The article presents the author's classification of the "catching-up modernization" models typical for Russia and Japan at the initial stage of acceleration of industrial development. The common features of the "state-national" model (Japan) and the "least resistance" model (Russia) are identified and characterized, and their comparative analysis is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the country features that have had a huge impact on the formation of national types of "catch-up modernization" model and their practical implementation. The role of the state, traditionally strong in Russia and Japan, is noted, and its change in the process of "catching up modernization" is traced. The degree of influence of endogenous and exogenous factors on the implementation of large-scale transformation of Russian and Japanese economic systems is analyzed. It is concluded that the development of national economies of the countries under consideration was a natural result and reflection of their types of the model of "catching-up modernization".
The article is devoted to spiritual and moral revival of Russian society and the role of religion as an important means of minimizing the negative effects of modernization, especially in the sociocultural sphere (the crisis of the traditional family, demographic decline, social deviance).
Active application of modern digital technologies is impossible without creating high technological basis for Russia's economy, capable of effective implementation of such technologies. These processes assume the implementation of radical structural and technological modernization conversions applying different planning methods within the framework of state industrial policy. The most expressed forms of planning have been used by developed and «catching-up» economies primarily during radical modernization reforms. In this context, appealing to overseas planning experience seems to be of great interest. On the basis of foreign experts' estimates, the author analyses the main directions in planning during the period of accelerated industrial-technological transformation in South Korea in the context of its possible use in Russia's technological modernization. The experience of planning in South Korea is of special interest because it demonstrates the transformation in planning functions and methods according to the changes in socio-economic situation in the country and modernization goals set by the Government at different stages of development.
Innovative modernization of the economy is a multifactorial process. One of these factors, which attracts the attention of the high political and business circles, could be described as the green factor of innovative modernization. This factor means a combination of environmental and climate challenges for long-term economic growth and development of society as a whole, the strategy of response that provides search and develop innovative technological and management solutions that maintain a sustainable level and quality of life, including the reduction of risks to the quality of the human living environment.
В 1895 г. в Любляне, являвшейся центром австрийской провинции Крайна, произошло сильнейшее за всю историю города землетрясение, разрушившее многие здания и нанесшее сильный ущерб жителям. Эта катастрофа считается важным рубежом в истории Любляны, преодолев который, она превратилась из довольно отсталого провинциального городка в быстро развивающийся современный город, окончательно утвердившийся в роли национального и культурного центра словенцев. Справиться с последствиями землетрясения удалось благодаря объединению усилий правительства Австро-Венгрии, провинциальных и городских властей, различных общественных организаций и частных лиц, а также широкой международной поддержке, оказанной жителям Любляны. Важным представляется вопрос о том, какие механизмы оказания помощи городу были задействованы, чтобы в результате добиться не только восстановления Любляны, но и ее коренного преобразования и последующего расцвета. В статье рассматривается ряд аспектов этой проблематики, позволяющих охарактеризовать значение данного события в жизни города: восприятие катастрофы его жителями, первоочередные меры, предпринятые для ликвидации ее последствий, проведение благотворительной акции в поддержку Любляны, а также последующая деятельность Совета общины города, во многом определившая пути его дальнейшего развития. На основании междисциплинарных исследований словенских ученых, а также материалов люблянской словенской прессы, Исторического архива г. Любляны и воспоминаний очевидцев автор стремится воссоздать достаточно полную картину жизни города во время катастрофы и в первые месяцы после нее. The strongest earthquake in the history of the city hit Ljubljana, which was the center of the Austrian province of Carniola (Kranjska), in 1895. It destroyed many buildings and caused severe damage to the residents. This catastrophe is considered an important milestone in the history of Ljubljana. Having passed it, Ljubljana turned from a rather backward provincial town into a rapidly developing modern city, which establishing itself as the national and cultural center of the Slovenes. It was possible to cope with the consequences of the earthquake only with the help of the combined efforts of the government of Austria-Hungary, provincial and city authorities, various public organizations and individuals as well as wide international support rendered to the residents of Ljubljana. Of importance is the question what mechanisms of assistance to the city were involved in order to achieve not only the restoration of Ljubljana but also its radical transformation and subsequent prosperity in the future. The article discusses a number of aspects of this problem, which make it possible to characterize the significance of that event in the life of the city: the perception of the catastrophe by its residents, the priority measures taken to eliminate its consequences, the fundraiser in support of Ljubljana as well as the subsequent activities of the Municipal Council of the city, which largely determined the ways of its further development. Based on interdisciplinary research by Slovenian scientists, materials from the Slovenian press published in Ljubljana, the Historical Archive of Ljubljana, and eyewitness accounts, the author seeks to recreate a fairly complete picture of the life of the city during the disaster and in the first months after it.
Проблема возможности мирного и взаимовыгодного объединения народов в составе единого государства неизменно актуальна в мировой истории. В этой связи весьма полезен опыт объединения казахского и русского народов. Целью данной статьи является определение основных черт модернизации казахских институтов власти в структуре Западно-Сибирского генерал-губернаторства. В основу работы положены результаты анализа историографии и архивных документов Исторического архива Омской области, которые позволили подтвердить гипотезу о том, что в сравнении c классическими империями Западного мира Российская развивалась и функционировала как «империя наоборот». Модернизация традиционных институтов власти казахов в составе ЗападноСибирского генерал-губернаторства с 1822 г. осуществлялась поэтапно и с учетом местной специфики. Российские власти способствовали демократизации традиционной системы управления, постепенно ослабляя влияние казахской аристократии, терявшей доверие населения. При этом предпочтение отдавалось талантливым выходцам из народа, заслужившим авторитет в народной среде своей добросовестной работой на руководящих должностях в администрации или в качестве традиционного судьи – бия. Поскольку вектор административно-политической интеграции был направлен в сторону унификации, то с 1868 г. позиции имперской администрации стали укрепляться. На уездном уровне представителей казахской аристократии – султанов – заменили уездные начальники – российские офицеры, наделенные всей полнотой военной, полицейской, административной и судебной власти. При уездном начальнике находились два помощника – старший и младший, причем последний обычно был казахом. В то же время на волостном уровне большое влияние, особенно в хозяйственно-экономических вопросах, имели выбранные из числа казахов волостные управители, а в сфере суда свой вековой авторитет среди казахского населения продолжали сохранять казахские бии. Исследование модернизации казахских институтов власти в структуре Западно-Сибирского генерал-губернаторства позволяет утверждать, что в отличие от классических империй, осуществлявших колонизацию, базировавшуюся на выкачивании ресурсов и навязывании единственно возможной системы своих законов, своей цивилизации, Российская империя формировалась на основе принципов интеграции народов внутри многонационального государства. Анализ административной модернизации, проводимой в казахской степи, подтверждает, что политика Российской империи была направлена, в том числе, на диалог двух культур и народов, целью которого являлось не вытеснение или уничтожение, а разумный компромисс и успешное сотрудничество. The problem of the possibility of peaceful and mutually beneficial unification of peoples as a part of a single state is always relevant in world history. In particular, the example of the unification of the Kazakh and Russian peoples is valuable. The purpose of this article is to identify the main features of the modernization of Kazakh institutions of power in the structure of the West Siberian Governorate-General. The work is based on the results of the analysis of historiography and archival documents from the Historical Archive of Omsk Oblast that allowed us to confirm the hypothesis that if compared with the classical empires of the Western world, the Russian Empire developed and functioned as an "empire on the contrary." After 1822, modernization of the traditional institutions of power of the Kazakhs as a part of the West Siberian Governorate-General was carried out in stages, taking into account local specifics. The Russian authorities promoted the democratization of the traditional system of governance, gradually weakening the influence of the Kazakh aristocracy, which was already losing the trust of the people. At the same time, preference was given to talented representatives of the ordinary people who had earned authority in the society by their conscientious work on leading positions in the administration or as traditional judges called biys. Since the vector of administrative and political integration was directed towards unification, after 1868, the positions of the imperial administration were getting stronger and stronger. At the uyezd level, the representatives of the Kazakh aristocracy, sultans, were replaced by uyezd chiefs. They were Russian officers, who were endowed with full military, police, administrative, and judicial power. Every uyezd chief had a senior assistant and a junior assistant, and the latter was usually a Kazakh. At the same time, at the volost level, volost rulers were chosen from among the Kazakh population. They usually had great influence, especially in administrative and economic issues. In the sphere of the court, Kazakh biys continued to maintain their longlasting authority among the Kazakh population. The study of the modernization of Kazakh institutions of power in the structure of the West Siberian Governorate-General shows that unlike the classical empires that carried out colonization based on pumping out resources of a colonized country and imposing the only possible system of their own laws and their civilization, the Russian Empire was formed on the basis of the principles of integration of peoples within a multinational state. The analysis of the administrative modernization carried out in the Kazakh steppe confirms that, among other things, the policy of the Russian Empire was aimed at a dialogue between two cultures and peoples, the purpose of which was not displacement or destruction, but reasonable compromise and successful cooperation.
The article deals with the collective image of the "citizen of Russia", "Russian" on the basis of empirical studies conducted in the city of Togliatti in 2008-2012. The author draws attention to the link frequency drive respondents mentioning the positive and negative qualities of "Russian" and assess the quality of social relations in the company towns
