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This study will concern itself with Turkish political development from the early nineteenth century up to the present time: Firstly, the term modernization will be explained and the historical roots of Turkish modernization will be examined. Then, it will be concerned with the development of Turkish democracy. Also, the late Ottoman Period will be looked at very briefly, because Turkish modernization began in the Ottoman Empire. The central institution in the process of Turkish modernization was the army. After the abolition of the Janissary in 1826, the military became one of the most Westernized elements in the Empire. Liberal ideas first spread among the military officers and military colleges became the centre of secret political organizations in the mid-nineteenth century. Turkish military elites have always had the aim of representing the new values, behavior patterns and life styles since the late Ottoman era. ; This study will concern itself with Turkish political development from the early nineteenth century up to the present time: Firstly, the term modernization will be explained and the historical roots of Turkish modernization will be examined. Then, it will be concerned with the development of Turkish democracy. Also, the late Ottoman Period will be looked at very briefly, because Turkish modernization began in the Ottoman Empire. The central institution in the process of Turkish modernization was the army. After the abolition of the Janissary in 1826, the military became one of the most Westernized elements in the Empire. Liberal ideas first spread among the military officers and military colleges became the centre of secret political organizations in the mid-nineteenth century. Turkish military elites have always had the aim of representing the new values, behavior patterns and life styles since the late Ottoman era.

This chapter explores the strengthening & modernization of China's strategic force. The country has long sought to build a deterrent force by improving its nuclear weapons. Efforts are also being made to improve the training & readiness of troops. Other changes to be expected include the development of Ballistic Missile Defense countermeasures & the enhancement of nuclear war-fighting capabilities. While these efforts are hindered by delays, especially due to inadequate material stocks & limited technology, progress is being made. Modernization of US weapons, including BMD deployment, will have a significant influence on Beijing's decisions. Reassurance & dialogue on the US's part might slow down Chinese developments, but greater transparency on both sides would help even more. The Bush administration has improved dialogue by engaging in regular security discussions with the Chinese government. Another positive factor is the two countries' cooperation in fighting terrorism & trying to stop nuclear development in North Korea. J. Stanton

The author argues that Russia needs modernization. Its essence is in the transition to the new economy. But the main factor which is necessary in this respect is modernization of social institutions. Russian society is not mature enough for the modernization. One needs to take measures in order to promote public confidence and social activity. The reforms require therefore a lot of investment, including public investment, into the transformation of social institutions.

The paper cosiders the strategy of Russian society, government, and economy modernization, aimed at transformation of the state into one of the world intellectual and cultural leaders. The reasons of past modernization attempts failures are shortly analyzed. General restrictions of any development strategy as a requirement of preserving some critical parameters are described. The goals and restrictions of Russia's modernization conditioned by the current state of its socio-economic system are detailed.