Suchergebnisse

The paper offers a brief presentation of business ethics as an academic field, and of how it has approached the moral dimension of cross-cultural business activity, i.e. when companies operate in different countries, where stakeholders live in different societies and where norms and values reflect and are affected by cultural differences. Introductory definitions are illustrated by classic case examples and important issues addressed in this field. In a next step, cultural and ethical relativism are discussed, with reference to a four-fold table with combinations of both relativisms and to a process model. This model departs from cultural and moral relativism and outlines how one could transcend such relativism. Among several concluding theses the most important one is a claim that intercultural communication as an academic field can profit from using highly controversial business ethics cases for testing its competence (and for staying humble).

In the light of the terrorist attack perpetrated by Hamas against innocent civilians in Israel on October 7th, some contend that "The imperative to protect human dignity only applies absolutely if it applies universally, and it only applies universally if it applies absolutely." In the face of evil, there is no room for relativism. Hamas's deliberate attack against innocent civilians is absolutely wrong. Therefore, it should be universally condemned. I agree with the above conclusion. However, I wonder how a universal recognition of an absolute duty of respect for human dignity can help solving the existential conflict confronting Israelis and Palestinians. Ideally, a two-state solution proposed by the international community can be seen as a reasonable and fair compromise. Nevertheless, the reality on the ground is different. This blog post explores the downstream consequences - and hurdles - of moral absolutism in times of war, terror, and existential crisis.

A new volume of philosophical essays by Bernard Williams. The book is a successor to Problems of the Self, but whereas that volume dealt mainly with questions of personal identity, Moral Luck centres on questions of moral philosophy and the theory of rational action. That whole area has of course been strikingly reinvigorated over the last deacde, and philosophers have both broadened and deepened their concerns in a way that now makes much earlier moral and political philosophy look sterile and trivial. Moral Luck contains a number of essays that have contributed influentially to this development. Among the recurring themes are the moral and philosophical limitations of utilitarianism, the notion of integrity, relativism, and problems of moral conflict and rational choice. The work presented here is marked by a high degree of imagination and acuity, and also conveys a strong sense of psychological reality. The volume will be a stimulating source of ideas and arguments for all philosophers and a wide range of other readers

On peut rendre l'évolution des normes, des valeurs et des institutions plus intelligible en synthétisant quelques intuitions fondamentales de Tocqueville, de Durkheim et de Max Weber. Elles permettent de proposer une théorie de l'évolution morale qui échappe aux difficultés des théories d'inspiration culturaliste et des théories évolutionnistes d'inspiration néo-darwinienne. La conception de la rationalité qu'elles véhiculent, notamment à travers la distinction proposée par Weber entre « rationalité axiologique » et « rationalité instrumentale », est un élément crucial de cette théorie. La théorie permet de rendre compte de diverses données macroscopiques d'ordre qualitatif et de données issues des enquêtes quantitatives. Elle clarifie les discussions contemporaines relatives au « choc des civilisations » ou au devenir de la diversité culturelle.

Crouse contends that without morals, children are at risk. Moral boundaries, not moral relativism, provide a safe haven for children by preserving their innocence and protecting them from predators and pedophiles. When authentic religious faith has been quashed, children are no longer safe. When the underlying values are wrong, when there are no common values unifying a people, even the best programs and most honorable of intentions are doomed to failure. Well-intentioned programs and policies inevitably fail miserably without an undergirding moral foundation, as is documented by an abundance

Value pluralism, a philosophical perspective belonging to the humanist and liberal family, is meeting with increasing attention and support in contemporary political and moral philosophy. Its starting point is that (personal and social) human life is characterized by conflict between the various (good) values and ends that are pursued. Value pluralism takes cultural and moral diversity seriously and thereby also denies the validity of - in their view - potentially dangerous monisms that promise a perfect, tension-free human life. But does value pluralism itself not lead to another danger -that of moral relativism and questioning the meaning of human life itself? This study describes the anthropology of Sir Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997), value pluralism's founding father. Berlin wants to protect both moral and cultural diversity against monist tendencies but at the same time struggles to avoid moral relativism. This study follows Berlin critically in this dilemma, thereby giving insight into how value pluralism differs from contemporary postmodernist and conventionalist positions. Through this study profound insight can be gained into the anthropological assumptions behind value pluralism. This study reveals the basic assumptions in Western and liberal thought that often remain implicit and hidden, leading to much misunderstanding and conflict. Berlin's ideas can enrich existing theories of pluralism and contribute to intercultural and interreligious dialogue. And, last but not least, Berlin's value pluralism helps us to understand the roots of ideologically and religiously inspired violence

The studies presented in this dissertation reveal three broad types of ethical challenges during military operations at an individual level that are caused by social interactions of military personnel, regardless of rank. The first encompasses ethical challenges related to encounters with other individuals from another culturel background, like the local population. The second comprises work-related interactions such as those with fellow team members. The third are ethical challenges as a result of interactions with the home front. This dissertation addresses moral assessment: the processes involved with how individuals interpret ethical challenges and how they respond to them. Psychological mechanisms influence this moral assessment and are the main focus on this dissertation. The empirical studies address, in order of presentation in this dissertation: moral identity, moral disengagement, emotions, numbing, relativism, sensemaking, and moral intensity.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Clarence Edwin Ayres: An Intellectual's Portrait -- Clarence Ayres's Place in the History of American Economics: An Interim Assessment -- C. E. Ayres on the Industrial Revolution -- Clarence Ayres and the Roots of Economic Progress -- Technology and the Price System -- Limits to Growth: Biospheric or Institutional? -- Ayres's Views on Moral Relativism -- Methods and Morals in Economics: The Ayres-Knight Discussion -- Clarence Ayres's Economics and Sociology -- Clarence E. Ayres as a University Teacher -- Notes on the Contributors -- Notes on the Contributors -- Index

Aquest article és una resposta al de Joan Canimas «Ètica i cultura. Embolics i perills dels conceptes cultura i relativisme cultural en l'àmbit de l'acció social, psicoeducativa i sociosanitària», publicat en aquest mateix número de la Revista de Pedagogia i Treball Social. S'hi rebaten els arguments que Canimas esgrimeix contra el concepte cultura (que ell considera totalitzador i reïficador, i pensa que no s'ajusta a la realitat de les societats modernes) i es defensa que l'antropologia, lluny de fer un ús acrític d'aquest concepte, l'ha revisat sistemàticament i el considera útil per a l'anàlisi de la vida de les persones en societat. Ara bé, l'ús i la definició que l'antropologia fa del concepte cultura queda molt lluny de les definicions tradicionals, que la identifiquen amb una realitat relativament estàtica, internament consistent i compartida de manera homogènia per tots els membres d'un col·lectiu. En contrast amb aquestes definicions, a l'article se'n proposen d'altres que han demostrat que son molt més útils per a l'anàlisi de les realitats socials. Finalment, s'explica per què en l'actualitat la majoria d'antropòlegs que treballen en l'àmbit de la intervenció educativa i social són crítics amb el relativisme cultural.

11 Assessing MacIntyre's and Hauerwas's ProjectsPart Three: Toward a Theory of Moral Knowledge; 12 Moral Realism and Addressing the Crisis of (Moral) Knowledge; 13 Religiously Based Moral Knowledge-and Final Issues; Index; Praise for In Search of Moral Knowledge; About the Author; More Titles from InterVarsity Press.

This ambitious and sweeping book presents a powerful argument against moral relativism and in favor of the objectivity of a theory of democratic individuality. Unlike much recent work in this field, the book does not simply adumbrate such a view. Rather, it develops the parallels between various versions of scientific and moral realism, and then reinterprets the history and internal logic of democratic theory, maintaining, for example, that the abolition of slavery represents genuine moral progress. The book also recasts the clashes between Marxist and Weberian, radical and liberal sociologies in the light of these moral claims, and sketches the institutions of a radical democracy

The quest for the boundaries of morality / Stephen Stich -- The normative sense : What is universal? What varies? / Edouard Machery and Elizabeth O'Neill -- Normative practices of other animals / Sarah Vincent, Rebecca Ring, and Kristin Andrews -- The neurological basis of moral psychology / Guy Kahane and Joanna Demaree-Cotton -- Moral development in humans / Julia Van de Vondervoort and Kiley Hamlin -- Moral learning / Shaun Nichols -- Moral reasoning and emotion / Joshua May and Victor Kumar -- Moral intuitions and heuristics / Piotr M. Patrzyk -- The evolution of moral cognition / Leda Cosmides, Ricardo Andrés Guzmán, and John Tooby -- Ancient and medieval moral epistemology / Matthias Perkams -- Modern moral epistemology / Kenneth R. Westphal -- Contemporary moral epistemology / Rob Shaver -- The denial of moral knowledge / Richard Joyce -- Nihilism and the epistemic profile of moral judgment / Jonas Olson -- Relativism and pluralism in moral epistemology / David Wong -- Rationalism and intuitionism : assessing three views about the psychology of moral judgment / Christian Miller -- Moral perception / Robert Audi -- Moral intuition / Matthew Bedke -- Foundationalism and coherentism in moral epistemology / Noah Lemos -- Methods, goals, and data in moral theorizing / John Bengson, Terence Cuneo, and Russ Shafer-Landau -- Moral theory and its role in everyday moral thought and action / Brad Hooker -- Moral knowledge as know-how / Jennifer Cole Wright -- Group moral knowledge / Deborah Tollefsen and Christopher Lucibella -- Moral epistemology and liberation movements / Lauren Woomer -- Moral expertise / Alison Hills -- Moral epistemology and professional codes of ethics / Alan Goldman -- Teaching virtue / Nancy Snow and Scott Beck -- Decision-making under moral-uncertainty / Andrew Sepielli -- Public policy and philosophical accounts of desert / Steven Sverdlik -- Religion and moral knowledge / C. A. J. Coady.

Rather than measure the actions of their subjects by reference to either universal rationality or cultural relativism, contributors in this volume describe ordinary people as they value human relationships and reason through the commonplace contradictions of their local way of life in a global age.

"Challenges to Moral and religious belief contains fourteen original essays by philosophers, theologians, and social scientists on challenges to moral and religious belief from disagreement and evolution. Three main questions are addressed: Can one reasonably maintain one's moral and religious beliefs in the face of interpersonal disagreement with intellectual peers? Does disagreement about morality between a religious belief source, such as a sacred text, and a non-religious belief source, such as a society's moral intuitions, make it irrational to continue trusting one or both of those belief sources? Should evolutionary accounts of the origins of our moral beliefs and our religious beliefs undermine our confidence in their veracity? This volume places challenges to moral belief side-by-side with challenges to religious belief, sets evolution-based challenges alongside disagreement-based challenges, and includes philosophical perspectives together with theological and social science perspectives, with the aim of cultivating insights and lines of inquiry that are easily missed within a single discipline or when these topics are treated in isolation. The result is a collection of essays--representing both skeptical and non-skeptical positions about morality and religion--that move these discussions forward in new and illuminating directions."--Page 4 of cover