Suchergebnisse

Le souci de transmettre des connaissances moralement et existentiellement bien fondées, fidèles à l'expérience de la vie de tous les jours, est sous‐jacent aux écrits "ethnographiques"de James Agee. Les thèmes évoqués sont la traduction de la réalité sociale, la sociologie de la description, la création et la découverte de la signification, la dialectique entre le chercheur et le répondant, et la portée de l'anthropologie "d'action."Underlying the "ethnographic" writings of James Agee is the production of morally and existentially reliable knowledge, true to experience of the everyday world. Some themes evoked are the translation of social reality, the sociology of description, the creation and discovery of meaning, the dialectic between researcher and respondent, and the import of "action" anthropology.

Section I / The Physician as Moral Arbiter -- The Physician as a Moral Force in American History -- The Physician as Moral Arbiter -- Section II / The Costs of New Knowledge -- Moral Issues Relating to the Economics of New Knowledge in the Biomedical Sciences -- Only the Best is Good Enough? -- Section III / Costs, Benefits, and the Responsibilities of Medical Science -- Morality and the Social Control of Biomedical Technology -- Rights and Responsibilities in Medical Science -- Health, Justice, and Responsibility -- Section IV / Biomedical Knowledge: Libertarian vs. Socialist Models -- The Need to Know: Utilitarian and Esthetic Values of Biomedical Science -- Medical Knowledge as a Social Product: Rights, Risks, and Responsibilities -- Biomedical Knowledge: Progress and Priorities -- Section V / Biomedical Ethics and Advances in Biomedical Science -- Applying Morality to Advances in Biomedicine: Can and Should This be Done? -- Biomedicine, Health Care Policy, and the Adequacy of Ethical Theory -- Section VI / Conclusions and Reflections: Present and Future Problems -- Why New Technology is More Problematic than Old Technology -- The Uses of Biomedical Knowledge: The End of the Era of Optimism? -- The Best is Yet to Come -- Scientific Advance, Technological Development, and Society -- The Life-World and the Patient's Expectations of New Knowledge -- Epilogue -- Notes on Contributors.

Politicians often appeal to moral principles as a least-cost method of enforcing their policy demands. To do so effectively, they must understand how such principles fit into ordinary people's decision functions. Distinguished are three ways for formally representing moral principles. One reduces morality to enlightened self-interest, denying that morality has any special place in the decision calculus. Another, while acknowledging that people do internalize moral principles per se, enters them into utility functions as just another consumption good. Truly strong moral principles, however, are best represented by a third model of seriously held moral principles, which must be kept formally apart from mundane considerations. Such principles are as precarious as they are powerful. Policymakers who want to tap them must respect the formalisms that make them strong, most typically by shielding moral principles from contamination by egoistic impulses. HA.

A conceptual examination of responsibility. Responsibility depends on neither causes nor intentions, but is a matter of answerability of obligation to a community. Individuals are responsible for collective as well as personal actions. Responsibility is both political & moral: politics gives substance to moral responsibility, & political forms, in turn, reflect the prevailing structure of moral responsibility. Both policymakers & policy analysts can be held responsible; this act itself, however, must be done responsibly. 19 References. HA.

RESPONSIBILITY DEPENDS ON NEITHER CAUSES NOR INTENTIONS. IT IS A MATTER OF ANSWERABILITY TO A COMMUNITY OF OBLIGATION. ONLY INDIVIDUALS ARE RESPONSIBLE, FOR COLLECTIVE ACTIONS AS WELL AS PERSONAL ONES. RESPONSIBILITY IS BOTH POLITICAL AND MORAL. POLITICS GIVES SUBSTANCE TO MORAL RESPONSIBILITY. POLITICAL FORMS, IN TURN, REFLECT THE PREVAILING STRUCTURE OF MORAL RESPONSIBILITY. BOTH POLICY MAKERS AND POLICY ANALYSTS CAN BE HELD RESPONSIBLE; THIS ACT ITSELF, HOWEVER, MUST BE DONE RESPONSIBLY.

Results of a study carried out in Rumania on the att of the young toward moral values are summarized. The study covered some 2,700 adolescents attending Ur & Ru Sch's & combined opinion-survey, analysis of the behavior & motivations of the S's examined, & the educ'al enterprise. The focus was on the development in the adolescent of ethical awareness & the moral conception of the world. A substantial majority of R's expressed their faith in an ideal; the concern with an ideal generally increases with age & over 50% felt that man ought to persevere in his ideal regardless of circumstances. A great majority opted for values grouped under 'personal ideal' over values grouped under 'general ideal' & 'pragmatic ideal.' In tracing the dynamic of self-knowledge as related to age, it was found, in accordance with previous studies, that 1st self-knowledge predominates, followed by interest in knowing other people, esp members of the same age group, & in interest in moral & soc standards. A 3rd stage was found: a phase of personalization, at the end of adolescence, in the course of which both individualization & soc'ization are critically repudiated or integrated. The principal conclusion drawn is that socialist society can offer ideals & models which find a real echo among the younger generation & exert an authentic influence on it. If the coming generations are to be molded in the spirit of socialist humanism, the young should be considered not as objects but as active subjects, as participants both in the making of decisions & in their application. M. Maxfield.

I. What is Justice? -- II. The Idea of Natural Law -- III. God and the State -- IV. Law and Morality -- 1. Moral Norms as Social Norms -- 2. Morality as the Regulation of Internal Behaviour -- 3. Morality as a Primitive Order without Coercive Character -- 4. Law as a Part of Morality -- 5. Relativity of Moral Value -- 6. Separation of Law and Morality -- 7. Justification of Law by Morality -- V. State-Form and World-Outlook -- VI. The Foundation of the Theory of Natural Law -- VII. Causality and Accounting -- VIII. The Emergence of the Causal Law From the Principle of Retribution -- IX. On the Concept of Norm -- X. Law and Logic -- 1. Contradiction of Natural Law -- 2. Morality and Law -- 3. The Issue Clouded by Roman Law -- 4. No Imperative without an 'Imperator' -- 5. The Analogy is Misleading -- 6. Statement and Norm -- 7. Law is an Act of Will -- 8. Statement and Truth -- 9. Legislator and Judge -- 10. Robber and Judge -- 11. Statute Book and Textbook -- 12. Natural and Legal Science -- 13. Of the Spirit of the Laws -- 14. Logic and Psychology -- 15. 'Juridical Logic' -- XI. Law and Logic Again. On the Applicability of Logical Principles to Legal Norms -- XII. On the Practical Syllogism -- XIII. Derogation -- XIV. Norm and Value -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Continuing Education and Moralization : The Social Function of the Social Psychology of Business.
The aim of the present study is to grasp the relationship between the introduction of techniques inspired by social psychology and the change -or at least the beginning of a change- in the ways of exercizing power in business. The author's observations derive from Personal participation in a program of continuing education or so-called "permanent training". The various stages of this type of training have multiplied since the adoption of the law of 1971, which, it seems, has benefited chiefly managerial and lower-level staff. The study is based on the hypothesis that these stages would be utilized, in a number of cases, as instruments of moralization, designed not so much to provide technical knowledge as to impose a new System of values, itself tied to a new style of command ("non-directiveness", "openess", "creativity", "participation", etc.).
The study focuses, in particular, on a group of lower-level staff who have in common the characteristic of being ill-suited to the posts they hold. The group includes the daughter of a military officer, judged to be too "authoritarian" in her position as head of the typing service, and a programmer of working-class origins who is uncomfortable in his dealings with both his superiors and his subordinates. The author's analysis shows that the social psychology of business probably does not have the power to transform the habitus of the people involved, and thereby to "reform" their behavior in a permanent fashion. All the same, it does possess, at the least, the power of altering their scale of values. As a result, it leads them to recognize the excellence of the new values that "modern" managers of "modern" business concerns have arrogated to themselves. This, perhaps, is the subject's main function.