The article analyzes Byelorussian, Polish and Russian voluntary organizations in Šalčininkai and Švenčionys districts and the mobilization of ethnic groups, since these organizations are perceived as a toll or channel of civil and political mobilization of these ethnic groups. The leaders of such organizations are perceived as actors of individual ethnic identity who partly influence the mobilization of ethnic groups, the activities voluntary organizations and content of ethnic collective and civic identities and the relationship with the country of residence and with the country of origin. The cities where the research was performed is near the Lithuanian-Belarusian border. Therefore, the impact of the border on ethnic identity formation and transformation is also examined.
The article analyzes Byelorussian, Polish and Russian voluntary organizations in Šalčininkai and Švenčionys districts and the mobilization of ethnic groups, since these organizations are perceived as a toll or channel of civil and political mobilization of these ethnic groups. The leaders of such organizations are perceived as actors of individual ethnic identity who partly influence the mobilization of ethnic groups, the activities voluntary organizations and content of ethnic collective and civic identities and the relationship with the country of residence and with the country of origin. The cities where the research was performed is near the Lithuanian-Belarusian border. Therefore, the impact of the border on ethnic identity formation and transformation is also examined.
The article analyzes Byelorussian, Polish and Russian voluntary organizations in Šalčininkai and Švenčionys districts and the mobilization of ethnic groups, since these organizations are perceived as a toll or channel of civil and political mobilization of these ethnic groups. The leaders of such organizations are perceived as actors of individual ethnic identity who partly influence the mobilization of ethnic groups, the activities voluntary organizations and content of ethnic collective and civic identities and the relationship with the country of residence and with the country of origin. The cities where the research was performed is near the Lithuanian-Belarusian border. Therefore, the impact of the border on ethnic identity formation and transformation is also examined.
The article analyzes Byelorussian, Polish and Russian voluntary organizations in Šalčininkai and Švenčionys districts and the mobilization of ethnic groups, since these organizations are perceived as a toll or channel of civil and political mobilization of these ethnic groups. The leaders of such organizations are perceived as actors of individual ethnic identity who partly influence the mobilization of ethnic groups, the activities voluntary organizations and content of ethnic collective and civic identities and the relationship with the country of residence and with the country of origin. The cities where the research was performed is near the Lithuanian-Belarusian border. Therefore, the impact of the border on ethnic identity formation and transformation is also examined.
How do emotions contribute to mobilizing the international community to join massive protests against climate change? Although it is common to superficially state that protests are full of various emotions, it remains unclear how emotions become collective on the international level and how they ensure the spread of mass mobilization. This research paper examines the process of collectivization of emotions and how it explains mass mobilization in the case of international climate change strikes. This paper raises the question of how the emotional environment was favourably constructed in Greta Thunberg's case in order to mobilize international society to join climate change strikes, and it aims to reveal how group emotions play an important role in successful international mobilization. Based on Sarah Ahmed's theory of cultural politics of emotions and James M. Jasper's theory linking emotions and social movements, it is assumed that specific emotions were circulated to create a distinct emotional environment that inspired the international community to join Thunberg's climate strike. An Emotional Discourse Analysis revealed that Thunberg's speeches are full of emotional potential that provokes reactive emotions such as fear, anger and hope in the global society and establishes an injustice-based framing of the problem as well as the dichotomy between the political elite and the global society. This study contributes to the research field of emotions in international relations by exploring in more depth the collectivization of emotions and expands the theory of cultural politics of emotions to include explanations of international politics phenomena such as mass mobilization.
How do emotions contribute to mobilizing the international community to join massive protests against climate change? Although it is common to superficially state that protests are full of various emotions, it remains unclear how emotions become collective on the international level and how they ensure the spread of mass mobilization. This research paper examines the process of collectivization of emotions and how it explains mass mobilization in the case of international climate change strikes. This paper raises the question of how the emotional environment was favourably constructed in Greta Thunberg's case in order to mobilize international society to join climate change strikes, and it aims to reveal how group emotions play an important role in successful international mobilization. Based on Sarah Ahmed's theory of cultural politics of emotions and James M. Jasper's theory linking emotions and social movements, it is assumed that specific emotions were circulated to create a distinct emotional environment that inspired the international community to join Thunberg's climate strike. An Emotional Discourse Analysis revealed that Thunberg's speeches are full of emotional potential that provokes reactive emotions such as fear, anger and hope in the global society and establishes an injustice-based framing of the problem as well as the dichotomy between the political elite and the global society. This study contributes to the research field of emotions in international relations by exploring in more depth the collectivization of emotions and expands the theory of cultural politics of emotions to include explanations of international politics phenomena such as mass mobilization.
How do emotions contribute to mobilizing the international community to join massive protests against climate change? Although it is common to superficially state that protests are full of various emotions, it remains unclear how emotions become collective on the international level and how they ensure the spread of mass mobilization. This research paper examines the process of collectivization of emotions and how it explains mass mobilization in the case of international climate change strikes. This paper raises the question of how the emotional environment was favourably constructed in Greta Thunberg's case in order to mobilize international society to join climate change strikes, and it aims to reveal how group emotions play an important role in successful international mobilization. Based on Sarah Ahmed's theory of cultural politics of emotions and James M. Jasper's theory linking emotions and social movements, it is assumed that specific emotions were circulated to create a distinct emotional environment that inspired the international community to join Thunberg's climate strike. An Emotional Discourse Analysis revealed that Thunberg's speeches are full of emotional potential that provokes reactive emotions such as fear, anger and hope in the global society and establishes an injustice-based framing of the problem as well as the dichotomy between the political elite and the global society. This study contributes to the research field of emotions in international relations by exploring in more depth the collectivization of emotions and expands the theory of cultural politics of emotions to include explanations of international politics phenomena such as mass mobilization.
How do emotions contribute to mobilizing the international community to join massive protests against climate change? Although it is common to superficially state that protests are full of various emotions, it remains unclear how emotions become collective on the international level and how they ensure the spread of mass mobilization. This research paper examines the process of collectivization of emotions and how it explains mass mobilization in the case of international climate change strikes. This paper raises the question of how the emotional environment was favourably constructed in Greta Thunberg's case in order to mobilize international society to join climate change strikes, and it aims to reveal how group emotions play an important role in successful international mobilization. Based on Sarah Ahmed's theory of cultural politics of emotions and James M. Jasper's theory linking emotions and social movements, it is assumed that specific emotions were circulated to create a distinct emotional environment that inspired the international community to join Thunberg's climate strike. An Emotional Discourse Analysis revealed that Thunberg's speeches are full of emotional potential that provokes reactive emotions such as fear, anger and hope in the global society and establishes an injustice-based framing of the problem as well as the dichotomy between the political elite and the global society. This study contributes to the research field of emotions in international relations by exploring in more depth the collectivization of emotions and expands the theory of cultural politics of emotions to include explanations of international politics phenomena such as mass mobilization.
"The Role of Emotions in Mobilization of Society to Fight Climate Change: Constructing Emotional State to Inspire Mass Movement" The research paper The Role of Emotions in Mobilization of Society to Fight Climate Change: Constructing Emotional State to Inspire Mass Movement examines the emotions as a tool to mobilize society for a common goal in the case of climate change strike initiated by Greta Thunberg. As the "emotional turn" in international relations receives increasing attention among the scientists, recent re-search of this field called for a deeper analysis of emotions in social movements as well as empirical exploration of how specific emotional states of groups are constructed. This paper raises the question of how favourable emotional environment in Greta Thunberg's case was constructed in order to mobi-lize international society to join the climate change strike. The aim of this study is to reveal the process of collectivization of emotions encouraged by the young leader who inspired mass mobilization around the world. Based on constructivism approach and the theoretical model linking the emotions and social movements, it is assumed in the paper that emotions were used as a tool to create specific emotional environment in the society which inspired international community to join Greta's climate strike. Dis-course analysis implemented by applying methodological model of Emotional Discourse Analysis (EDA) revealed that G. Thunberg's speeches are full of emotional potential which is harnessed to provoke emotions such as fear, anger and hope in the global society. Moreover, it is found that specif-ic emotional discourse invoked by the speaker contributed to strengthening the conflict between the political elite and society by creating negative image of political leaders as unfair and failing while the general public is depicted as those who deserve the cleaner planet and justice. Research paper also draws the conclusion that discourse full of emotional potential allows the speaker to create stronger connection with the audience and hence encourage its actions which supports the goal of the agent. It was shown that specific emotional environment that encouraged mobilization for the climate change strike was constructed by provoking reactive emotions in the society and became collectivized due to presented injustice-based framing of the problem and particular images of the critical current situation and possibly brighter future as well as the dichotomy between political elite and world society. This study contributes to the research field of emotions in international relations by exploring in more depth the link of emotions, its collectivization and international social movements. It reveals the use of emotions as a strategic instrument which facilitated the achievement of the political goal as well as demonstrated highly important role of emotions in the process of mobilization by showing how the international society was united on emotional basis to fight climate change. The research can be developed by analyzing the process of collectivization of emotions in more detail by studying specific emotion or deepening the research of emotional mobilization from the perspective of power relations among the groups.
"The Role of Emotions in Mobilization of Society to Fight Climate Change: Constructing Emotional State to Inspire Mass Movement" The research paper The Role of Emotions in Mobilization of Society to Fight Climate Change: Constructing Emotional State to Inspire Mass Movement examines the emotions as a tool to mobilize society for a common goal in the case of climate change strike initiated by Greta Thunberg. As the "emotional turn" in international relations receives increasing attention among the scientists, recent re-search of this field called for a deeper analysis of emotions in social movements as well as empirical exploration of how specific emotional states of groups are constructed. This paper raises the question of how favourable emotional environment in Greta Thunberg's case was constructed in order to mobi-lize international society to join the climate change strike. The aim of this study is to reveal the process of collectivization of emotions encouraged by the young leader who inspired mass mobilization around the world. Based on constructivism approach and the theoretical model linking the emotions and social movements, it is assumed in the paper that emotions were used as a tool to create specific emotional environment in the society which inspired international community to join Greta's climate strike. Dis-course analysis implemented by applying methodological model of Emotional Discourse Analysis (EDA) revealed that G. Thunberg's speeches are full of emotional potential which is harnessed to provoke emotions such as fear, anger and hope in the global society. Moreover, it is found that specif-ic emotional discourse invoked by the speaker contributed to strengthening the conflict between the political elite and society by creating negative image of political leaders as unfair and failing while the general public is depicted as those who deserve the cleaner planet and justice. Research paper also draws the conclusion that discourse full of emotional potential allows the speaker to create stronger connection with the audience and hence encourage its actions which supports the goal of the agent. It was shown that specific emotional environment that encouraged mobilization for the climate change strike was constructed by provoking reactive emotions in the society and became collectivized due to presented injustice-based framing of the problem and particular images of the critical current situation and possibly brighter future as well as the dichotomy between political elite and world society. This study contributes to the research field of emotions in international relations by exploring in more depth the link of emotions, its collectivization and international social movements. It reveals the use of emotions as a strategic instrument which facilitated the achievement of the political goal as well as demonstrated highly important role of emotions in the process of mobilization by showing how the international society was united on emotional basis to fight climate change. The research can be developed by analyzing the process of collectivization of emotions in more detail by studying specific emotion or deepening the research of emotional mobilization from the perspective of power relations among the groups.
"The Role of Emotions in Mobilization of Society to Fight Climate Change: Constructing Emotional State to Inspire Mass Movement" The research paper The Role of Emotions in Mobilization of Society to Fight Climate Change: Constructing Emotional State to Inspire Mass Movement examines the emotions as a tool to mobilize society for a common goal in the case of climate change strike initiated by Greta Thunberg. As the "emotional turn" in international relations receives increasing attention among the scientists, recent re-search of this field called for a deeper analysis of emotions in social movements as well as empirical exploration of how specific emotional states of groups are constructed. This paper raises the question of how favourable emotional environment in Greta Thunberg's case was constructed in order to mobi-lize international society to join the climate change strike. The aim of this study is to reveal the process of collectivization of emotions encouraged by the young leader who inspired mass mobilization around the world. Based on constructivism approach and the theoretical model linking the emotions and social movements, it is assumed in the paper that emotions were used as a tool to create specific emotional environment in the society which inspired international community to join Greta's climate strike. Dis-course analysis implemented by applying methodological model of Emotional Discourse Analysis (EDA) revealed that G. Thunberg's speeches are full of emotional potential which is harnessed to provoke emotions such as fear, anger and hope in the global society. Moreover, it is found that specif-ic emotional discourse invoked by the speaker contributed to strengthening the conflict between the political elite and society by creating negative image of political leaders as unfair and failing while the general public is depicted as those who deserve the cleaner planet and justice. Research paper also draws the conclusion that discourse full of emotional potential allows the speaker to create stronger connection with the audience and hence encourage its actions which supports the goal of the agent. It was shown that specific emotional environment that encouraged mobilization for the climate change strike was constructed by provoking reactive emotions in the society and became collectivized due to presented injustice-based framing of the problem and particular images of the critical current situation and possibly brighter future as well as the dichotomy between political elite and world society. This study contributes to the research field of emotions in international relations by exploring in more depth the link of emotions, its collectivization and international social movements. It reveals the use of emotions as a strategic instrument which facilitated the achievement of the political goal as well as demonstrated highly important role of emotions in the process of mobilization by showing how the international society was united on emotional basis to fight climate change. The research can be developed by analyzing the process of collectivization of emotions in more detail by studying specific emotion or deepening the research of emotional mobilization from the perspective of power relations among the groups.
"The Role of Emotions in Mobilization of Society to Fight Climate Change: Constructing Emotional State to Inspire Mass Movement" The research paper The Role of Emotions in Mobilization of Society to Fight Climate Change: Constructing Emotional State to Inspire Mass Movement examines the emotions as a tool to mobilize society for a common goal in the case of climate change strike initiated by Greta Thunberg. As the "emotional turn" in international relations receives increasing attention among the scientists, recent re-search of this field called for a deeper analysis of emotions in social movements as well as empirical exploration of how specific emotional states of groups are constructed. This paper raises the question of how favourable emotional environment in Greta Thunberg's case was constructed in order to mobi-lize international society to join the climate change strike. The aim of this study is to reveal the process of collectivization of emotions encouraged by the young leader who inspired mass mobilization around the world. Based on constructivism approach and the theoretical model linking the emotions and social movements, it is assumed in the paper that emotions were used as a tool to create specific emotional environment in the society which inspired international community to join Greta's climate strike. Dis-course analysis implemented by applying methodological model of Emotional Discourse Analysis (EDA) revealed that G. Thunberg's speeches are full of emotional potential which is harnessed to provoke emotions such as fear, anger and hope in the global society. Moreover, it is found that specif-ic emotional discourse invoked by the speaker contributed to strengthening the conflict between the political elite and society by creating negative image of political leaders as unfair and failing while the general public is depicted as those who deserve the cleaner planet and justice. Research paper also draws the conclusion that discourse full of emotional potential allows the speaker to create stronger connection with the audience and hence encourage its actions which supports the goal of the agent. It was shown that specific emotional environment that encouraged mobilization for the climate change strike was constructed by provoking reactive emotions in the society and became collectivized due to presented injustice-based framing of the problem and particular images of the critical current situation and possibly brighter future as well as the dichotomy between political elite and world society. This study contributes to the research field of emotions in international relations by exploring in more depth the link of emotions, its collectivization and international social movements. It reveals the use of emotions as a strategic instrument which facilitated the achievement of the political goal as well as demonstrated highly important role of emotions in the process of mobilization by showing how the international society was united on emotional basis to fight climate change. The research can be developed by analyzing the process of collectivization of emotions in more detail by studying specific emotion or deepening the research of emotional mobilization from the perspective of power relations among the groups.
This thesis focuses on the secessionist tendencies in two Spanish regions – The Basque Country and Catalonia. The aim of this thesis is to examine the factors that have triggered secession demands in these two cases. The thesis establishes a theoretical framework which embraces three causal determinants with regards to democratic secessionist mobilization. Firstly, it is argued that a cultural solidarity based on common cultural markers is an essential factor for any secession movement to emerge. Secondly, a relative economic advantage and fiscal issues may also pave the way for decisions concerning secessions. Thirdly, the political factors such as discontent with the state-wide policies and the existence of regional parties are also regarded as crucial determinants of secessionist mobilization. Having applied this framework to the cases of Basques and Catalonia, it was shown that cultural based determinants have little relevance to the empirical cases. In spite of the existence of a regional language, the data revealed that both regions can be regarded more as culturally fragmented rather than as homogenous. From the economic point of view, it was argued that both regions may be described as relatively affluent with respect to the Spanish state. However, the economic determinants were proved to be of much higher importance in the case of Catalonia. This is due to the Spanish fiscal policies and a specific fiscal arrangement applied to the Basque Country that allows the Basque Country to enjoy some degree of fiscal autonomy. The analysis of political factors showed that the institutional decentralization in both cases positively affects secessionist tendencies by providing regional parties with better representation in political arena. Thus, discontent with state-wide policies can be expressed. However, while Catalan political discourse is clearly secession-oriented, the Basque case shows quite a different trend. In The Basque Country there is a nationalist division which is reflected through the two main regional parties with distinct ideological backgrounds.
This thesis focuses on the secessionist tendencies in two Spanish regions – The Basque Country and Catalonia. The aim of this thesis is to examine the factors that have triggered secession demands in these two cases. The thesis establishes a theoretical framework which embraces three causal determinants with regards to democratic secessionist mobilization. Firstly, it is argued that a cultural solidarity based on common cultural markers is an essential factor for any secession movement to emerge. Secondly, a relative economic advantage and fiscal issues may also pave the way for decisions concerning secessions. Thirdly, the political factors such as discontent with the state-wide policies and the existence of regional parties are also regarded as crucial determinants of secessionist mobilization. Having applied this framework to the cases of Basques and Catalonia, it was shown that cultural based determinants have little relevance to the empirical cases. In spite of the existence of a regional language, the data revealed that both regions can be regarded more as culturally fragmented rather than as homogenous. From the economic point of view, it was argued that both regions may be described as relatively affluent with respect to the Spanish state. However, the economic determinants were proved to be of much higher importance in the case of Catalonia. This is due to the Spanish fiscal policies and a specific fiscal arrangement applied to the Basque Country that allows the Basque Country to enjoy some degree of fiscal autonomy. The analysis of political factors showed that the institutional decentralization in both cases positively affects secessionist tendencies by providing regional parties with better representation in political arena. Thus, discontent with state-wide policies can be expressed. However, while Catalan political discourse is clearly secession-oriented, the Basque case shows quite a different trend. In The Basque Country there is a nationalist division which is reflected through the two main regional parties with distinct ideological backgrounds.
This thesis focuses on the secessionist tendencies in two Spanish regions – The Basque Country and Catalonia. The aim of this thesis is to examine the factors that have triggered secession demands in these two cases. The thesis establishes a theoretical framework which embraces three causal determinants with regards to democratic secessionist mobilization. Firstly, it is argued that a cultural solidarity based on common cultural markers is an essential factor for any secession movement to emerge. Secondly, a relative economic advantage and fiscal issues may also pave the way for decisions concerning secessions. Thirdly, the political factors such as discontent with the state-wide policies and the existence of regional parties are also regarded as crucial determinants of secessionist mobilization. Having applied this framework to the cases of Basques and Catalonia, it was shown that cultural based determinants have little relevance to the empirical cases. In spite of the existence of a regional language, the data revealed that both regions can be regarded more as culturally fragmented rather than as homogenous. From the economic point of view, it was argued that both regions may be described as relatively affluent with respect to the Spanish state. However, the economic determinants were proved to be of much higher importance in the case of Catalonia. This is due to the Spanish fiscal policies and a specific fiscal arrangement applied to the Basque Country that allows the Basque Country to enjoy some degree of fiscal autonomy. The analysis of political factors showed that the institutional decentralization in both cases positively affects secessionist tendencies by providing regional parties with better representation in political arena. Thus, discontent with state-wide policies can be expressed. However, while Catalan political discourse is clearly secession-oriented, the Basque case shows quite a different trend. In The Basque Country there is a nationalist division which is reflected through the two main regional parties with distinct ideological backgrounds.
