, ein Aufbereitungsverfahren zu entwickeln, welches für zwei Gallium- bzw. Indium-haltige sulfidische Blei-Zink-Erze aus Lautenthal im Harz (Querschlag 500 West und Querschlag 700 West) alle Prozessschritte, von der Zerkleinerung bis hin zur ionenselektiven Trennung mittels Ionenaustauschern, umfasst und dabei neben der Gewinnung der Hauptmetalle die beibrechenden Metalle in den Fokus nimmt. Der erste Schritt des Verfahrens basiert auf dem seit Jahrzenten bewährten Prozess der Flotation, so dass sowohl der Bleiglanz als auch die Zinkblende jeweils in ein Konzentrat überführt werden. Die beiden Sondermetalle Gallium und Indium reichern sich gemäß den Erwartungen im Zinkblendeflotat an. In diesem ersten Schritt konnten für das Erz aus Querschlag 500 West rund 88 % des Bleis, 96 % des Zinks und 94 % des Galliums in das Flotationskonzentrat überführt werden. Für jenes aus Querschlag 700 West wurden Aus-bringen von 92 % Blei und 96 % Zink erzielt sowie 95 % des Indiums und 75 % des Galliums in die Konzentrate überführt. Anschließend wurde für eine verbesserte hydrometallurgische Verarbeitung eine thermische Behandlung der Zinkkonzentrate vor einer schwefelsauren Laugung eingesetzt, so dass für 500 West 97 % des Zinks und 85 % des Galliums in Lösung gebracht wurden (700 West: 96 % Zn, 91 % Ga, 94 % In). Für die ionenselektive Trennung haben sich zwei Ionenaustauscher als geeignet herausgestellt, welche unterschiedliche Ergebnisse generierten. In einen Fall wurde eine gute Selektivität bei gleichzeitig geringerem Ausbringen erzielt, während im anderen Fall hohe Ausbringen, verbunden mit einer etwas geringeren Selektivität nachgewiesen werden konnten. Für beide Fälle wäre eine praktische Umsetzung möglich, so dass keine der beiden Varianten bevorzugt zu behandeln ist. Bei kontinuierlicher Beschickung der Ionenaustauscher können nach vollständiger Beladung und Regenerierung des Harzes theoretischen Berechnungen zufolge die Mindestanforderungen der potentiellen Abnehmer für eine Weiterverarbeitung der Indium- und Galliumhaltigen Lösungen erfüllt werden. ; Raw materials have always been an essential prerequisite for the development of society and industry. Both, mineral and metallic raw materials play a decisive role, as well as raw materials that are used in only comparatively small quantities. The latter are particularly relevant for the present and future production of highly technological products. However, the availability of these strategic raw materials is limited. For that reason, many of these critical raw materials have been recorded on the so-called "2017 list of critical raw materials for the European Union", including indium and gallium. Even with widespread and efficient recycling, the increasing demand for these critical raw materials cannot be covered from the recycling of waste material containing such materials. Therefore, it will not be possible to do cover the needs without mining and processing primary raw materials in the future. However, numerous strategic raw materials usually do not form their own minerals, but are present as accompanying elements in other valuable minerals or they do not occur in a sufficiently high concentration in order to build up a coordinated processing. In these cases, the focus is mostly on recovering the main metal component of such an ore and not the related elements present in low concentrations. Consequently, a fully new approach for the extraction of strategic metals has to be devised. The aim of the present work is to develop a processing method that covers all process steps from comminution to ion-selective separation by ion exchangers to focus on the extraction of the main metals as well as the strategic metals. This work particularly focusses on two gallium- or indium-containing sulfidic lead-zinc ores from Lautenthal in the Harz Mountains (crosscut 500 west and crosscut 700 west). The first step of the new process is flotation, which has been tried and tested for decades, in order to enrich both galena and sphalerite in separate concentrates. As can be expected, the metals gallium and indium accumulate in the sphalerite concentrate. In this first step, around 88 % of lead, 96 % of zinc and 94 % of gallium can be transferred to the flotation concentrate. For the ore from crosscut 700 west, recoveries of 92 % for lead, 96 % for zinc, 95 % for indium and 75 % for gallium have been achieved and were thus transferred to the concentrates. Subsequently, for an improved hydrometallurgical processing, a thermal treatment of the zinc concentrates was used before leaching with diluted sulfuric acid. For the sample 500 west, 97 % of zinc and 85 % of gallium present in the ore were brought into solution (700 west: 96 % Zn, 91 % Ga, 94 % In). It has been established that two ion exchangers, which generated different results, are suitable for the ion-selective separation. In one case, good selectivity was achieved with a lower recovery at the same time, while in the other case high recoveries combined with a lower selectivity could be demonstrated. A practical implementation can be envisaged for both cases, therefore neither of the two process routes is to be treated preferentially. Theoretical calculations show that with continuous feeding of the ion exchanger and after the complete loading and regeneration, the minimum requirements of the potential customers for further processing of the indium and gallium containing solutions can be met.
The objectives of this study are to: 1. Give an overview of the current discussion concerning competition distortion in relation to climate policy, 2. Describe results from some studies estimating the actual competition situation for selected activities, 3. Describe what sector agreement models are suggested/ discussed by EU, 4. Describe what sectors are most interesting to target with a sector agreement from a Swedish point of view, 5. Analyse what parameters are important for reducing competition distortion for Swedish Industry. Two studies, for the United Kingdom (Hourcade et al 2008) and Germany (Graichen et al 2008), have recently assessed the potential cost impact for different industrial sectors of CO2-prices due to the EU ETS. Maximum value at stake was used as metrics. The sectors with high potential impact, with a maximum value at stake larger than 10%, are in the United Kingdom Lime and cement, Basic iron and steel, Starches, Refined petroleum, Fertilizers and Nitrogen compounds and Aluminium. In Germany, the sectors with a maximum value at stake larger than 10% are: Cement and lime, Fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, Basic iron and steel, Aluminium, Paper and board, Other basic inorganic compounds and Coke, refined petroleum and nuclear fuels. Ex-ante studies of the impacts of competitiveness and carbon leakage due to the EU ETS fail to find actual impacts. However, that does not mean that there will be no impact in the future, which hold changes both in the EU ETS (method for allowance allocation, allowance prices etc) and possibly also other important circumstances (global demand for certain products and global product prices). In this study, based on official Swedish statistics, the maximum value a stake has been calculated for 52 Swedish sectors. Seven sectors have a maximum value a stake of more than 4%: Coke and refined petroleum (21%), Pulp and paper (11%), Basic metals (10%), Non-metallic mineral (9%), Metal ore mines (6%), Air transport (5%) and Electricity, gas and heat (4%). If Air transport and Electricity, gas and heat are omitted, the five remaining sectors account for 22% of Sweden's carbon emissions. In the Swedish Non-metallic mineral sector (including Cement and lime) the maximum value at stake is considerably lower than for Cement and lime in the UK and Germany. This is most likely due differences in system boundaries. In the Swedish statistics, the Cement and lime industry is a minor part (in terms of value added) of the Non-metallic mineral sector, a sector that also includes Stone, sand and soil industry. The calculated maximum value at stake for Non-metallic mineral is therefore a poor proxy for the Cement and lime sector since other sub sectors may 'dilute' the maximum value at stake. Differences in system boundaries may also explain the significant difference in maximum value at stake between the Swedish steel industry and UK and German steel industries. Other possible explanations may be a higher value added per unit, differences in how value added is calculated, different years applied for the analysis and lower CO2-intensity for Swedish products. In late 2008, the EU proposed three types of sector approaches to be discussed under the Ad-hoc Working Group on future commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP): i) Sector CDM - a CDM crediting mechanism with a previously established baseline ii) Sectoral no-lose mechanism - Sectoral crediting against a previously established no-lose target iii) Sectoral emission trading based on a sector emissions cap Based on these three sectoral models, we have analysed what parameters are important for reducing competition distortion for Swedish industry. We have assumed that these sector agreements are implemented in a developing country (DC). We conclude that if sector agreements are to reduce distortions on competition, it is important that the sector agreements create a real carbon price in the DC, i.e. that emissions of carbon dioxide are associated with a cost for the emitter. All three sector agreement-models suggested by the EU can potentially create a carbon price. The driver for emission reductions are in all three cases the international demand for offsets. As a potentially large buyer of off-sets, the EU demand for off-sets is likely to increase the carbon price in the DC sector. The choice of EU policy with respect to imports of off-set will therefore have great importance. Other buyers, such as other countries, emission trading systems or the voluntary credit market will of course also be important. Moreover, imports of off-sets may reduce the price on EU ETS allowances, thus further narrowing the carbon price gap between the two markets. If an important objective of a sectoral agreement is to reduce competition distortion it should be implemented in sectors where the corresponding Swedish industry has significant carbon related costs and where there is significant trade intensity between Sweden and regions outside the EU. Our preliminary analysis indicates that Swedish sectors with potentially high maximum value at stake (direct carbon and indirect electricity cost) are Refineries; Pulp and Paper; Iron and Steel;Cement and Lime; and Metal ore mining. The sectors Aluminium and Fertilizers may be important, but have not been assessed explicitly in this study. In addition, electricity production can be important to include in a sectoral agreement since the electricity price may be a significant cost for certain sectors exposed to international competition. Pass-through of costs - consumer incentives. If a sectoral agreement is to reduce competition distortion it is important that the sector participating in the sectoral agreement can pass through the additional carbon costs on the commodity so the carbon intensive products become more expensive for the consumer. A full pass through of the carbon cost could be compromised in countries with centrally regulated prices on carbon intensive commodities or other measures that shield the true price of carbon from the consumer. Target setting - producer incentives. The rules for setting the targets in the DC sector are crucial from a producer incentive point of view. There are two main options here: 1) absolute targets and 2) intensity targets. Absolute targets create high incentives for carbon reductions as long as the targets are not re-negotiated. The disadvantage is that they might be difficult to negotiate due to difficulties in finding an appropriate emission level, risk for hot air and the inflexibility to future adjustments. Intensity targets are based on output times an intensity factor (called benchmarking). But benchmarking leads to reduced incentives: i) as a production subsidy it encourages overproduction and ii) dis-incentivises the substitution to carbon efficient products. A third, theoretical, option would be absolute targets that are updated according to historic emissions. This model would, however, seriously undermine the incentives for emission reductions. In this study, we have argued that from a competition point of view, it's important to create a carbon price in the developing country. A different issue relates to how different sector agreement models influence the compliance costs of participating firms. We describe a situation where a DC industry sector is linked to the EU ETS, and where the EU industry pays for allowances (no free allocation). For a Sector emission trading system where the DC industry has to pay for allowances, the compliance costs could be compatible in the two regions. For Sector CDM and Sector no-lose mechanism, if the government implements a domestic carbon tax, the compliance costs may also be compatible in the two regions. However, if allowances are allocated freely to the DC industry and no tax is implemented, the DC industry would have no costs associated with the carbon emissions below the compliance level. There could here be a significant difference in compliance costs between the industries in the two regions. We have, however, not analysed if significant asymmetries in compliance costs can lead to competitive distortions between regions. ; The objectives of this study are to: 1. Give an overview of the current discussion concerning competition distortion in relation to climate policy, 2. Describe results from some studies estimating the actual competition situation for selected activities, 3. Describe what sector agreement models are suggested/ discussed by EU, 4. Describe what sectors are most interesting to target with a sector agreement from a Swedish point of view, 5. Analyse what parameters are important for reducing competition distortion for Swedish Industry. Two studies, for the United Kingdom (Hourcade et al 2008) and Germany (Graichen et al 2008), have recently assessed the potential cost impact for different industrial sectors of CO2-prices due to the EU ETS. Maximum value at stake was used as metrics. The sectors with high potential impact, with a maximum value at stake larger than 10%, are in the United Kingdom Lime and cement, Basic iron and steel, Starches, Refined petroleum, Fertilizers and Nitrogen compounds and Aluminium. In Germany, the sectors with a maximum value at stake larger than 10% are: Cement and lime, Fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, Basic iron and steel, Aluminium, Paper and board, Other basic inorganic compounds and Coke, refined petroleum and nuclear fuels. Ex-ante studies of the impacts of competitiveness and carbon leakage due to the EU ETS fail to find actual impacts. However, that does not mean that there will be no impact in the future, which hold changes both in the EU ETS (method for allowance allocation, allowance prices etc) and possibly also other important circumstances (global demand for certain products and global product prices). In this study, based on official Swedish statistics, the maximum value a stake has been calculated for 52 Swedish sectors. Seven sectors have a maximum value a stake of more than 4%: Coke and refined petroleum (21%), Pulp and paper (11%), Basic metals (10%), Non-metallic mineral (9%), Metal ore mines (6%), Air transport (5%) and Electricity, gas and heat (4%). If Air transport and Electricity, gas and heat are omitted, the five remaining sectors account for 22% of Sweden's carbon emissions. In the Swedish Non-metallic mineral sector (including Cement and lime) the maximum value at stake is considerably lower than for Cement and lime in the UK and Germany. This is most likely due differences in system boundaries. In the Swedish statistics, the Cement and lime industry is a minor part (in terms of value added) of the Non-metallic mineral sector, a sector that also includes Stone, sand and soil industry. The calculated maximum value at stake for Non-metallic mineral is therefore a poor proxy for the Cement and lime sector since other sub sectors may 'dilute' the maximum value at stake. Differences in system boundaries may also explain the significant difference in maximum value at stake between the Swedish steel industry and UK and German steel industries. Other possible explanations may be a higher value added per unit, differences in how value added is calculated, different years applied for the analysis and lower CO2-intensity for Swedish products. In late 2008, the EU proposed three types of sector approaches to be discussed under the Ad-hoc Working Group on future commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP): i) Sector CDM - a CDM crediting mechanism with a previously established baseline ii) Sectoral no-lose mechanism - Sectoral crediting against a previously established no-lose target iii) Sectoral emission trading based on a sector emissions cap Based on these three sectoral models, we have analysed what parameters are important for reducing competition distortion for Swedish industry. We have assumed that these sector agreements are implemented in a developing country (DC). We conclude that if sector agreements are to reduce distortions on competition, it is important that the sector agreements create a real carbon price in the DC, i.e. that emissions of carbon dioxide are associated with a cost for the emitter. All three sector agreement-models suggested by the EU can potentially create a carbon price. The driver for emission reductions are in all three cases the international demand for offsets. As a potentially large buyer of off-sets, the EU demand for off-sets is likely to increase the carbon price in the DC sector. The choice of EU policy with respect to imports of off-set will therefore have great importance. Other buyers, such as other countries, emission trading systems or the voluntary credit market will of course also be important. Moreover, imports of off-sets may reduce the price on EU ETS allowances, thus further narrowing the carbon price gap between the two markets. If an important objective of a sectoral agreement is to reduce competition distortion it should be implemented in sectors where the corresponding Swedish industry has significant carbon related costs and where there is significant trade intensity between Sweden and regions outside the EU. Our preliminary analysis indicates that Swedish sectors with potentially high maximum value at stake (direct carbon and indirect electricity cost) are Refineries; Pulp and Paper; Iron and Steel;Cement and Lime; and Metal ore mining. The sectors Aluminium and Fertilizers may be important, but have not been assessed explicitly in this study. In addition, electricity production can be important to include in a sectoral agreement since the electricity price may be a significant cost for certain sectors exposed to international competition. Pass-through of costs - consumer incentives. If a sectoral agreement is to reduce competition distortion it is important that the sector participating in the sectoral agreement can pass through the additional carbon costs on the commodity so the carbon intensive products become more expensive for the consumer. A full pass through of the carbon cost could be compromised in countries with centrally regulated prices on carbon intensive commodities or other measures that shield the true price of carbon from the consumer. Target setting - producer incentives. The rules for setting the targets in the DC sector are crucial from a producer incentive point of view. There are two main options here: 1) absolute targets and 2) intensity targets. Absolute targets create high incentives for carbon reductions as long as the targets are not re-negotiated. The disadvantage is that they might be difficult to negotiate due to difficulties in finding an appropriate emission level, risk for hot air and the inflexibility to future adjustments. Intensity targets are based on output times an intensity factor (called benchmarking). But benchmarking leads to reduced incentives: i) as a production subsidy it encourages overproduction and ii) dis-incentivises the substitution to carbon efficient products. A third, theoretical, option would be absolute targets that are updated according to historic emissions. This model would, however, seriously undermine the incentives for emission reductions. In this study, we have argued that from a competition point of view, it's important to create a carbon price in the developing country. A different issue relates to how different sector agreement models influence the compliance costs of participating firms. We describe a situation where a DC industry sector is linked to the EU ETS, and where the EU industry pays for allowances (no free allocation). For a Sector emission trading system where the DC industry has to pay for allowances, the compliance costs could be compatible in the two regions. For Sector CDM and Sector no-lose mechanism, if the government implements a domestic carbon tax, the compliance costs may also be compatible in the two regions. However, if allowances are allocated freely to the DC industry and no tax is implemented, the DC industry would have no costs associated with the carbon emissions below the compliance level. There could here be a significant difference in compliance costs between the industries in the two regions. We have, however, not analysed if significant asymmetries in compliance costs can lead to competitive distortions between regions.
Economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has averaged roughly 5 percent per year over the past decade, improving living standards and bolstering human development indicators across the continent. Stronger public institutions, a supportive, private sector focused policy environment, responsible macroeconomic management, and a sustained commitment to structural reforms have greatly expanded opportunities for countries in SSA to participate in global markets. In recent years, many countries in the region have benefited from an increasingly favorable external environment, high commodity prices, and an especially strong demand for natural resources by emerging economies, particularly China. Over the longer term, leveraging Chinese investment to support broad-based growth will require policies designed to boost the competitiveness of sectors in which China s economic rebalancing may create a comparative advantage for SSA. To date, few African countries have been able to benefit from large-scale Chinese investment outside the resource sector. However, as China s growth slows and its economy shifts toward a more consumption-driven model, it is likely that global demand for resource imports will slow as well. Countries with the most heavily concentrated export mix, particularly in the mineral and oil sectors are the most vulnerable to China s economic rebalancing and should be ready to adopt measures to mitigate the impact of negative terms-of-trade shocks. By contrast, as wage rates in China continue to rise and firms refocus their attention on domestic demand, countries in SSA will be well positioned to exploit emerging opportunities for investment in export-oriented manufacturing. Ethiopia provides an instructive example, as its inexpensive yet relatively skilled labor force, coupled with the government s proactive efforts to court Chinese investors, have enabled Ethiopia to attract substantial investments in labor-intensive industries. Infrastructure enhancement, workforce development, and good-governance reforms offer a promising strategy for many countries in the region. Although the establishment of industrial zones has yielded mixed results, several salient success stories warrant careful attention. This report discusses how Africa could take advantage of the untapped opportunities offered by China s progressively intensifying investment and trade ties with SSA. It is hoped that this analysis will enrich the ongoing dialogue between policy makers, private firms, and civil society regarding China s increasingly important role in the growth and development of Sub-Saharan Africa.
This book describes China's growing range of activities in Africa, especially in the sub-Saharan region. The three most important instruments China has at its disposal in Africa are development aid, investments and trade policy. The Chinese government, which believes the Western development aid model has failed, is looking for new forms of aid and development in Africa. China's economic success can partly be ascribed to the huge availability of cheap labour, which is primarily employed in export-oriented industries. China is looking for the required raw materials in Africa, and for new marketplaces. Investments are being made on a large scale in Africa by Chinese state-controlled firms and private companies, particularly in the oil-producing countries (Angola, Nigeria and Sudan) and countries rich in minerals (Zambia). Third, the trade policy China is conducting is analysed in China and compared with that of Europe and the United States. In case studies the specific situation in several African countries is examined. In Zambia the mining industry, construction and agriculture are described. One case study of Sudan deals with the political presence of China in Sudan and the extent to which Chinese arms suppliers contributed to the current crisis in Darfur. The possibility of Chinese diplomacy offering a solution in that conflict is discussed. The conclusion considers whether social responsibility can be expected of the Chinese government and companies and if this is desirable, and to what extent the Chinese model in Africa can act as an example - or not - for the West.
Table of contents: Objectives of and instruments for China's new presence in Africa / Meine Pieter van Dijk China's opening up, from Shenzhen to Sudan / Filip de Beule and Daniël Van den Bulcke Chinese aid to Africa, origins, forms and issues / Jean-Raphaël Chaponnière China's investments in Africa / Peter Kragelund and Meine Pieter van Dijk Competing trade policies with respect to Africa / Meine Pieter van Dijk State-driven Chinese investments in Zambia: combining strategic interests and profits / Anders Bastholm and Peter Kragelund The political impact of the Chinese in Sudan / Meine Pieter van Dijk The impact of the Chinese in other African countries and sectors / Meine Pieter van Dijk Responsible production in Africa: the rise of China as a threat or opportunity? / Peter Knorringa Conclusions from China's activities in Africa / Meine Pieter van Dijk
The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic system provides critical climate regulation, houses a wealth of energy, mineral, and biological resources, and represents a vast repository of biological diversity. A long history of deep-ocean exploration and observation led to the initial concept for the Deep-Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS), under the auspices of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Here we discuss the scientific need for globally integrated deep-ocean observing, its status, and the key scientific questions and societal mandates driving observing requirements over the next decade. We consider the Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) needed to address deep-ocean challenges within the physical, biogeochemical, and biological/ecosystem sciences according to the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), and map these onto scientific questions. Opportunities for new and expanded synergies among deep-ocean stakeholders are discussed, including academic-industry partnerships with the oil and gas, mining, cable and fishing industries, the ocean exploration and mapping community, and biodiversity conservation initiatives. Future deep-ocean observing will benefit from the greater integration across traditional disciplines and sectors, achieved through demonstration projects and facilitated reuse and repurposing of existing deep-sea data efforts. We highlight examples of existing and emerging deep-sea methods and technologies, noting key challenges associated with data volume, preservation, standardization, and accessibility. Emerging technologies relevant to deep-ocean sustainability and the blue economy include novel genomics approaches, imaging technologies, and ultra-deep hydrographic measurements. Capacity building will be necessary to integrate capabilities into programs and projects at a global scale. Progress can be facilitated by Open Science and Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) data principles and converge on agreed to data standards, practices, vocabularies, and registries. We envision expansion of the deep-ocean observing community to embrace the participation of academia, industry, NGOs, national governments, international governmental organizations, and the public at large in order to unlock critical knowledge contained in the deep ocean over coming decades, and to realize the mutual benefits of thoughtful deep-ocean observing for all elements of a sustainable ocean. ; T0002
The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic system provides critical climate regulation, houses a wealth of energy, mineral, and biological resources, and represents a vast repository of biological diversity. A long history of deep-ocean exploration and observation led to the initial concept for the Deep-Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS), under the auspices of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Here we discuss the scientific need for globally integrated deep-ocean observing, its status, and the key scientific questions and societal mandates driving observing requirements over the next decade. We consider the Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) needed to address deep-ocean challenges within the physical, biogeochemical, and biological/ecosystem sciences according to the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), and map these onto scientific questions. Opportunities for new and expanded synergies among deep-ocean stakeholders are discussed, including academic-industry partnerships with the oil and gas, mining, cable and fishing industries, the ocean exploration and mapping community, and biodiversity conservation initiatives. Future deep-ocean observing will benefit from the greater integration across traditional disciplines and sectors, achieved through demonstration projects and facilitated reuse and repurposing of existing deep-sea data efforts. We highlight examples of existing and emerging deep-sea methods and technologies, noting key challenges associated with data volume, preservation, standardization, and accessibility. Emerging technologies relevant to deep-ocean sustainability and the blue economy include novel genomics approaches, imaging technologies, and ultra-deep hydrographic measurements. Capacity building will be necessary to integrate capabilities into programs and projects at a global scale. Progress can be facilitated by Open Science and Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) data principles and converge on agreed to data standards, practices, vocabularies, and registries. We envision expansion of the deep-ocean observing community to embrace the participation of academia, industry, NGOs, national governments, international governmental organizations, and the public at large in order to unlock critical knowledge contained in the deep ocean over coming decades, and to realize the mutual benefits of thoughtful deep-ocean observing for all elements of a sustainable ocean.
The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic system provides critical climate regulation, houses a wealth of energy, mineral, and biological resources, and represents a vast repository of biological diversity. A long history of deep-ocean exploration and observation led to the initial concept for the Deep-Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS), under the auspices of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Here we discuss the scientific need for globally integrated deep-ocean observing, its status, and the key scientific questions and societal mandates driving observing requirements over the next decade. We consider the Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) needed to address deep-ocean challenges within the physical, biogeochemical, and biological/ecosystem sciences according to the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), and map these onto scientific questions. Opportunities for new and expanded synergies among deep-ocean stakeholders are discussed, including academic-industry partnerships with the oil and gas, mining, cable and fishing industries, the ocean exploration and mapping community, and biodiversity conservation initiatives. Future deep-ocean observing will benefit from the greater integration across traditional disciplines and sectors, achieved through demonstration projects and facilitated reuse and repurposing of existing deep-sea data efforts. We highlight examples of existing and emerging deep-sea methods and technologies, noting key challenges associated with data volume, preservation, standardization, and accessibility. Emerging technologies relevant to deep-ocean sustainability and the blue economy include novel genomics approaches, imaging technologies, and ultra-deep hydrographic measurements. Capacity building will be necessary to integrate capabilities into programs and projects at a global scale. Progress can be facilitated by Open Science and Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) data principles and converge on agreed to data standards, practices, vocabularies, and registries. We envision expansion of the deep-ocean observing community to embrace the participation of academia, industry, NGOs, national governments, international governmental organizations, and the public at large in order to unlock critical knowledge contained in the deep ocean over coming decades, and to realize the mutual benefits of thoughtful deep-ocean observing for all elements of a sustainable ocean.
In: Frontiers in Marine Science--Front. Mar. Sci.--2296-7745
The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic system provides critical climate regulation, houses a wealth of energy, mineral, and biological resources, and represents a vast repository of biological diversity. A long history of deep-ocean exploration and observation led to the initial concept for the Deep-Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS), under the auspices of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Here we discuss the scientific need for globally integrated deep-ocean observing, its status, and the key scientific questions and societal mandates driving observing requirements over the next decade. We consider the Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) needed to address deep-ocean challenges within the physical, biogeochemical, and biological/ecosystem sciences according to the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), and map these onto scientific questions. Opportunities for new and expanded synergies among deep-ocean stakeholders are discussed, including academic-industry partnerships with the oil and gas, mining, cable and fishing industries, the ocean exploration and mapping community, and biodiversity conservation initiatives. Future deep-ocean observing will benefit from the greater integration across traditional disciplines and sectors, achieved through demonstration projects and facilitated reuse and repurposing of existing deep-sea data efforts. We highlight examples of existing and emerging deep-sea methods and technologies, noting key challenges associated with data volume, preservation, standardization, and accessibility. Emerging technologies relevant to deep-ocean sustainability and the blue economy include novel genomics approaches, imaging technologies, and ultra-deep hydrographic measurements. Capacity building will be necessary to integrate capabilities into programs and projects at a global scale. Progress can be facilitated by Open Science and Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) data principles and converge on agreed to data standards, practices, vocabularies, and registries. We envision expansion of the deep-ocean observing community to embrace the participation of academia, industry, NGOs, national governments, international governmental organizations, and the public at large in order to unlock critical knowledge contained in the deep ocean over coming decades, and to realize the mutual benefits of thoughtful deep-ocean observing for all elements of a sustainable ocean.
The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic system provides critical climate regulation, houses a wealth of energy, mineral, and biological resources, and represents a vast repository of biological diversity. A long history of deep-ocean exploration and observation led to the initial concept for the Deep-Ocean Observing Strategy (DOOS), under the auspices of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Here we discuss the scientific need for globally integrated deep-ocean observing, its status, and the key scientific questions and societal mandates driving observing requirements over the next decade. We consider the Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs) needed to address deep-ocean challenges within the physical, biogeochemical, and biological/ecosystem sciences according to the Framework for Ocean Observing (FOO), and map these onto scientific questions. Opportunities for new and expanded synergies among deep-ocean stakeholders are discussed, including academic-industry partnerships with the oil and gas, mining, cable and fishing industries, the ocean exploration and mapping community, and biodiversity conservation initiatives. Future deep-ocean observing will benefit from the greater integration across traditional disciplines and sectors, achieved through demonstration projects and facilitated reuse and repurposing of existing deep-sea data efforts. We highlight examples of existing and emerging deep-sea methods and technologies, noting key challenges associated with data volume, preservation, standardization, and accessibility. Emerging technologies relevant to deep-ocean sustainability and the blue economy include novel genomics approaches, imaging technologies, and ultra-deep hydrographic measurements. Capacity building will be necessary to integrate capabilities into programs and projects at a global scale. Progress can be facilitated by Open Science and Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable (FAIR) data principles and converge on agreed to data standards, practices, vocabularies, and registries. We envision expansion of the deep-ocean observing community to embrace the participation of academia, industry, NGOs, national governments, international governmental organizations, and the public at large in order to unlock critical knowledge contained in the deep ocean over coming decades, and to realize the mutual benefits of thoughtful deep-ocean observing for all elements of a sustainable ocean.
In this paper we present a critical analysis of industrial location policy of the state of Bahia, in the period covered in between 1960s and 2000s, from the perspective of spatial economy. The paper reviews the formulation of the theory of location, through the contributions of its principal authors, evidencing the changes occurring in its epistemological basis with the advent of new transports and communication technologies. Through documentary research were analyzed localization strategy of industrial districts of Ilheus, Jequié, Vitória da Conquista and Juazeiro, the industrial centers of Subaé (in Feira de Santana) and Aratu and Camaçari Petrochemical Complex - largest integrated industrial complex in the southern hemisphere. The analysis concludes that the State of Bahia experience was not successful and that it was not related to the conditions formulated by the spatial economy. Despite what this theory advocates, industries attracted to Bahia did not have their effects extrapolated to other sectors of the regional economy, being in practice, enclaves. Some possible reasons for this fact are related to structural context of Brazilian economic and political system: the concentrating income model, which requires industrial companies to operate with a high coefficient of location, ie a tendency to spatial concentration; the industrial park is dedicated mainly to the production of intermediate goods, requiring to its viability the existence of economies of scale, agglomeration and urbanization, from which are only partly relieved the agribusiness and mineral processing companies; the lack of a strategy and industrial development policy was determinant in order for this space being subject to strong political will significantly marked by the authoritarism, which eliminated the integration of intersectoral actions, as well as an effective participation in the process from various segments of society, especially the business sector. From the spatial point of view, it appears that the macro locational definition of Bahia´s industrial districts was guided mainly by politics and secondarily relied much more on the analysis of urban hierarchy than the occurrence of effective economic possibilities and industrialization. Therefore, it follows the conclusion, answering the question that heads this article, as the facts indicate, that in order for the locational theories taking place in strategic regional development factors, it should be taken into account a number of other conditions, such as the local culture, the effective political system and market structure.
INTRODUCTION In all communities the number one consideration should be health, As it is known, without it there just would not be progress. In the early days, health was not carried to its fullest extent because people had less knowledge of the care for one's body and surroundings. With the change of time and this new age, there should not be any need for neglect of one's self and his surroundings. Within the text of this thesis, the writer has tried to cover some of the things that contribute to healthful living. Special emphasis has been given to health: social, political, and economic. A brief history of health will be found within this text. The facts are as the writer found them in the study of this community. The writer also used other authors' and educators' points of view on this subject. Sweeny is a small city located in South Texas. It is twenty miles west of Bay City, Texas, ten miles north of West Columbia, Texas, twenty-six miles east of Free Port, Texas, and sixty-six miles south of Houston. It is located between two big industries: Dow Chemical Plant in Free Port, and Old Ocean Gas and Refinery in Old Ocean, Texas, Sweeny is a low, flat area which causes the water to empty from it into the Gulf of Mexico. The land is fertile and suitable for farming most all kinds of crops and for cattle raising. Its ground is rich with minerals. The city receives as much rainfall as any other city in this area. THE PROBLEM Statement of the problem. It was the purpose of this study (1) to investigate the health conditions of the Negro citizens in Sweeny; (2) to investigate the factors influencing health conditions; and (3) to determine if the Negro citizens live in circumstances above or below the normal health standards. Purpose of the study. This study was undertaken because the writer was interested in the health of the people in the community. The writer feels that the need for health improvement is highly important in our present-day society, With the prevalence of disease and increases in population, a community should try to maintain its highest health standards.
Alcan Aluminium Limited -- Aluminum Company of America -- AMAX Inc. -- Anglo American Corporation of South Africa Limited -- ARBED S.A. -- Armco Inc. -- ASARCO Incorporated -- Bethlehem Steel Corporation -- British Coal Corporation -- British Steel plc -- Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd. -- Coal India Limited -- Cockerill Sambre Group -- Companhia Vale do Rio Duce -- CRA Limited -- Daido Steel Co., Ltd. -- De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited/De Beers Centenary AG -- Degussa Group -- Dofasco Inc. -- Echo Bay Mines Ltd. -- Engelhard Corporation -- Freeport-McMoRan Inc. -- Fried. Krupp GmbH -- Gencor Ltd. -- Gold Fields of South Africa Ltd. -- Heraeus Holding GmbH -- Hitachi Metals, Ltd. -- Hoesch AG -- Imetal S.A. -- Inco Limited -- Inland Steel Industries, Inc. -- Johnson Matthey PLC -- Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation -- Kawasaki Steel Corporation -- Klockner-Werke AG -- Kobe Steel, Ltd. -- Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken NV -- The Marmon Group -- Metallgesellschaft AG -- Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation of India Ltd. -- Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. -- Mitsui Mining Company, Limited -- Nichimen Corporation -- Nippon Light Metal Company, Ltd. -- Nippon Steel Corporation -- Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. -- NKK Corporation -- Noranda Inc. -- Okura & Co., Ltd. -- Peabody Holding Company, Inc. -- Pechiney -- Phelps Dodge Corporation -- The Pittston Company -- Pohang Iron and Steel Company Ltd. -- Reynolds Metals Company -- The RTZ Corporation PLC -- Ruhrkohle AG -- Saarberg-Konzern -- Salzgitter AG -- Sandvik AB -- Steel Authority of India Ltd. -- Stelco Inc. -- Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. -- Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. -- Tata Iron and Steel Company Ltd. -- Thyssen AG -- Tomen Corporation -- Usinor Sacilor -- VIAG Aktiengesellschaft -- Voest-Alpine Stahl AG -- Weirton Steel Corporation -- Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation Ltd. -- Abitibi-Price Inc. -- Amcor Limited -- Avery Dennison Corporation -- Boise Cascade Corporation -- Bowater PLC -- Bunzl plc -- Champion International Corporation -- Daio Paper Corporation -- Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Co., Ltd. -- Domtar Inc. -- Enso-Gutzeit Oy -- Fletcher Challenge Ltd. -- Georgia-Pacific Corporation -- Honshu Paper Co., Ltd. -- International Paper Company -- James River Corporation of Virginia -- Japan Pulp and Paper Company Limited -- Jefferson Smurfit Group plc -- Jujo Paper Co., Ltd. -- Kymmene Corporation -- Louisiana-Pacific Corporation -- MacMillan Bloedel Limited -- The Mead Corporation -- Metsa-Serla Oy -- Mo och Domsjo AB -- Oji Paper Co., Ltd. -- PWA Group -- Rengo Co., Ltd. -- Sanyo-Kokusaku Pulp Co., Ltd. -- Scott Paper Company -- Stone Container Corporation -- Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags AB -- Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget -- Temple-Inland Inc. -- Union Camp Corporation -- United Paper Mills Ltd. (Yhtyneet Paperitehtaat Oy) -- Westvaco Corporation -- Weyerhaeuser Company -- Willamette Industries, Inc. -- Abu Dhabi National Oil Company -- Amerada Hess Corporation -- Amoco Corporation -- Ashland Oil, Inc. -- Atlantic Richfield Company -- British Petroleum Company plc -- Burmah Castrol plc -- Chevron Corporation -- Chinese Petroleum Corporation -- CITGO Petroleum Corporation -- The Coastal Corporation -- Compania Espanola de Petroleos S.A. -- Conoco Inc. -- Cosmo Oil Co., Ltd. -- Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap AS -- Diamond Shamrock, Inc. -- Egyptian General Petroluem Corporation -- Empresa Colombiana de Petroleos -- Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi -- Entreprise Nationale Sonatrach -- Exxon Corporation -- General Sekiyu K.K. -- Idemitsu Kosan K.K. -- Imperial Oil Limited -- Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. -- Kanematsu Corporation -- Kerr-McGee Corporation -- Koch Industries, Inc. -- Kuwait Petroleum Corporation -- Libyan National Oil Corporation -- Lyondell Petrochemical Company -- MAPCO Inc. -- Mitsubishi Oil Co., Ltd. -- Mobil Corporation -- National Iranian Oil Company -- Neste Oy -- Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation -- Nippon Mining Co., Ltd. -- Nippon Oil Company, Limited -- Occidental Petroleum Corporation -- Oil and Natural Gas Commission -- OMV Aktiengesellschaft -- Pennzoil Company -- PERTAMINA -- Petro-Canada Limited -- Petrofina -- Petroleo Brasileiro S.A. -- Petroleos de Portugal S.A. -- Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. -- Petroleos del Ecuador -- Petroleos Mexicanos -- Petroleum Development Oman LLC -- Petronas -- Phillips Petroleum Company -- Qatar General Petroleum Corporation -- Repsol SA -- Royal Dutch Petroleum Company/The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company p.l.c. -- Sasol Limited -- Saudi Arabian Oil Company -- Shell Oil Company -- Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K. -- Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine -- Sun Company, Inc. -- Texaco Inc. -- Tonen Corporation -- Total Compagnie Francaise des Petroles S.A. -- Turkiye Petrolled Anonim Ortakligi -- Ultramar PLC -- Unocal Corporation -- USX Corporation -- The Williams Companies, Inc. -- YPF Sociedad Anonima -- Advance Publications Inc. -- Arnoldo Mondadori Editor S.p.A. -- Axel Springer Verlag AG -- Bertelsmann AG -- Cox Enterprises, Inc. -- Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. -- Dow Jones & Company, Inc. -- The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation -- The E.W. Scripps Company -- Elsevier NV -- Gannett Co., Inc. -- Groupe de la Cite -- Hachette -- Hallmark Cards, Inc. -- Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. -- The Hearst Corporation -- Knight-Ridder, Inc. -- Kodansha Ltd. -- McGraw-Hill, Inc. -- Maclean Hunter Limited -- Maxwell Communication Corporation plc -- Moore Corporation Limited -- The New York Times Company -- News Corporation Limited -- Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. -- Pearson plc -- R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company -- The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. -- Reed International P.L.C. -- Reuters Holdings PLC -- Simon & Schuster Inc. -- Time Warner Inc. -- The Times Mirror Company -- Toppan Printing Co., Ltd. -- Tribune Company -- United Newspapers plc -- The Washington Post Company -- Cheung Kong (Holdings) Limited -- The Hammerson Property Investment and Development Corporation plc -- Hongkong Land Holdings Limited -- JMB Realty Corporation -- Land Securities PLC -- Lend Lease Corporation Limited -- MEPC plc -- Mitsubishi Estate Company, Limited -- Mitsui Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. -- New World Development Company Ltd. -- Olympia & York Developments Ltd. -- Slough Estates plc -- Sumitomo Realty & Development Co., Ltd. -- Tokyu Land Corporation.
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