Suchergebnisse

Einstellungen bulgarischer Berufstätiger zu den
gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen im Lande. Beurteilung der
Situation in der Familie, bei der Arbeit und in
zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen.

Themen: Beschäftigungsdauer; Tätigkeitsbeschreibung;
Arbeitserfahrung; Führungsposition; erhaltene Belohnung für
geleistete Arbeiten; Wiederwahl des derzeitigen Berufs bei
Wahlmöglichkeit; Beurteilung der Veränderungen in der Arbeit
und in der Modernisierung von Arbeitsmethoden; Vorschläge zu
Änderungen am Arbeitsplatz; Interesse an mehr beruflicher
Verantwortung; wichtigste Bestimmungsgründe für die Festlegung
von Lohn und Gehalt; Nutzung berufsbezogener Literatur und von
Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen; Interesse an Weiterqualifikation und
der Bedienung modernster Maschinen; Arbeitszufriedenheit
(Skala); Kündigungsabsicht; Eigenschaften eines idealen
Kollegen; Verhalten bei Meinungsverschiedenheiten;
Weiterbildungsinteresse; Bildungsaspirationsniveau für die
eigenen Kinder; Einstellung zur Universitätsausbildung und zur
wissenschaftlichen Forschung; wichtigste Ziele einer
Universitätsausbildung; Notwendigkeit der Ausbildung von
technischen Fähigkeiten; Zukunftsplanung; Beurteilung der
Chancen junger Leute; Vergleich des eigenen Lebensstandards mit
anderen; erwartete Verbesserung der finanziellen Lage;
Einschätzung der Rücksichtnahme des Staates auf die Meinung der
einfachen Leute; die Bedeutung von Beziehungen; Glück oder
eigene Fähigkeiten als Bestimmungsfaktoren für Erfolg;
Zufriedenheit mit den erreichten Lebenszielen; wichtigste
Faktoren für Sozialprestige; Einschätzung der allgemeinen
Schwierigkeit, das Leben zu bestehen; soziale Herkunft;
Hauptprobleme des Landes; Zukunftserwartung; Einstellung zum
Volksentscheid bei wichtigen Gesellschaftsproblemen;
gewünschter Einfluß auf Entscheidungsprozesse; politische
Partizipation; Rechtsempfinden; Beurteilung der Einflußnahme
auf staatliche Institutionen durch Beziehungen; Einstellung zur
Übernahme des Premierministeramtes durch eine Frau; wichtigste
Informationsquellen über das Weltgeschehen; Lesegewohnheiten;
Radiohören und Fernsehen; politische und geographische
Kenntnisse; Glaube an die friedliche Beilegung von Konflikten;
Präferenz für lokale oder nationale Nachrichten;
Heimatverbundenheit; Aufgeschlossenheit gegenüber unbekannten
Leuten; Hilfsbereitschaft gegenüber den Verwandten; wichtigste
Bezugsperson und Vertrauensperson; Besitz langlebiger
Wirtschaftsgüter; Selbstreparatur elektrischer Geräte;
Auslandsaufenthalte; Einstellung zur Pünktlichkeit bei
Verabredungen; ideale Kinderzahl; Erziehungsziele; Einstellung
zum Jugendschutz bei Filmen; Einstellung zum vorehelichen
Geschlechtsverkehr und zu alleinerziehenden Müttern;
Einstellung zu einem eigenen Freundeskreis von verheirateten
Frauen; Verhalten bei Finanzstreitigkeiten in der Ehe;
Gottvertrauen und Beurteilung der aktuellen Entwicklung des
Gottesglaubens im Lande; Assoziationen zum Alter;
Schlaflosigkeit; Nervosität und Angabe weiterer
Gesundheitsindikatoren; Kopfschmerzen; Depressionen; Größe des
Herkunftsortes; Beschreibung der sanitären Einrichtungen in der
Wohnung; Zugehörigkeit zu Vereinen oder politischen
Organisationen; übernommene Ämter; Zufriedenheit mit dem
Lebensstandard.

Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl;
Schulbildung; Erwerbsort weiterführender Bildung.

It is contended that various aspects of modernization processes encourage political corruption. Three characteristics of modernizing societies that breed corruption are identified: modifications in a society's fundamental values; the emergence of novel forms of wealth & power that have no relationship with traditional social norms; & changes in political decision making. It is asserted that political corruption can be reduced by coinciding social norms with appropriate behavior for public officials. Similarities between the causes of political corruption & violence are then identified. Although the scale of corruption increases as a given official's bureaucratic status increases in most societies, the frequency of corrupt actions varies greatly across societies. Examples of societies in which either low-level or high-ranking officials are more corrupt than their counterparts are presented. It is asserted that political corruption can facilitate both political & economic development in modernizing nations. Corruption seems most prevalent in nations that lack effective political parties or permit individual or group interests to dominate. J. W. Parker

It is contended that various aspects of modernization processes encourage political corruption. Three characteristics of modernizing societies that breed corruption are identified: modifications in a society's fundamental values; the emergence of novel forms of wealth & power that have no relationship with traditional social norms; & changes in political decision making. It is asserted that political corruption can be reduced by coinciding social norms with appropriate behavior for public officials. Similarities between the causes of political corruption & violence are then identified. Although the scale of corruption increases as a given official's bureaucratic status increases in most societies, the frequency of corrupt actions varies greatly across societies. Examples of societies in which either low-level or high-ranking officials are more corrupt than their counterparts are presented. It is asserted that political corruption can facilitate both political & economic development in modernizing nations. Corruption seems most prevalent in nations that lack effective political parties or permit individual or group interests to dominate. J. W. Parker

It is contended that the traditional perception of modernization as a national process has been replaced by the understanding of it as a global movement. An overview of modernization processes in Third World & postcolonial nations during the mid-20th century is provided; it is subsequently asserted that present-day modernization processes are principally connected to already-industrialized nations. It is maintained that international financial organizations are currently capable of controlling modernization processes in developing nations since these states lack certain economic & political institutions. The International Monetary Fund's loan to the UK in 1976 is interpreted as the point at which US foreign policy, combined with support from international financial organizations, established its dominance over contemporary modernization processes. Differences between the Bill Clinton administration's & the current George W. Bush administration's foreign policy are discussed to illustrate how military & industrial concerns have replaced an overriding attention to economic growth. It is concluded that global modernization processes have actually been replaced by regionalism; the implications of this transition from globalism to regionalism are considered. J. W. Parker

In the latter 1940s, a growing number of American intellectuals, including scholars in various academic disciplines, were attracted to the study of Africa by two powerful incentives. First, African nationalism created a new horizon for the advancement of democracy, the twentieth century's preeminent political ideal. Second, many intellectuals were anxious to reconstruct the prevailing theories of society so that they would fairly represent the aspirations and problems of people everywhere on earth. From this perspective, due regard for the contributions of Africa was deemed to be a scientific, as well as a moral, imperative. These goals, democracy and universalism, were embraced and combined by the theorists of modernization.

Since the putative end of the Cold War, modernization is increasingly reimagined as a global process— as an expanding liberal zone of peace, a global civil society, or as emerging forms of global governance. Thus, new forms of modernization theory, what we call neo-modernization, have emerged as important theories of International Relations (IR). Such a convergence of events and theory permit us to examine the logical overlap between IR and modernization theory. IR fails to herald a unique contribution to social theory because it persistently avoids and denies the historical problem from which it surfaces, namely, the problem of what to do about cultural difference. Modernization theory provides an essential contribution to IR's avoidance of this central problem. While modernization theory implicitly relies on IR's freezing of difference into geopolitical containers, it also projects a natural and universal developmental sequence through which all cultures must pass. In this way modernization theory anticipates the eventual total homogenizing of difference into sameness. Surprisingly, while partners with IR in the joint venture to contain and then eradicate difference, modernization theory also offers an alternative vision. This recessive theme, what we call an ethnological politics of comparison, has the potential to transform IR into the science and art of facing, understanding and addressing difference.