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This work discusses the value of the theory of modernization and describes the scope and limitations of Rawls' Theory of Justice. The theory of modernization has a strong darwinist legacy: the biological evolution from simple to complex forms is applied to the social context and the transition from traditional to modern forms becomes a linear process. Rawls' most recent work link the concept of justice to that of social order, and his principIes become relevant when the principle of difference become the principIe of the least difference, as the basis of all political freedoms. The author holds that there are a number of roads to modernization and, following Bidet, he states that different models of society may come to exist within the matrix of modernization, including capitalism, socialism and all points between. ; En este trabajo se discute la validez de la teoría de la modernización y se identifican los alcances y las limitaciones de la Teoría de la Justicia de Rawls. La teoría de la modernización tiene una profunda herencia darwinistas: la evolución biológica de lo simple a lo complejo se traslada a lo social como un paso de lo tradicional a lo moderno y, en últimas, lleva a imitar a las sociedades más desarrolladas. Los nuevos enfoques critican la distinción entre lo tradicional y lo moderno y la visión unilineal del proceso de modernización. Los últimos trabajos de Rawls vinculan el concepto de la justicia al concepto de orden social y sus principios adquieren pertenencia cuando el principio de la diferencia se transforma en el de la menor diferencia, fundamento de todas las libertades políticas. El autor sostiene que hay varios caminos para la modernización y, siguiendo a Bidet, afirma que dentro de la matriz de la modernidad pueden desarrollarse distintos modelos de sociedad: capitalismo, socialismo o cualquier otra solución intermedia.

Introduction: Changing Values and Changing Societies -- Ch. 1. Value Systems: The Subjective Aspect of Politics and Economics -- Ch. 2. Individual-Level Change and Societal-Level Change -- Ch. 3. Modernization and Postmodernization in 43 Societies -- Ch. 4. Measuring Materialist and Postmaterialist Values -- Ch. 5. The Shift toward Postmaterialist Values, 1970-1994 -- Ch. 6. Economic Development, Political Culture, and Democracy: Bringing the People Back In -- Ch. 7. The Impact of Culture on Economic Growth -- Ch. 8. The Rise of New Issues and New Parties -- Ch. 9. The Shift toward Postmodern Values: Predicted and Observed Changes, 1981-1990 -- Ch. 10. The Erosion of Institutional Authority and the Rise of Citizen Intervention in Politics -- Ch. 11. Trajectories of Social Change -- App. 1. A Note on Sampling: Figures A.1 and A.2 -- App. 2. Partial 1990 WVS Questionnaire, with Short Labels for Items Used in Figure 3.2.

Technological Modernization Plan of Livestock Colombiana is the result of consultation between livestock producers through its dome guild, guilds FEDEGAN and regional producers and the Government through the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, the National Department of planning and CORPOICA COLCIENCIAS and expresses a new way of thinking about agricultural technology innovation. Moreover, as technology management tool promotes closing the traditional gap between research and technology adoption through greater contact and interactive relationship between researchers and farmers through technological scenarios that reflect first analysis problems of livestock production systems prevalent in areas such as the seasonality of forage production, inappropriate use of genetic resources, low nutrition and feed levels, degradation of grasslands, animal health problems, low quality products and inefficiency in processing and business management and strategy second specific action: farms, livestock enterprises, research centers and micro. ; El Plan de Modernización Tecnológica de la Ganadería Colombiana es el resultado de la concertación entre los productores ganaderos a través de su gremio cúpula, FEDEGAN y de gremios y productores regionales el Gobierno Nacional a través del Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, el Departamento Nacional de Planeación, COLCIENCIAS y CORPOICA y expresa una nueva manera de concebir la innovación tecnológica agropecuaria. Por otra parte, como instrumento de gestión tecnológica promueve el cierre de la brecha tradicional entre la investigación y la adopción de tecnología a través de un mayor contacto y relación interactiva entre investigadores y productores a través de escenarios tecnológicos que reflejan primero, el análisis de la problemática de los sistemas de producción ganaderos predominantes en áreas como: la estacionalidad de la producción de forrajes, el uso inapropiado del recurso genético, los bajos planos nutricionales y de alimentación animal, la degradación de praderas, los problemas de salud animal, la baja calidad de los productos e ineficiencia en los procesos de transformación y de gestión empresarial y segundo una estrategia de acción específica en: fincas, empresas ganaderas, centros de investigación y microrregiones.

This work offers data and reflections on the development of education and pedagogy in Spain during the transitional period ofthe so-called autarchy phase in Franco years to the technocratic stage ( 1951-1964). This period also appeared objectively in the contents of the revista española de pedagogía. Between the fifties and the beginning of the sixties, educational reviews start showing a different language and pay a deeper attention to the technical aspects which were not incompatible with the dogmatics of the political system. lt was the beginning of educational spreading and the pedagogical modernization in a historical context not free of contradictions. ; Este trabajo ofrece datos y reflexiones sobre el desarrollo de la educación y la pedagogía en España durante el período de transición de la llamada fase de autarquía en los años de Franco a la etapa tecnocrática (1951-1964). Este período también apareció objetivamente en los contenidos de la revista española de pedagogía. Entre los años cincuenta y principios de los sesenta, las revisiones educativas comienzan a mostrar un lenguaje diferente y prestan más atención a los aspectos técnicos que no son incompatibles con la dogmática del sistema político. Fue el comienzo de la difusión educativa y la modernización pedagógica en un contexto histórico no exento de contradicciones.

Este trabajo aborda las relaciones entre memoria e historiografía, entre el discurso público y el proceso de análisis académico. Esto resultaría incomprensible si no se desglosa cómo el orden de las fuerzas políticas depende tanto de las ideas como de lo que las personas perciben como intereses justos u oportunos. Una percepción que en gran medida depende de la memoria colectiva amasada en cada grupo, clase o colectivo social. Es la tesis que se mantiene en este artículo. El caso de España presenta una historiografía que alberga una memoria en continuo desasosiego en dos cuestiones: primero, en su propia identidad como nación; segundo, en ese tándem conceptual de fracaso o normalidad, tan recurrente para explicar el pasado, que afecta a la comprensión de la identidad nacional. La conclusión es que la memoria social de España se encuentra en la encrucijada de legitimidades políticas en pugna. ; This paper explores the relationship between memory and historiography, that is, between public discourse and the process of academic analysis. This relationship would be hard to unravel if we were not to examine carefully the ways in which the political system depends as much on ideas as on what people perceive as being just or opportune; a perception which to a large extent depends on the collective memory accumulated in each social group or class. Such is the thesis put forward in this article. The historiography of Spain harbours a memory which suffers from continuing disquiet on two counts: firstly, with regard to its very identity as a nation; secondly, concerning the conceptual dichotomy between disaster and normality, a recurring theme when attempting to explain the past, and something which affects our understanding of national identity. The conclusion drawn in this article is that the collective memory of Spain is currently at a crossroads where conflicting political legitimacies intersect.

Social modernization in advanced countries has been a gradual, almost linear, process. However, in countries such as Spain, with more contradictory attitudes toward modernity, the modernization process has been choppy. Spain was not able to step forward into modernity until Francisco Franco's dictatorship came to an end. Now Spain bounces between two myths -- that of a glorious past & that of the coming modernity. Gradual change would permit the consolidation of gains, but nothing is given time to stabilize, resulting in discontinuities. To reach minimum coherence, Spanish society should assume the past, not conflate Spanish problems with global problems, organize some autonomous intermediate groups between the state & the individual, revitalize political democracy, avoid exacerbation of social inequalities, & propagate a new rational culture. 10 References. M. Pflum

Argues that the process of modernization in East Asia is uniquely Asian, rather than being a Westernization process as many scholars have argued. It is asserted that the Japanese process of modernization has its roots in the transformation of society that took place in the Meiji era; Chinese modernization is occurring in a socialist context; & Korea has been experiencing postcolonial modernization for about a century. It is concluded that East Asian modernization processes have their roots in national histories & cultures, & that the claim that its modernization is equivalent to Westernization is fallacious. Adapted from the source document.

Adaptation problems in traditional societies and obstacles for economic development: demographic problems, tribal cases, dominant oligarchic power. Relations between cultural and political geographies. ; Problemas de adaptación de las sociedades tradicionales y obstáculos que se presentan al desarrollo económico: problemas demográficos, situaciones tribales, oligarquías dominantes. Relaciones de la geografia cultural con la geografia política.

The main analytical approaches of Latin American sociology since the 1950s are discussed. The sociology of development, or modernization, which is based on the dichotomy development/underdevelopment, remains predominant. Although challenged in the 1960s, it has acquired new relevance with modern conditions, eg, industrial reconversion, increased productivity, Ur growth, & foreign debt, which have thrown into relief the problems of political stability & economic development. In this light, a critical analysis is presented of Gino Germani's work, especially Politica y sociedad en una epoca de transicion ([Politics and Society in an Epoch of Transition] Buenos Aires: Paidos, 1968). Germani's approach is basically that of structural functionalism. His theory of modernization & conception of change are examined. Some criticisms are made on the theoretical, methodological, & historico-social levels. Contradictions within the reality of development in contemporary Latin America are discussed. A new problematic is coming to the fore, in which the dichotomy capitalism/socialism is important. C. Waters