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Churches of racial and ethnic minorities have developed and exist to serve the religious and social needs of these groups. This function has been shaped and reinforced by practices of racial and ethnic discrimination in American society. The goals and programs of racial and ethnic churches are affected by such factors as the movement toward desegregation and integration, the aspiration to full participation in community life, mobility, urbanization, and changes in socio-economic status. Although ethnic churches for persons of European background have virtually disappeared in America, churches of other ethnic and racial minority groups—Negro, Puerto Rican, Spanish-speaking people of the Southwest, American Indian, Chinese American, and Japanese American— continue to exist as significant institutions. Both the Protestant and the Roman Catholic churches recognize that discrimination and segregation contradict their basic beliefs and teachings. There has been a movement toward desegregation and integration within the life of the churches themselves. Because the pattern of ethnic and racial segregation in the churches is related to the pattern of ethnic and racial segregation in society, the churches have had to concern themselves with the elimination of policies and practices of discrimination and segregation in all areas of community life.

Churches of racial & ethnic minorities have developed & exist to serve the religious & soc needs of these groups. This function has been shaped & reinforced by practices of racial & ethnic discrimination in the US. The goals & programs of racial & ethnic churches are affected by such factors as the movement toward desegregation & integration, the aspiration to full participation in community life, mobility, urbanization, & changes in SES. Though ethnic churches for persons of European background have virtually disappeared in the US, churches of other ethnic & racial minority groups-Negro, Puerto Rican, Spanish-speaking people of the Southwest, American Indian, Chinese American, & Japanese American-continue to exist as signif institutions. Both the Protestant & the Roman Catholic churches recognize that discrimination & segregation contrad ict their basic beliefs & teachings. There has been a movement toward desegregation & integration within the life of the churches themselves. Because the pattern of ethnic & racial segregation in the churches is related to the pattern of ethnic & racial segregation in society, the churches have had to concern themselves with the elimination of policies & practices of discrimination & segregation in all areas of community life. AA.

Unions' economic and political future depends upon support from Negroes, Southerners, agricultural workers, and foreign-language groups. Unions would apparently have little difficulty organizing foreign-language groups; but, given present union structure, these and other minorities are too weak for collective bargaining to improve their economic conditions immediately, though unions could protect and improve minority opportunities. Agricultural workers are unorganized because of poor economic status; employer and community opposition denies them the legal protection of other workers; they are frequently temporary, scattered, and migratory. The growing Negro-union schism has its roots in changes in the Negro com munity. Although it is unlikely that Negroes will withdraw from unions or break Negro-labor political alliances, the pres sures on Negro leaders are such that they probably will con tinue to attack unions. Unions also probably will be subjected to increasing governmental pressures to eliminate discrimina tion. The South's growing unorganized nonagricultural work force threatens unions outside the South because the South is industrializing faster than the United States. The main factors impeding unions in the South are: numerous low- income agricultural workers; antiunion community leaders, who not only are concerned with the upsetting influences of new power sources but also fear unions will interfere with industrial ization ; and other political, economic, and cultural factors. However, unions probably will continue to grow faster in the South than in the nation.

The controversy over mixing religion and politics has not kept religion apart from government. Religious groups participate in a wide variety of political activities. But religious groups in the United States are not organized as political parties or political machines. There is a relation between religious affiliation and party affiliation. The correlation, however, does not usually indicate a "religious" vote. In part, the relation reflects socio-economic status. For Catholics and Jews it is very much a result of awareness of minority status. As minority awareness declines, trends in voting change. There is no pattern of voting for or against candidates because of their religion. The importance of religion in a presidential election cannot be assessed on the basis of other elections. The election of a Catholic president would not change the nature of our government, but it would have an effect on American politics.

"Research for this Freedom pamphlet was begun by Paul Tobenkin." ; Includes bibliography. ; Mode of access: Internet.