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Asserts that Michel Foucault attempted through his writings to work the connections between politics & ethics so that ethics could be interpreted as political experience. Through an analysis of Foucault's approaches to ethics, morality, aesthetics, ascetism, & work, it is demonstrated that politics should not be based on ethics, but should be ethical work in itself. His refusal to think of politics in a moral framework & its implications for the understanding of the politics of today are addressed. Adapted from the source document.

The discovery of the black account system of the CDU in Germany & the resulting debates regarding party financing has turned into a discussion of moral standards. Adherence to these standards by politicians in a democracy is expected, & the breach of this obligation may result in the end of a political career. The question regarding political morality is difficult to answer, as two action spheres, each with its own incongruent success or failure conditions, are brought together. While Kant denied the autonomy of justice regarding political success or failure, & returned politics to morality, others denied the importance of morality with regard to political actions & instead pointed to the immediate effects of political actions. In this way, the area of tension was dissolved either in the apolitical sense in favor of morality or in an immoral sense in favor of politics. 26 References. E. Sanchez

African international politics of this beginning of the century is undergoing profound transformations as far as its principles, norms, & working values are concerned. Rule of law, democracy, personal rights, governance, & human security are henceforth fundamental references of African international relations & stand at the same time as ethical constraints on which depends the modernity of the States. The new political morality, which emerges with the help of the continental political civilization, is also a realistic playing field for the construction of a new continental order & for the assertion of symbolic power between States. However, as for every ongoing process, a considerable gap between normative construction & political practices remains. Adapted from the source document.

An examination of the career of several members of three neighborhood associations in Casablanca and the manner in which they themselves describe their actions reveals the intricacies of the associative space and political sphere in Morocco. By virtue of a mirror effect, the frontiers between these two universes are the object of continuous struggle. Associative action is sometimes constructed independently and sometimes in connection with "politics". It is thus drawn upon as a substitute for political participation, a tribune for marginalized actors or a local-level springboard and can lead to renegotiation of relations with the political realm. By virtue of the very existence of points of junction between associative, partisan, electoral, labor union and protest scenes, associational action exposes those involved to several types of participation. It endows them with practical and cognitive competencies, is an incentive for them to interact with various agencies of governmentality and encourages a circular reconversion of resources and know-how. Associational action may also give rise to a taste for "politics" and electoral competition or that encourage its participants to become aware of their responsibilities. From one situation to the next, it is the object of a range of definitions, involvements and (micro) strategies that are as vast as they are variable, both diachronically and synchronically. Adapted from the source document.

Polish society is culturally deeply divided. The liberal left, which cherishes emancipation & permissiveness, is not even represented politically. The post-communist left, so soundly defeated in the election, was also anything but liberal. By contrast, the national-catholic right is trying to force its prude morals on society -- as a whole & equates homosexual love with paedophilia. This camp has triumphed in the parliamentary election. The adherents to liberal values face difficult times ahead. Adapted from the source document.

John Maynard Keynes' 1919 published work "The Economic Consequences of the Treaty of Versailles" has finally been reissued in German, cleverly introduced, acceptably shortened, & fearfully current. This applies less to the historic properties of Keynes' sharp analysis of the economic paradoxes of the Treaty of Versailles & more to the portrayal & visible foolishness of shortsighted tacticians & trend politicians & the hardness covering displaced disappointment & erroneous morals. The moral double talk on both sides that Keynes' so plastically describes had devastating consequences, & may have contributed to subsequent weaknesses in dealing with Hitler. Keynes highlights how delicate it is, to introduce all too explicit moralistic arguments in international politics at all. Moralistic superiority & double talk are far more dangerous than cool pursuit of political interests, as can be seen in American politics today. L. Reed