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The article investigates the formal models as a method of analysis in international studies. The importance of this type of models in writing articles for world leading high-ranking journals from Scopus list is shown. The author reveals the main challenges of interdisciplinary synthesis related to the construction of formal models. The problem of identifying the actors of international relations is revealed, including the assessment of actor's involvement in a concrete international conflict (or process) in the context of the concepts of defensive and offensive realism, as well as of real and of latent (potential) power. The decrease in the influence of the state as the primary actor in international relations, and the increase of influence of new types of actors are shown, including international terrorist networks (led by IS), political parties, media and NGOs in the context of post-modernism, global business structures. At the national level, the main actors are illustrated both by the example of countries with a developed civil society and a market economy, and by that of the traditional non-Western society. The question of levels of analysis in international relations, as well as agent-structure problem are illustrated by concrete cases from modern international relations. The author describes a model of "nested" politics. The main types of models used in international studies (game theoretic, econometric, network analysis, simulation) are indicated as well as their shortcomings. Two kinds of simulation models - system dynamics and agent-based modeling are described. It is noted that the agent-based modeling is carried out mainly in the framework of the constructivist paradigm of international relations theory.

The paper is devoted to critical analysis of economic methodology movement equating models and metaphors, without making any difference between mathematic models and verbal descriptions ("stories"). The author characterizes some approaches to models' methodological treatment in economics; describes models' features permitting to obtain new knowledge and, finally, validates the lack of these features in most verbal descriptions of economic processes. The analysis shows that models and verbal stories have essentially different cognitive potential for economics' development.

Dante's impact on music has been studied completely enough, but so far mainly in an empirical and descriptive way. The article examines the works of romantic composers of the 19th - early 20th centuries, based on the plot of Dante's "Divine Comedy": Liszt's fantasy-sonata "After reading Dante" and the "Dante-Symphony", the "Francesca da Rimini" by Tchaikovsky (symphonic fantasy) and Rachmaninoff (opera). The author analyses compositional and stylistic models of the romantic music inspired by Dante's poetry as a system, which is relevant for modern musicology, in particular, for the theories of musical language, style, and musical meaning. Along with the traditional musicological methods of analysis of form and intonational dramaturgy, an interdisciplinary methodology is applied, associated with the coverage of the entire system of musical compositional prototypes as a structuring of meaning. This has a pronounced narrative poetic nature in romantic music. The results of the study demonstrate a system of structural and semantic invariants (secondary, musical models) conditioned by Dante's figurative world and manifested in melody, harmony, fret organization, composition. The conclusions of the article reveal the roles of Dante's models of the world in the works considered in the following aspects: in the process of extreme intensification of the contrasts of romantic music in the semantic coordinates of "Hell – Paradise"; "Love – Death"; in the approval of the concept of Liebestod; in the creation of new, extreme expressive possibilities for the given style, which significantly expanded the idea of the boundaries of beauty and caused transformations in musical sound (harmony, texture, melody); in the formation of stable idioms of romantic music from Liszt to Rachmaninov; in the modification of the structures of a one-part sonata, of the cyclic symphony, and of opera, which have received the quality of a vectorial dramaturgical process and open dramaturgy.

Der Beitrag beschreibt die in der ersten Hälfte der 90er Jahre durchgeführte Reformierung der mexikanischen Wirtschaft nach neoliberalen Prinzipien und die Folgen dieses Prozesse für die wirtschaftliche und die sozialpolitische Entwicklung des Landes. Gemessen am Tempo der Exportentwicklung übertrifft Mexiko andere lateinamerikanische Länder bedeutend. Trotz der erklärten Absicht der mexikanischen Regierung, den Handel mit den lateinamerikanischen Staaten und der EU zu erweitern, läuft die faktische Entwicklung auf eine immer stärker werdende Bindung des Landes an den US-amerikanischen Markt hinaus. (BIOst-Mrk)

Der Autor arbeitet die grundlegenden Charakteristika des neoökonomischen Modells heraus und analysiert dessen Folgen für die Entwicklung der russischen Wirtschaft. Den Veränderungen der außenwirtschaftlichen sowie der militärisch-strategischen Blöcke unter dem Einfluß des neoökonomischen Modells und den Auswirkungen auf die zukünftige Stellung Rußlands in der Welt wird dabei besonderes Augenmerk geschenkt. (BIOst-Mrk)

Nachdem zunächst die grundlegenden Merkmale der schwedischen Gesellschaft genannt wurden, befaßt sich der Autor eingehender mit den positiven Errungenschaften, auf denen das Modell Schwedens basiert. Dazu gehören vor allem die geringen Arbeitslosenzahlen und die auf niedrigem Niveau gehaltenen Zahlen zur Armut in der Bevölkerung. Die Voraussetzungenfür die schwedische Sozialpolitik sind im Konsens vor allem zwischen der sozialdemokratischen Bewegung und dem Unternehmertum sowie der starken Rolle der Gewerkschaften zu suchen. Die relativ starken Beschränkungen der Unternehmerrechte sowie die Regulierung von Produktion und Gewinnstaatlicherseits tragen zum Aufbau einer effektiven sozialverträglichen Infrastruktur bei. Im letzten Teil des Aufsatzes geht der Autor auf die Probleme Schwedens im Hinblick auf die Interessen der westeuropäischen Länder ein und skizziert die Schwierigkeiten, die bei einer Ablösung der Sozialdemokratie auftreten würden. (BIOst-Rgl)

Article is dedicated to examination and analysis of the construction of the
information model «social explosion», which corresponds to the newest «colored»
revolutions. The analysis of model makes it possible to see effective approaches to the
initiation of this explosion and by the use of contemporary information
communications as honeycomb connection and the mobile Internet.

На основе исследования письменной традиции рубежа Античности и Средневековья представлена историко-лингвистическая характеристика языковых особенностей дискурса варварства. В качестве концептуальной основы используются модели вербального варварства. Концепт «вербальное варварство» впервые применяется для обозначения словесного проявления побуждения к злонамеренному действию, содержащего угрозу, с целью спровоцировать агрессию, физическое насилие, причинить ущерб, психологическую боль и ментальные страдания. Анализируется лексико-семантическая целеориентированность образа и сценария вербального поведения варвара в «Res gestae» Аммиана Марцеллина и «Getica» Иордана. Представлены описательные, экспрессивные, оценочные и орективные функциональные особенности словоупотребления с пейоративной семантикой. Автор приходит к заключению, что в системе позднеантичного и раннесредневекового дискурса варварства вербальная характеристика варвара и лексемы злословия отличались эмоционально-психологическим императивным воздействием, выявляя взаимосвязь физической и теневой стороны злонамеренного действия.
Based on the study of the written tradition of the turn of Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the historical and linguistic characteristics of the linguistic features of the discourse of barbarism are presented. Models of verbal barbarism are used as a conceptual basis. The concept of «verbal barbarism» is used for the first time to denote the verbal manifestation of an incentive to malicious action containing a threat in order to provoke aggression, physical violence, cause damage, psychological pain and mental suffering. The lexico-semantic goal orientation of the image and scenario of the verbal behavior of the barbarian in the «Res gestae» by Ammian Marcellin and «Getica» by Jordan is analyzed. Descriptive, expressive, evaluative and indicative functional features of word usage with pejorative semantics are presented. The author comes to the conclusion that in the system of late Antique and early medieval discourse of barbarism, the verbal characteristics of the barbarian and the lexemes of slander differed in emotional and psychological imperative effects, revealing the relationship between the physical and shadow side of malicious action.

The article surveys the theories of national economy regulation introduced by eminent economists of the Stockholm School in the late XIX - early XX centuries and the social situation in Sweden during this period. The article also analyzes the transformation of Swedish economy during XX century from a relatively pure market economy to a modern "Scandinavian socialism", focuses on the role of government agencies and the influence of the political system on this process. In addition, the paper highlights those features which, according to the author, contributed to Sweden's shift from the raw materials supplier of the leading industrial powers in the late XIX century to a current world leader in technological development.

Das Pilotprojekt der Reorganisierung der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe im Region Nischni Nowgorod zeichnet sich zunächst dadurch aus, daß jedem Eigentümer von Boden- oder sonstigen Besitzanteilen die Möglichkeit der freien Nutzung derselben gegeben wurde, und daß sich innerhalb der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe verschiedene neue Beziehungen herausgebildet haben. Die unterschiedlichen Varianten und Wege der Privatisierung einzelner Kolchose werden im vorliegenden Beitrag erörtert, wobei jedoch insgesamt noch kein ausreichendes Ergebnis über die Erfolge des Projektes vorgelegt werden konnte. (BIOst-Rgl)