Suchergebnisse

The intention of this study based on analysis of the series of European Value Study (1990, 1999, 2009 and 2018) is to investigate, using a comparative, diachronic approach, the relationship between modernization and the gender gap in religiosity in Italy. In line with the theoretical perspective which valorizes the role of culture in explaining this relationship, our hypothesis is that the most modernized areas demonstrate a more contained gender gap. We expect that differences of religiosity between men and women are more contained in the country's north-central zones - characterized by higher levels of modernization - compared with the south. Furthermore, since the distance between the levels of modernization in the two areas has not increased noticeably over the last three decades, we could be forgiven for expecting that the difference between them in the religious field would not reveal important changes. To our surprise, the findings of the analyses offer but limited support to our hypothesis.

2011/2012 ; Societies of eastern European countries and among them Albania since more than two decades have overturned the communist regime and have started their path of versatile social, political and economical change. But despite the fact that much time has passed, still many uncertainties remain unanswered regarding the modernization change vector of these societies. In the theoretical framework of classical approaches on modernization, which are embraced by most scholars of transitology, the prospect of these countries was clear, as long as the finality was predetermined – to achieve the Western model of modernity. As result the entire process of change was simply mechanical and consisted only in finding adequate instruments to implement the necessary reforms to achieve this development model. But even if there existed a social compromise in order to passively accept a uni-linear and teleological development philosophy, it dismantle any source of diversity by questioning the modernity per se, it is not only unworthy but above all impossible. Thus starting from this premise, some other researchers oppose this approach by pretending more a plural conceptualization of post-communist modernity than a homogenizing one. Exactly from this critical theoretical coordinate starts my research on post-communist modernity seeking to break free firstly from this paradigm, in order to be able to observe with other lenses Albanian post - communist reality. We're thus looking for a local path to modernization of Albanian society and agents that participate in this social change. Although aware from the starting point, that we cannot find any meaningful features of any local modernity, because the homogenizing and uni-linear paradigm of modernization is perpetuated by all local actors as an undisputable modus operandi, reflected in the society vocation of integration into the European Union. More concretely, the main object of theoretical and empirical analyze in this dissertation becomes the state-society relationship, as it manifests in the best mode the typology of social change that Albanian society is experiencing. Indeed, while the whole society is appealed to participate in the installation of "new order", the opposite is observed- political alienation of society, deterioration of horizontal and vertical trust, low participation, inactive civil society that reduces the relationship state - society in a dysfunctional relationship. The state instead of being valued as the castle that we must build altogether is increasingly seen as a foreign body within the social organism. By analyzing at the empirical and theoretical level historical and actual reasons of these phenomena, we will try to explore better the physiognomy of post-communist modernity in Albania (if such exists) and of participatory agents in the social change process. ; XXV Ciclo ; 1980

The problem of linguistic reform in China is complicated by the fact that it has 2 aspects: (1) a uniform spoken language & (2) a written language. Efforts to universalize the use of pai hua (Pekinese, which is also the language of the classics) are closely connected with attempts to modernize the country itself. It is necessary to distinguish between the bourgeois (Hu Shis) & revolutionary reformers, such as the prophet Ch'en Tu-Hsin, who assigned to linguistic reform an important role In the Communist revolution. At this time, the success of the spoken language is almost attained, for pai hua is being used more & more throughout China. The promblem of the written language is more complex.- the knowledge of 2,000 characters (of some 40,000) is actually considered indispensable as a basic alphabet, posing not only a problem of scholarship, but also raising difficulties in the functioning of modern methods of communication & thought. Attempts to simplify it are not new; however, it was not until 1955 that a methodical plan of modernization was established. If linguistic reform is only one of the testing grounds of the new regime, its pol'al importance is still considerable. Tr from IPSA.

The development of industrialization in Italy appears to be strictly intertwined not only with the modernization of society, but with the growing role of institutions. This trend can be explained by the fact that, just after the kingdom of Italy was built in 1861, industry was limited to very few parts of the country. In the dominant free-trade context, the manufacturing basis was very narrow. Things changed in the Eighties of the 19th century, when the state began to strongly support the growth of industry. This pattern -- founded on a combination of state aid and entrepreneurial initiative -- had to last for about one hundred years, the period during which Italy established itself as one of the important industrial countries of the world. At the end of the 20th century, Italy had to change its distinctive economic pattern following the general lines of the European integration and so modifying its institutional framework, which turned to be financially very heavy. The crisis of the Italian mixed economy had the effect of transforming its industrial structure. Adapted from the source document.

The volume contains essays on the modernization of private law in Europe and Latin America from the viewpoint of legal history. Through a comparison between different forms of legal development in various normative und cultural contexts, the papers seek to open up new research perspectives on the concept of modernization in the field of private law.

In the aftermath of the European enlargement, the judicial systems of the new Member States exhibit a spectacular, & yet not fully investigated, similarity of institutions. Such a convergence toward a neo-Latin model of judicial governance does not correspond though to a similar pathway in the adoption of the judicial reforms after the fall of the communism. Moreover, similar strategies of modernization have been adopted in the judicial field by all candidate countries, in particular with respect to the court administration & the introduction of information communication technologies, right before the accession into the EU. Whereas the policies enacted by the EU during the enlargement have been widely studied, the parallel -- and, as the article is going to demonstrate, intertwined policy of judicial cooperation has been much less explored by scholars. This article tries to reach a better understanding how these two policies are intertwined. It points out the logic of change that drove the main judicial reforms in the post communist countries, the mechanisms of influence & the consequences of the European standards of quality of justice that have been used to address both new & old member States in the judicial field. In the last ten years European institutions have been leading actors in setting down standards & in creating windows & arenas of international communication & socialization, which one may expect have great impact upon the way justice will be administered in Europe in the very next future. Adapted from the source document.

Lipset is one of the most productive & innovative social scientists in the 20th century. Some of his many books & articles have become classic texts, in particular, his seminal book, Political Man (1960). Despite the broad scope of his work, Lipset's writings have one single focus -- the study of democracy. He has studied the social & political factors conducive to democratization & the stability of democracy, taking into account social structural conditions, the role of intermediary organizations, political culture, electoral behavior, & political leadership. His work is theoretical as well as empirical, & his perspective has always been a comparative one, referring to practically all major world regions. Lipset was the first to put forward the idea that socioeconomic development is an important precondition for democratic development & that economic success may in turn contribute to legitimize newly democratized regimes. He has also emphasized the central importance of a competitive party system for sustaining (intra-organizational) democracy. As an American, Lipset has finally always been intrigued by the exceptional character of American democracy, which he traces back to a historically unique combination of favorable circumstances at the time of its foundation, ie, social structural conditions (high levels of social mobility), a specific value system (individualism, equality of opportunities, religiosity), & the availability of political leaders intent on creating a republic based on popular sovereignty that was without precedent at the time. 2 Tables, 31 References. Adapted from the source document.

From the beginning of the 18th century up to the 1915 genocide, Armenian culture underwent a complex, intensive modernization process of a very ancient identity, strongly underpinned by Christianity. After centuries under Islamic domination, this process developed in the shape of a well-organized convergence with Europe as a primarily cultural, but also political model. "Rebirth" (veracnund) and "Awakening" (zart'onk') are the traditional keywords in a modernization process begun in the 18th century by the Christian humanism of the Mekhitarist Catholic Monastic Order in Venice and the "eccentric" enlightenment of the Indian colonies, continuing in the nineteenth and early 20th centuries by means of wide-ranging polycentric activity, which led to significant progress in the cultural field. However, this process could not evolve politically, mostly owing to an international situation that was opposed to Armenian national aspirations. Instead of a "Risorgimento" the Armenian people, during the 20th century, experienced the tragedy of genocide and the suffering of a diaspora, especially in the earlier stages. This negative situation was only partially softened by the setting up of a small independent republic in 1918, initially under a soviet type regime and now in a state of precarious independence.

The paper inquiries how the concept of State has been translated into a political-institutional and discursive order throughout modern Tunisian history. It focuses on three key moments: the modernization in the XIX century, the independence in the Fifties and the revolt of 2010-2011. This overview allows to highlight the continuities and the ruptures characterizing the path of the Tunisian State, locating in Bourguiba's era the central moment in which the characters of the Tunisian State, only partially challenged by the revolt of 2010-2011, were fixed.

The ethnographic research with Arsi Oromo has highlighted the relation between the wedding rites and the strategies enacted to respond to the modernization imposed by the global system. We have detected a correlation between the power to control food resources, birth-rate and social peace and the inner-clan and inter-clan political and social relationships. This context has engendered a male power structure and the power of elders and clan-chiefs, who constantly negotiate between the perpetuation of cultural traditions and the need for economic innovation by referring to a complex system named «make peace».

Quello del cosiddetto Antropocene, ossia l'era delle alterazioni climatiche in corso, è un concetto elaborato nelle scienze naturali, pur essendo di natura eminentemente storica. Esso mostra una tendenza ad informare le politiche climatiche a livello globale, e dunque merita un esame attento. L'articolo offre una critica radicale del concetto di Antropocene svelandone le connotazioni di genere, di classe, e neocoloniali. ; The Anthropocene concept, indicating the current age of climate change, has been elaborated within the natural sciences, although it has an eminently historical meaning. Due to its tendency to orientate global climate politics, the concept deserves a critical scrutiny. The article offers a radical critique of the Anthropocene narrative, revealing its gender, class, and neo-colonial connotations.

International audience ; The term e-procurement indicates a set of technologies, procedures, operations and organizational methods that allow the acquisition of goods or services online, thanks to the possibilities offered by the Internet and electronic commerce. Originally widespread in the private business sector, following the adaptation of the Italian PA to the prospects of e-government, this form of procurement of goods and services has entered the public sector. In the perspective of modernization of the Italian public administration, new technologies represent the key to the new public governance strategy for post-pandemic recovery. But this only if Italy will be able, in the next few years, to align itself with the digital reorganization of the public sector.