Suchergebnisse

This study is devoted to politics of nationalism under Bulgarian communism (1944-89). The research aims to analyse the actual content of the Bulgarian communist policies on three main national questions and the ideas behind them. How did Bulgarian communism understand nation and nationalism? How did the Bulgarian Communist Party policy on issues of nationalism change over time? What was the legacy of communist politics of nationalism after the fall of the regime in 1989? This thesis focuses on three national questions in Bulgaria: `the Macedonian Question', the position of the ethnic Turkish minority, and the politics of Jewish identity. It argues that revealing the ideas behind the communist policies in relation to these questions explains how communism understood national identity in Bulgaria. Chapter 1 provides an overview of theories of nationalism and communism in relation to Bulgarian communism. Chapter 2 analyses the understanding of communist internationalism and nationalism of the founders of Bulgarian communism and their followers in the contest of Marxism, Marxism-Leninism and Stalinism. Chapter 3 discusses Bulgarian communist mythology and argues that under communism Bulgarian national mythology was at the basis of promoting cultural nationalism which in its own turn was used for political mobilisation against ethnic diversity. Chapters 4,5 and 6 are dedicated to the three national questions mentioned above and their development under communism. Chapter 7 examines politics of nationalism after the fall of the communist regime in Bulgaria in 1989 and argues that by promoting cultural nationalism based on ethnic homogeneity the policies of the BCP in relation to ethnic minorities determined the politics of nationalism during post-communism in Bulgaria. The chapters are linked by the argument that Bulgarian communism changed its original idea of building a communist ration-State as a political community with class identity at its core to building an ethnically homogenous nation-state with ethnic Bulgarian identity as its organising principle.

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020.

This paper analyses the welfare effects of a change from centralized to decentralized political authority. The potential disadvantage with decentralization in our model is that local dominant groups with rather "extreme" preferences may win the vote and implement policies that harm the well-being of local minorities. When the national median voter represents a "moderate" position, centralization can be seen as a way of protecting the interests of local minorities. Our main result is that the centralized solution may welfare dominate decentralization even in the absence of scale economics and interregional spillovers. We also demonstrate that increased segregation, increased mobility, and increased heterogeneity in preferences, factors that are normally considered to be arguments in favor of decentralization, may reduce the attractiveness of the decentralized solution from a welfare perspective. Finally, we show that when the national median voter is an "extreme" type, decentralization may represent a way of protecting local minority interests.

The relationship between ethnic conflicts and democratisation is one of the most topical issues of the present time, but also of the future of multiethnic societies.That is why the subject of the analysis in this paper will be basic determinants ofethnic policies and models of ethnic relations management in the territories of former communist/socialist, multiethnic federations (CSSR, USSR and SFRY). Causes, factors, chief political and social actors and the impact of ethnic conflictson development and democratisation of post-communist multiethnic societies will be also analysed. As ethnic conflicts, i. e. the relationship the Majority - Minority, are going to be an active factor of changes in Eastern Europe, this paper will dealwith connections between ethnic conflicts, the status of minorities and the achieved level of democratisation. Special attention will be paid to the analysis of processes in the territory of former Yugoslavia, which could provide an abundance of material for such an analysis.This particularly applies to the most important conflicts between Serbs and Croats; Serbs, Croats and Muslims in B&H, Serbia and Macedonia. The exarnple of the Serbian-Albanian relations and war in Kosovo will be elaborated on because it sublimely manifests the devastating force of ethno nationalisrn alongwith Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo, and Albanians and Macedonians in western Macedonia. However, the analysis will be reduced to Serbia and the FRY, more specifically to the crisis of national and state identity of the Majority (Serbs) andthe status of Minorities.

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Pursuant to a congressional request, GAO discussed minorities and Social Security, focusing on: (1) how minorities currently fare under social security; (2) how they might be affected by some of the proposed changes in benefits to restore the program's solvency; and (3) how minorities might fare under a system restructured to include individual accounts."

Minority rights play a significant role in development policy, especially within inhomogeneous societies. The justification of minority rights is linked to the justification of human rights. The study develops elements of a new typology of minorities against the background of the question of legal claims of minorities and groups. This typology can become part of a mechanism to decide which type of minority may make justified claims to special rights. ; Minderheitenrechte spielen in der Entwicklungspolitik eine bedeutende Rolle, insbesondere in Bezug auf inhomogene Gesellschaften. Die Begründung von Minderheitenrechten steht in engem Zusammenhang mit der Begründung von Menschenrechten. Die Studie entwickelt vor dem Hintergrund der Frage nach den Rechtsansprüchen von Minderheiten bzw. Gruppen Elemente einer neuartigen Typologie von Minderheiten mit der entschieden werden kann, welche Typen von Minderheiten gerechtfertigte Ansprüche auf Sonderrechte erheben können.

Published in Final Report, Human Factors Issues in Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection, "The Aviation Maintenance Technician". Report of a Meeting 12-13 December 1990, Alexandria, Virginia ; This paper was presented at the Fourth Federal Aviation Administration Meeting on Human Factors Issues in Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection in Alexandria, Virginia, December 1990. The meeting was sponsored by the Office of Aviation Medicine in the Federal Aviation Administration. The paper was published subsequently in a Conference Proceedings in June 1991 (pp. 154-178). This paper examines patterns of assignment to aviation maintenance occupations across U.S. military services by racial/ethnic group and gender. Assignment patterns are shown as of June 1990 and for selected years, 1972-1990 by five categories of aviation maintenance occupations (general aircraft, engines, accessories, structures, and launch equipment). The author then evaluates possible reasons for participation trends by women and minorities, including projected qualification rates for assignment to aviation maintenance training within each of the military services. Additionally, the author examines continuation rates of women and minorities assigned to aviation maintenance occupations over the 16-year period from 1974-1990. The discussion is more descriptive than prescriptive, although several important issues are noted. One important finding is the continuing underrepresentation of women and minorities in these jobs, strongly influenced by the military's tests to determine eligibility for training. ; Prepared for Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Branch Office of Aviation Medicine, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation

With more than 160,000 deaths annually cancer is the second commonest cause of death in the UK. The little evidence available shows that black and minority ethnic people are experiencing an increase in cancer-related mortality. The Government's Health of the Nation report produced in 1993 by the Department of Health identifies key areas, including cancer, where improvements in mortality and morbidity could be achieved, and an essential element relates to the needs of black and minority ethnic people. It is, for example, now well recognised that in terms of screening, treatment and palliation, cancer services are not always accessible and sensitive to the needs of this section of the population. Beginning with a demographic backdrop this paper reviews the data on the occurrence of cancer and on access to services by this section of the population. Relevant initiatives funded by the Department of Health are highlighted and a summary of the information sources to enable health care purchasers and service providers to assess the needs of their local population has also been given.

The present anti-racial discrimination legislation in the United Kingdom is embodied in the 1976 Race Relations Act. In essence this Act attempts to avoid any form of direct or indirect discrimination on the basis of racial or ethnic origin. However, health professionals are acutely aware that there are important racial differences in disease, some of which are, in fact, not racial but merely associated with social deprivation, poor housing and, of course, the incapacity to speak English. These new findings present the medical profession, in the climate of scarce resources, with the challenge of meeting these needs without discriminating in favour of, or against, individuals on the basis of their race. This is because there are few provision in the 1976 Act to allow for such discrimination, even when it is for an ethnic group's advantage. The dilemmas this raises for health professionals who are involved in planning services for ethnic minorities are discussed.

This study attempts to capture the transformations in ethnic minority identity politics in the oil-producing areas of the Niger delta. In doing this, attention is simultaneously drawn to the factors informing the shift from peaceful agitation to violent protest as well as the dynamic of decay and renewal in the various ethnic minority movements that are active in the delta. It is suggested that part of the solution to the crisis in the delta will involve not only a thorough-going restructuring of the Nigerian state but also the re-orientation of the mode of operation of the giant oil multinationals in order to make them both more sensitive and accountable to the local communities. ; CONTENTS -- Contending Perspectives on Oil Minorities -- Ethnicity, Ethnic Identity and Ethnic Minorities in the Niger Delta: Some Conceptual Issues.-- Oil Minorities Identity Politics: A Historical Perspective -- From Independence to the Outbreak of the Civil War -- The Nigerian Civil War and the Aftermath: The Changing Fortunes of the Oil Minorities of the Niger Delta -- Economic Crisis, Structural Adjustment and the Changing Forms of Identity Politics of the Oil Minorities of the Niger Delta -- Structural Adjustment Programme in Nigeria: Theoretical Foundations -- The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Nigeria -- Ethnic Identity Politics under Structural Adjustment -- The Changing Global and Domestic Environment -- Oil Minorities Movements of the Niger Delta: Patterns of Continuity and Transformation -- New Trends, New Contradictions in the Delta: Identity as National LiberationThe Globalisation of Local Struggles in the Niger Delta (1991-1999)Decay and Renewal in the Oil Minorities Movements of the Niger DeltaTrajectories of Ethnic Minority Politics in the Niger Delta: Implications for the Nation-State Project in NigeriaConcluding Remarks: Niger Delta Oil Minorities Movement and the Future of Nigeria

In 1995, Judge Richard Posner ruled that the state of Illinois could not celebrate Good Friday as a statewide holiday for the public schools.' Closing all Illinois public schools on Good Friday, Posner declared, violated the Establishment Clause of the Constitution by "plac[ing] the support of the state behind a wholly sectarian holiday." The Ninth Circuit has disagreed, upholding Good Friday as a state holiday in Hawaii. Federal courts have similarly reached varying conclusions about the constitutionality of other symbolic endorsements of Christianity, including the use of a cross as part of a government seal, the inclusion of the phrase "in the year of our Lord" in government documents, and the singing of religious Christmas carols in public schools. Still other Christian rites are so intertwined with American life that they are largely uncontroversial: for example, no federal court has ever invalidated Sunday closing laws or the celebration of Christmas as a national holiday. Despite these numerous overt governmental endorsements of Christianity, a number of legal scholars have begun to conclude that there is not enough religion in our public life. They argue that in our secular society, religion is marginalized. Pointing to Supreme Court doctrines that prohibit the government from funding religion or religious education, that limit the religious symbols that may be displayed in public places, or that invalidate government-sponsored prayer, they charge that in the United States, religion has become a mere hobby. To reinvigorate the American religious spirit, these scholars urge that the government be permitted to engage in even more religious symbolism, and indeed to fund religion and religious education. In short, the government ought to encourage religious belief of all denominations. This Article focuses on one particular aspect of this growing debate over the appropriate role of religion in our society. What is often called the question of religion in the public square asks about the basis on which ...

ÖZETTÜRKİYE'DE ULUS-DEVLET İNŞASI VEGAYRİ-MÜSLİM AZINLIKLAR: BİR RESMİ SÖYLEM ANALİZİ Bu çalışma, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin gayri-Müslim azınlıklara yönelik resmi politikalarını ve Cumhuriyetin kurucu kadrolarının ve Türk milliyetçiliği ideologlarının resmi söylemini incelemektedir. Bu araştırmanın en temel amacı, Türkiye'de ulus-devlet inşa sürecinde gayri-Müslim azınlıklara yönelik politikaların gerisindeki devlet ideolojisini Türk milliyetçiliğinin evrimini göz önünde bulundurarak çözümlemektir. Bu çalışmada, şu soruların yanıtı aranmıştır: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin gayri-Müslim azınlıklara yönelik devlet ideolojisi ve resmi söylemi liderler ve ulusal ideologların konuşmalarında ve beyanlarında ne şekilde formüle edilmiştir? Gayri-Müslimler resmi söylemde hangi düzeyde ulus ve vatandaşlık tanımı içinde yer almışlardır. Resmi söylem kendi içinde ve azınlıklara yönelik uygulama ve hukuki metinlerle ne kadar tutarlıdır? Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, gayri-Müslim azınlıklara yönelik resmi söylem ve devlet ideolojisi, ulus ve vatandaşlık tanımları açısından Cumhuriyet'in kurucu kadrolarının konuşmaları, demeçleri ve yazdıkları incelenmektedir. İkinci bölümde, resmi söylemin ulus-devlet inşa sürecinde gayri-Müslim azınlıklara yönelik politikalarla ve yasal metinlerle uyum içinde olup olmadığı incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada savunulan temel hipotez gayri-Müslim azınlıklara yönelik resmi söylem tutarlı bir yapıya sahip değildir. Gerek kendi içinde gerekse uygulama ve yasal metinlerle çelişmektedir. ABSTRACTNATION-STATE BUILDING IN TURKEY AND NON-MUSLIM MINORITIES:AN ANALYSIS OF OFFICIAL DISCOURSEThis work analyses the official policies of Turkish Republic towards non-muslim minorities of Turkey and the official discourse of leadership of the Republic and the leading ideologues of Turkish nationalism. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the state ideology behind the official policy towards non-muslim minorities during the nation-sate building process in Turkey within the context of Turkish nationalism. In this thesis, following questions are elaborated: What is the state ideology and official discourse of Turkish Republic on non-Muslims as formulated in the speeches and statements of the chief leaders and national ideologues? To what extent are non-Muslims included within the definitions of the nation and citizenship in official discourse? To what degree official discourse is coherent within itself as well as coherent with the legal texts and official policies regarding non-Muslims? In the first part of the thesis, the formulation of official discourse and state ideology towards non- Muslim minorities is examined in respect to the statements and writings of chief leaders of the Republic regarding the definition of nation and citizenship. In the second part, it is aimed to find that whether the official discourse is in accordance with the policies of the period followed towards non-Muslim minorities. As a basic hypothesis of this work, it is argued that official discourse regarding non-Muslim minorities has a paradoxical nature. It is paradoxical not only within itself but as well as with official policies of the Republic.

In light of the long histories of racial violence, discrimination, and organized protest by racial and ethnic minority groups in established democracies, it is imperative to examine how minority groups can achieve greater voice in the regular channels of the democratic process. In this paper we compare the inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities in political parties and the national legislatures of the U.S. and Britain. There are few previous comparative studies on this topic, and the broad comparative literature on numerical representation often focuses on theories of socialization and increasing the pool of applicants. We examine an influence that previous scholars have often neglected: the role of political parties in shaping minority representation. We highlight some conditions under which minority groups may achieve gains. Certain political and institutional 'opportunity structures' create incentives for under-represented groups to pursue top-down or bottom up strategies in their efforts for democratic inclusion.

"Submitted to: Ms. Monserrate Quinones, Executive Director, Affirmative Market Program, Operational Services Division." "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts contracted with MGT of American, Inc. to conduct an analysis of the utilization of women and minorities in state-funded construction contracts. Mandated by Chapter 280 of the Massachusetts Act of 1998, the study's purpose is to determine if significant disparity exists between the availability and utilization of minority and women workers in the Commonwealth's market area"--Introduction.

It is an honour to join you today in celebrating Professor Jerome Hall. Professor Hall's work was ahead of its time. I did not know him, but his independence of mind and his spirited devotion to scholarship were striking in all I heard and read. Professor Hall's fame was at its height when I was beginning my research into the philosophy of law. And his name stood out as among the most distinguished American jurisprudential scholars. It stood out for his good sense, balanced judgment, and strong-minded convictions. His Foundations of Jurisprudence is thoroughly resistant to fashion. It is an open-minded, undogmatic, and sympathetic exploration of a variety of intellectual trends and tendencies. His work on criminal law was an outstanding attempt at a thorough examination of a major branch of the law from a systematic and theoretical perspective. It set a standard for legal scholarship way above anything else accomplished in America at the time.