Suchergebnisse

Inhaltsverz. poln. und engl.

The aim of the article is to analyze the transformation of marriage in the context of socio-cultural changes taking place at the beginning of the 21st century. Taking up this issue is important not only for cognitive reasons, but also for social ones. At present, in many cultural circles, the principle of Christian marital morality is presented in a distorting mirror. Many attempts are made to impose on whole communities and even entire societies a model that proclaims itself "progressive" and "modern". Formerly concealed violence, molestation, mental torment, and even infanticide are coming to light. Homosexual marriages, homo and heterosexual partnerships are introduced, patchwork families are popularized, and divorces and life without commitments are completely normalized. For this reason, every attempt to reflect and search for "the right way" certainly brings us closer to finding the true essence and pattern of a harmonious and spiritual marriage created on the basis of a humanistic approach to human existence.

The aim of the article is to present, based on the results of the latest research, the basic phenomena in the field of economic and social modernization taking place in Poland in the interwar period. An introduction to the analysis is the opening balance, which discusses the conditions present in Poland in 1918. The following sections present the processes of economic and social modernization taking place in it. Within the framework of economic modernization, the basic limitations were the negative impact of the legacy of the partitions, war damage and the Great Depression. The currency reform of Władysław Grabski, the period of prosperity in the second half of the 1920s, and the modernization policy of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski in the second half of the 1930s were favorable phenomena. In the case of social modernization, the state played an important role, introducing important institutional solutions from the very beginning, including equality of citizens before the law, compulsory schooling, women's suffrage. A special role was played by the social policy of the state, thanks to which hundreds of thousands of citizens entered modernity, who could take advantage of social security, modern labor legislation, employment policy, and health care. At the same time, there were visible processes of disseminating the achievements of modernity, including mass and popular culture. The conclusions of the analysis indicate that, despite many examples, modernization in interwar Poland had an island character. The processes related to it have only just begun, and the implementation of many projects undertaken in the second half of the 1930s, such as the construction of the Central Industrial District or the public health service, was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II.

The article concerns one of the most important elements of the railway transport system, which is the rolling stock, i.e. traction vehicles and wagons. The aim of the article is to determine what the modernization activities undertaken in the period of the Second Polish Republic in the field of rolling stock manifested themselves, what was their scope and how they affected the satisfaction of communication needs. For this purpose, the existing, quite dispersed literature on the subject was reviewed and its most important findings were summarized. Particular attention was paid to the electrification and motorization of railways. At the same time, areas that still require the determination of the most basic facts were indicated, as well as those that require verification and clarification of the findings made. This text also indicates the possibility of including the modernization activities discussed or only signaled in it in research in the field of numerous areas of economic or social history, for which the functioning of rail transport was important. It also ends with the postulate to analyze and evaluate modernization activities in longer time perspectives, due to their extended implementation and the emergence of their effects.

In the twentieth century, economic modernization projects were often part of a broader programme of social engineering, which did not avoid – and in many cases assumed – the use of violence. The author analyses the relationship between definitions of modernity developed by the classic authors of modernization theory during the 1950s and 1960s (D. Lerner, D. Apter, E. Shils), tries to look for their roots in Marx's writings on colonialism, and shows the consequences of the radical version of such projects, using the example of the Chinese modernization programme implemented by Mao (1949–1959). In conclusion, Leszczyński assumes that a clear relationship can be traced between socio-economic modernization programmes and political violence in the twentieth century.

Aby uczestniczyć w atrakcyjnym dla mas zglobalizowanym świecie, należy podążać za pewnymi trendami. Jeden z nich prowadzi do koncentrowania się społeczeństw wokół wielkich obszarów metropolitalnych, co wymusza na administracji publicznej, szczególnie samorządowej, poczynienie pionierskich kroków. W warunkach społeczeństwa informacyjnego, społeczeństwa ryzyka ulegającego procesom metropolitalnym spełnienie społecznej potrzeby kompleksowego minimalizowania ryzyka wymaga nieustannej mentalnej modernizacji administracji publicznej. Inaczej archaiczna działalność władz doprowadzi do deprecjacji obszaru, którym one administrują.