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When statistics measuring the response of men at a number of comparable units can be found, it is more likely that the employees of the larger units will display a loyalty less firmly held than those of the smaller. For example, strikes occur with greater f at larger collieries. Smaller units with greater supervision may be the answer as long as it involves not more coercion, but greater facility for the men to get on with their tasks. (IPSA). Adapted from the source document.

Ein Problem der Analyse von sozialer Mobilität ist die Klassifikation der Berufskategorien. Diese Arbeit erörtert, daß die Größe der betrachteten Kategorien die Validität der Messungen festlegt: Bei der Prestigemobilität, wenn die Größe der Kategorie klein ist, und bei der Statusmobilität, wenn die Größe der Kategorien groß ist. So unterscheiden sich beispielsweise die Berufstypen der Arbeitsktegorie (mit spezifischen und kleinen Kategorien) und die Berufsniveaukategorien (mit umfassenden und großen Kategorien); weiter werden Verallgemeinerungen in Bezug auf andere Formen der Klassifikation diskutiert. Die Auswirkungen solch einer auf die Größe bezogene Einordnung werden analysiert und - in Übereinstimmung mit diesen Folgen - Beispielskalen zur Messung von Prestige und Status vorgestellt. Werden zwei unabhängige Datenreihen verwendet, ist die Validität dieser Skalen in Intergenerationen-Mobilitäts-Modellen festgelegt. Auf diesen empirischen Ergebnissen basierend, wird vermutet, daß Prestigemobilität eng verbunden ist mit der Erreichung sozial geschlossener Positionen (Weber), während die Statusmobilität eher auf Positionen gerichtet ist, die sozial offen sind. (US)

The complexity of models for the simulation of physical systems is steadily increasing. This makes the effective validation of models for different design aspects crucial. One of the many important aspects is the structural correctness and the behavior due to design parameters which are of particular concern for the modeling of wind turbines. This article presents a design and implementation of a role-based validation framework. The framework allows for the creation of validation rules for different design aspects. This is done by role models that are used to define restrictions for an aspect by roles and rules. Multiple role models can be combined to cover all design features during model development. Restrictions on how models can interact with each other can be defined, which broadens language-specific restriction capabilities. The resulting rules can then be tested on arbitrary models based on the Eclipse Modeling Framework, for which mapping between elements of the role model and elements of the validated modeling language must be provided. In the domain of wind turbines, this approach is evaluated by application to two kinds of modeling languages (Modelica and UML2). Role models and rules have shown to be easily described with the frameworks role model language and role model definitions are successfully re-used by the definition of mappings for both kinds of modeling languages. ; Funding Agencies|Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany; ELLIIT project; Swedish Strategic Research Foundation in the EDOp projects; Vinnova in the RTSIM project; Vinnova in the ITEA2 MODRIO project

AbstractThis article sketches a geometric model of international relations and uses it to derive an empirically testable relationship connecting dominant‐dependent ties between nations to internal development within them. Nations are idealized as objects located in a continuum and as exerting forces on each other. A characteristic modern structure of pairwise behavior between nations is hypothesized and empirical evidence is offered to support it. Specific concepts and mathematical elements are used to idealize this characteristic structure in the geometric terms of the model. The concept of a dominant‐dependent tie is identified with this same geometric structural abstraction. Internal national development is idealized, also, in geometric terms. Dominant and dependent nations are distinguished and an approximate estimate of the number of dimensions of the geometric continuum is inferred from the number of the former. Additional propositions of the power transition theory, including the capacity of national development to polarize the system into opposing blocs, are inferred from the resulting geometric framework. Certain novel propositions are also inferred. The ability, within the model, to plausibly infer the empirically observed structure of pairwise behavior as a consequence of internal development is taken as the deciding criterion in concluding that this model warrants attention.

Technology transfer is a complex and sensitive process, if not conducted through awareness and research will entail hefty and immense costs and losses. Since the audience of this process are mostly in developing countries, it can be stated that studying and investigating the trend of most technologies transferred to the developing countries commonly indicates the weaknesses that due to unawareness of the conditions and existing needs and also policies and objectives the technology transferors follow could lead to irreparable failures, thus inhibiting the applicant from accessing the technology itself. The importance of technology transfer and its role in the industrial development of countries and filling of the technology gap between the developing and developed countries is inevitable. Technology transfer is conducted in various ways based on the conditions of the receptors and donors of technology. In this paper, the process of technology transfer and types of relevant methods that would lead to effective technology transfer are going to be elaborated. Also, models related to technology transfer will be examined.

AbstractThis paper proposes a new model of consideration set sizes, which relies on a stochastic modelling approach to better understand data patterns. The paper combines the Poisson distribution with the lognormal distribution proposed by Hauser and Wernerfelt (1990) to create the Poisson lognormal (PLN) model of consideration set sizes. An advantage of PLN is that it allows variance within a given individual consumer. This is a crucial factor for brand managers who wish to choose a particular market to promote their brand, as a higher within‐individual variance suggests that there is more chance for a consumer to change their consideration set size, whereas a lower within‐individual variance indicates that a consumer tends to stick to his/her consideration set size. The paper then uses 10 datasets including service, durable and fast‐moving consumer goods across four countries to validate the new model and compare it with the lognormal model. The results show that PLN gives a good fit to these data. It outperforms the lognormal model. The average mean absolute percentage error of the PLN model is 12 per cent, whereas that of the lognormal model is 26 per cent. For managerial implications, the paper proposes a better tool to help brand managers analyse the nature and intensity of competition that is facing their brands. Also, relying on its stochastic element, the proposed model can help brand managers predict future brand consideration by their consumers, as well as evaluate any change in brand consideration, caused by marketing activity such as sales promotion and advertising. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Purpose
The paper presents a process of development of the capacity of resources used in the improvement of an organization. The purpose of this paper is to determine the conditions in which the development of the improvement capacity is sustainable.


Design/methodology/approach
As the basis for the study, the following prerequisites have been adopted: potential effects of the use of resources in a process can be expressed by their capacity, which involves the productivity and volume of the resources; a model of sustainability of improvement is based on the procedure ABC and principle of continuous improvement; an improvement process involves two components: subject matter (eliminating problems) and methodical (learning how to eliminate problems during the execution of subject matter tasks) projects; the methodology of Six Sigma can be a reference model, which is studied to identify and interpret elements and relationships that are characteristic for the process of sustainable development.


Findings
There have been formulated a model of the process of developing the improvement capacity in which the subject matter and methodical tasks are coupled, a model of the Six Sigma process that refers to the features of the process of development of the improvement capacity and three principles for sustainable development of improvement capacity.


Originality/value
The principles refer to decisions on the improvement process made at basic (strategic, tactical and operational) levels of an organization.