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The processes of the development of a market economy, entailing the commercialization in all spheres of social life, raise the question of the correlation between the role of human beings as economic subjects and our role as moral beings. In economics, this this issue is associated with the discussion about the way norms pervade economic theory, expressed in the dichotomy between holistic and individualistic methods. The scope of the influence of governmental bodies and large corporate structures on the socio-economic, cultural and natural environment highlights the philosophical problem of applying moral criteria to collective economic actors, which is reflected in the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The author, in this paper, opines that the question of introducing ethical principles into economic practice cannot be entirely resolved within the framework of economic theory and requires an appeal to moral philosophy. The problem of the correlation between the economic and the moral spheres is considered on the basis of V.S. Solovyov's work "The Justification of the Good". The principal economic ideas stated in this work are discussed in the context of assessments by past and present researchers, of economic history, and of philosophical and economic-managerial conceptions. The author presents a comparative analysis of V.S. Solovyov's ideas about the correlation between economics and morality and the principal ideas behind corporate social responsibility. The author reveals axiological and teleological differences between the two conceptions. Whereas V.S. Solovyov deals with moral and religious categories and notions of progress, the concept of corporate social responsibility is based on economic and legal priorities and is focused on sustainable development. At the same time, the similarities identified between the concepts (such as their complex nature, the acknowledgement of the role of moral principles of the economic participants, the importance of environmental issues and legal regulators) lead us to conclude about the possibility of their further convergence and the surmounting of the limitations of corporate social responsibility based on the teachings of V.S. Solovyov.

This article discusses the process of liberalization of sexual morality in the modern world. It is shown that normative beliefs about sexual relationships are significantly different between cultures, which enhance their social sustainability by erecting the boundaries of acceptable sexual behavior. In Western society, sexual morality originally based on Christian teachings, though regularly violated by its members, has remained stable for centuries. Individuals who violated the established norms in terms of sexuality never tried to dismantle the entire regulatory order. However, in the second half of the 20th century, dramatic changes occurred that destroyed many of the fundamental values and normative patterns that define human behavior. First the heterosexual youth revolution of the 1960s, which had a predominantly female face, tore down regulation concerning sexuality, marriage and fertility, and then, at the turn of the 21st century, the homosexual revolution permanently deformed traditional sexual morality.In the West nontraditional sexual relations at the moment are undergoing constitutionalization both in the informal and formal ways. The public opinion has begun to accept certain decisions affecting the interests of the LGBT community, who, in their turn, increasingly impose their culture on individuals, social groups and society as a whole. Those who disagree with the new rules are increasingly often subjected to various sanctions. Homosexuality moves from socio-cultural to the political field, entering the orbit of the geopolitical interests of Western countries.Unlike Europe and the USA, where sexual morality is being liberalized (although not in a uniform manner), in some countries the opposite trend is conspicuous. In this article, special attention is paid to Russia. Having analyzed the results of public opinion polls on the issue of homosexuality conducted in the last decades, we show that Russians' negative attitude to this phenomenon is on the rise. Perceiving homosexuality as a deviation contradicts the global trend of liberalizing sexual morality. ; В статье рассматривается процесс либерализации половой морали в современном мире. Показывается, что нормативные представления о сексуальных отношениях значительно отличаются в различных культурах, которые, выстраивая границы допустимого сексуального поведения, поддерживают тем самым свою социальную устойчивость. В западном обществе половая мораль, опирающаяся на христианское учение, хотя и регулярно нарушаемая его членами, сохранялась стабильной на протяжении веков. Индивиды, нарушая установленные нормы в сексуальной сфере, не пытались разрушить весь нормативный порядок. Однако во второй половине XX в. произошли радикальные изменения, разрушившие многие основополагающие ценностно-нормативные структуры, определяющие поведение человека. Сначала молодежная гетеросексуальная революция 1960-х годов, имеющая преимущественно женское лицо, порвала нормативную связь сексуальности, брака и рождаемости, а в конце XX — начале XXI в. гомосексуальная революция окончательно деформировала традиционную половую мораль.Страны Запада охватывает волна конституирования нетрадиционных сексуальных отношений в качестве не только неформальной, но и формальной нормы. Сформированное общественное мнение стало влиять на приятие определенных решений, затрагивающих интересы ЛГБТ-сообщества, которые начинает все активнее навязывать свою культуру различным индивидам, социальным группам и социуму в целом. Несогласные с новыми правилами все чаще подвергаются различным санкциям. Гомосексуализм переходит из социокультурной области в политическую, входя в орбиту геополитических интересов стран Запада.В отличие от Европы и США, в которых развертывается либерализация половой морали (хотя и в них не наблюдается однородной позиции), в ряде стран остального мира разворачивается противоположная тенденция. В данной статье особое внимание уделяется России. Автор, анализируя результаты опросов общественного мнения по проблеме гомосексуализма, проведенные в течение последних десятилетий, показывает не только сохранение, но и нарастание негативного отношения россиян к этому явлению, которое воспринимается как явная девиация, что противоречит мировой тенденции либерализации половой морали.

The contemporary world is globalizing. The globalization has become the reality of contemporary human being. It has as much positive as negative sides; since any progress is at the same time a regress, form the viewpoint of the dialectics, as a science of development. Morals and morality are able to and should regulate relations among individuals as well as they should become the basic principles in education of a morally perfect personality, who would fully be able to reveal and use his/her potential in the system of the new globalized world values.We live in the XXI century, we are talking about the future of an open democratic society and now are watching as globalization absorb some culture of this society, often in contradiction with the law of a State, without violating universal principles. According to the laws of dialectics, society develops in a spiral, respectively, we are witnessing a new stage in the transition from legal to moral norms of interpersonal relations. And if humanity does not understand the importance of moral and ethical foundations of interpersonal relationships of our time, it will simply not be able to develop. The moral culture of the individual, his/her choice of the scope and responsibility for their choices - that is the ideal personality of the global information society. Of course, this is ideal, because today morality is not yet a fist necessity neither for society nor for individuals, and even though most advocates for it, knowing that the immoral society is simply impossible to live or survive. And because the moral component of a global society is an integral part of it, one might say, its attribute ; Современный мир глобализируется. Глобализация стала реальностью бытия современного человечества. Глобализация имеет как позитивные, так и негативные стороны, ибо всякий прогресс несет в себе и регресс, с точки зрения диалектики как науки о развитии. Именно мораль и нравственность – могут и должны выступить своего рода регуляторами отношений между людьми и основоположными базисными принципами для формирования нравственно совершенной личности, способной полноценно реализоваться в системе новых глобализационных мировых ценностей ; Сучасний світ глобалізується. Глобалізація стала реальністю буття сучасного людства. Вона має як позитивні, так і негативні сторони, бо ж усякий прогрес несе в собі й регрес, з точки зору діалектики як науки про розвиток. Саме мораль і моральнісність – можуть і повинні виступити своєрідними регуляторами відносин між людьми та основоположними базовими принципами для формування моральнісно довершеної особистості, здатної повноцінно реалізуватися у системі нових глобалізаційних світових цінностей.

Выдающиеся экономисты не отделяли экономические решения от их нравственных последствий. И. Посошков в книгах «О ратном поведении» и «О духовных делах» заботился о преуспевании страны и утверждении справедливости. В 20-е годы ХХ века директор Всеукраинского института труда Ф. Р. Дунаевский призывал к бережливости и рачительности, указывал на недостатки бюрократической системы, отстаивал необходимость прозрачности экономических результатов. Многие из предложений экономистов периодов преобразований не потеряли своей актуальности и в настоящее время. ; Outstanding economists did not separate economic decisions from their moral consequences. I. Pososhkov in the books "On Military Conduct" and "On Spiritual Affairs" cared about the prosperity of the country and the establishment of justice. In the 1920s, the director of the All-Ukrainian Labor Institute, F.R. Dunaevsky called for frugality and diligence, pointed to the shortcomings of the bureaucratic system, defended the need for transparency of economic results. Many of the proposals of the economists of the periods of transformation have not lost their relevance at the present time.

The authors analyze informal payments in Russian education and health care. According to sociological research, social actors (doctors, educators as well as patients and parents) who exchange informal payments consider them normal and morally acceptable. The government is unable to regulate this process, therefore, informal payments are reproduced in everyday practices of Russians.Key words: informal payments, health care, education, morality, law. ; В статье на основе результатов социологических исследований анализируются основные факторы распространения неформальных платежей в образовании и медицинском обслуживании в России. Показано, что значительная часть врачей, педагогов, с одной стороны, и пациентов, родителей, с другой стороны, воспринимают неформальную оплату части образовательных и медицинских услуг как морально оправданную. Государство пока не может регулировать данный процесс, поэтому неформальные платежи уже не одно десятилетие воспроизводятся в повседневных практиках россиян. Ключевые слова: неформальные платежи, медицинское обслуживание, образование, мораль, право.

We consider the category of law, morality and politics in the sociological knowledge in the context of theoretical and methodological aspects. We give a detailed and incomplete, structural and content characteristics of these categories in the interpretation of their manifestation in thepolitical and social dimension of society. ; Рассматриваются категории права, морали и политики в социологическом знании в контексте теоретико-методологического аспекта. Дается подробная сущностная, структурная и содержательная характеристика этих категорий в интерпретации их проявления в системе политической и социальной составляющей общества.

The modern sphere of media requires complex legal regulation due to the emergence and dissemination of a large amount of false information. The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of fake news, its identification and neutralization, as well as legislation and responsibility for the dissemination of fake news. As a result of the study, new "rules of the game" are formulated, in relation to information that circulates in the public sphere of the Internet communications, as well as its acceptable formats and technologies for dissemination. ; Современная сфера медиа требует комплексного правового регулирования всвязи споявлением ираспространением большого количества недостоверной информации. Статья посвящена анализу феномена fake news, их выявлению инейтрализации, атакже законодательству и ответственности за распространение подобных материалов и сообщений. Врезультате проведенного исследования формулируются новые «правила игры», по отношению кинформации, которая циркулирует впубличной среде общественных интернет-коммуникаций, рассматриваются допустимые форматы итехнологии ее распространения.

The article examines the nature of time and relationship human and time on the Kantian position and modern physical basic. There are made the conclusion of the moral and aesthetic essence of time, the immanence of the good in time. There are compare the classical and post-modern understanding of time, analyzed different concepts of time. In the article human understand like a moral and free thing, personality and individuality (like understand human by German philosopher Kant).

During the pandemic, it is justified to track the movements of millions of infected people, to adopt the development of surveillance tools for all members of society and the introduction of more and more advanced PC algorithms, which would improve the quality of this surveillance. This trend is acquiring a new impetus and receiving additional funding in many countries. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was a good pretext for this. More and more effective and powerful means of controlling people are justified by new legislations adopted to "protect" people from the global threat. In particular, the quality of geo location programmes built in smartphones is constantly improving. Already at the present time, the leaders of various countries are receiving additional powers to bypass democratical rules and mechanisms of administration. The analysis of moral and ideological consequences of the current Covid-19 pandemic, leads us to the following conclusions: 1. In contrast to natural and artificial disasters, epidemic situations do not unite, but divide people. In the situation of global uncertainty caused by the current pandemic, anxiety and, accordingly, suspicion of people grows. The habitual rationalism of a city dweller partially gives way to instincts. E.g., seeing masks instead of faces, a person reacts to them as to a generalised "alien." Morally binding interpersonal relationships are being replaced by indifferent relationships between "masked personalities," that have no facial expression due to wearing individual protective units and cannot smile to show their potential good will. Accordingly, the good will and warmth go away from interpersonal communication. 2. The tendency of population's distrust towards authorities has increased substantially. In many cases during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the authorities were not only unable to protect their own population, but sometimes made decisions far from being adequate to the situation and responsible. The decline in trust, in turn, leads to an elevated confrontation ...

Милитаризация общества, рост насилия предопределили обращение к гуманистическому философскому творчеству Э. В. Ильенкова. В статье с позиций системного подхода делается попытка комплексного анализа проблемы гуманизма. Методология авторского подхода связана с выделением исторических этапов его формирования. В результате анализа философского наследия Э. В. Ильенкова были выявлены следующие основные идеи: недопустимости технократического развития цивилизации и антигуманистических тенденций трансгуманизма; бессмертия мыслящего духа во Вселенной, космической миссии человека. ; The militarization of society, the increase in violence predetermined reference to the humanistic philosophical creativity E. V. Ilyenkov. In this paper, the system approach is an attempt to analyze the complex problems of humanism. Development of humanism, so goes the idea of improving the human environment and the formation of the worthy conditions of life, then – to the іdea of full spiritual development of the individual and finds its completion in the idea of planetary space mission in the universe.

This work aims to explore the ways the English philosopher John Locke shapes the terminology for describing the system of morality in philosophy. Terminology for presenting the principles, laws, and foundations of morality is chosen with respect to tradition of religious texts of the previous two centuries. Moreover, he does not use the concept of innate ideas, but tries to describe simple and complex ideas based on sensations, perceptions, and other psychological notions. However, we observe significant shifts in conceptual dominants that occur in Locke's text. The term 'conceptual dominant' being used in cognitive linguistics studying discourse is applied to Essay Concerning Human Understanding. The article examines in detail the concept of conceptual dominance in relation to Locke's philosophy and terminology of morality. This concept allows us to consider the emergence of a new point of view on human knowledge about the world, which is associated with its comprehension under the impact of socio-cultural factors that can bring to the fore certain conceptual characteristics in the semantics of language units in the process of communication. In Locke's discourse, a number of metaphors are highlighted that also help to understand how a scientist describes the processes of perception and understanding, among them LINE, PLANE, CONTAINER are highlighted, which help to describe the terminology of morality. We can observe that the scientist pays special attention to the perception of the world and the objects located in it, which become the SOURCES of knowledge ("fountains of knowledge"), as well as the heart, soul, understanding of a person. In his description, he relies on images known to his contemporaries.

This article considers the main ideas of the leading representative of American political philosophy and ethics Alasdair MacIntyre regarding morality and obligation set out in his fundamental work "After virtue". In the never-ending discussion of moral problems and chaos in the value-normative sphere, MacIntyre suggests reconsidering the Aristotelean tradition of virtue with its teleological basis for morality and its central concepts of good, virtue, duty and purpose. Not being a supporter of abstract moral theorizing, MacIntyre insists on the primary connection between morality and practical rationality through moral arguments centered on the experience of social practices of the community in the search of the common good. ; Рассматриваются основные идеи ведущего представителя американской политической философии и этики Аласдера Макинтайра относительно морали и долженствования, изложенные в его фундаментальной работе «После добродетели». В ситуации нескончаемых дискуссий по моральным проблемам и хаосу в ценностно-нормативной сфере философ предлагает обратиться к аристотелевской традиции добродетелей с ее телеологическим основанием морали, где центральными являются понятия блага, добродетели, долга и предназначения. Не будучи сторонником абстрактного морального теоретизирования, Макинтайр настаивает на принципиальной связи между моралью и практической рациональностью через нравственную аргументацию опыта социальных практик коммюнити в проекте общего блага.

New forms of manifestations of religious intentions in socio-political space have constituted themselves as markers of transformation in the contemporary socio-political coordinates. Revision of the dominant traditional linear approaches placed the focus of ideological and political discussions about the correspondence of stable and variable, traditional and modern in a religious prism. Emerging new configurations in the public and private spheres mark transformation of the traditional relations between religion, society and the state corresponding to the logic of the project of modernity and the paradigm of secularization and require new interpretation optics. The contours of the new designs are evident in the contexts of new challenges and threats related to global political risks of religious terrorism, loss of monopoly on the description of reality, including moral connotations in the understanding of progress of the principle of secularism, with the increased importance of religious and confessional identity, civilizational, local and personal-individual levels, forming the hierarchy of values that determines horizons of public and personal goal setting. The penetration of religious meanings in the political and social reality of various areas, their incorporation into ideological discourses of identity build a wide variety of interpretations in the extreme poles of which is religious outline of internal and external threats to social stability and understanding of religion as a resource of optimization of the political system. Institutional, axiological and ontological projection refracts the religious factor in Russian society in polyvalent and nonlinear ways, reflecting the multidirectional vectors of ongoing transformation. On the basis of sociological data of The Institute of Sociology, RAS, the given article analyzes a number of subjects, reflecting qualitatively new social relationships. The emphasis is on multi-scale conflicts, correlation between the secular and the religious in the coordinates of importance of the democracy attributes and social significance of religion, institutional and value aspects as well as the dominant ideas in the Russian society about the role of Church, religion and religious faith in human life and society. Growing importance of religious factors and religious identities in contemporary conditions, the incorporation of religious meanings in different spheres of society intersect with ' the needs of ensuring the unity of values and stabilization of the social system, as well as close attention to Russian civilization experience. Despite increased sensitivity of contemporary debates on the tragectory of political practices in Russia, the religious factor could be a factor of social cohesion, determining the search of new forms of relations between the state and religious organizations based on the challenges and needs of society and identifying the need for improving mechanisms and practices of state-confessional relations.

В статье рассматриваются нравственные аспекты социального диалога между политической и духовной властью. Авторы приходят к выводу о том, что подлинный диалог строится на основе взаимопонимания, взаимодействия вокруг общих целей, взаимного доверия и взаимной ответственности. Всем сторонам диалога надо искать общий язык, ведущий к разумному компромиссу, отказу от традиционного монологизма, деструктивного эгоизма и повторения фактов вопиющей несправедливости. Развитие правового сознания личности, формирование аутентичного гражданина, вероятно, в перспективе станет ключевым звеном в процессе налаживания конструктивного диалога гражданского общества и власти. ; The proposed notes address the moral aspects of social dialogue between political and spiritual authority. The authors conclude that genuine dialogue is built on the basis of mutual understanding, interaction around common goals, mutual trust and mutual responsibility. All parties to the dialogue should seek a common language, leading to a reasonable compromise, rejection of traditional monologism, destructive egoism and repetition of the facts of glaring injustice. The development of the legal consciousness of the individual, the formation of an authentic citizen, is likely to become a key element in the process of establishing a constructive dialogue between civil society and the authorities

The problem of adaptation of the post-Soviet administrative elite to the social relations formed as a result of reforms in the USSR - Russia at the end of XX century - in the beginning of XXI century. The peculiarity of the study is the consideration of the problem in the General context of social changes of this period. The author shows that the usual theoretical and methodological schemes based on the opposition of the late Soviet and modern Russian political elite do not contribute to the approach to the truth. Thus, reliance only on official documents, statistics and other sources reflecting the external side of the processes under study appears to be insufficient. Therefore, the attention is drawn to the need for more active involvement of sources of personal origin, allowing to trace the evolution of consciousness of the ruling elite, the change of its stereotypes, values and norms. The such issues of adaptation of the modern Russian elite to new conditions as changing its attitude to ideology, to the goals of education, to the procedures of admission to the civil service, its passage and withdrawal from it, are highlighted. It is noted that in General, the post-Soviet administrative elite successfully and very quickly adapted to radical social changes. The number of factors that have ensured this adaptability is analyzed. It is noted that a special role in the processes of adaptation of the elite was played by factors of socio-cultural order: the ability to play by changing rules, moral and ideological relativism, following the established traditions, formed norms and values. However, it is necessary to take into account that the adaptation process is not completed, neither in elite nor in society in General. Thus, the process of adaptation of the Russian political elite is considered against the General background of post-Soviet transformation, which allows a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and results of the development of Russian society as a whole. ; Рассмотрена проблема адаптации постсоветской управленческой элиты к общественным отно-шениям, сложившимся в результате реформ в СССР - России конца ХХ в. - начала XXI в. Осо-бенностью исследования является рассмотрение поставленной проблемы в общем контексте общественных перемен указанного периода. Показано, что привычные теоретико-методологи-ческие схемы, основанные на противопоставлении позднесоветской и современной российской политической элиты, не способствуют приближению к истине. Так, опора лишь на официальные документы, статистику и другие источники, отражающие внешнюю сторону изучаемых процес-сов, представляется явно недостаточной. Поэтому обращено внимание на необходимость более активного привлечения источников личного происхождения, позволяющих проследить эволюцию сознания представителей правящей элиты, смену ее стереотипов, ценностей и норм. Освеще-ны такие вопросы адаптации современной российской элиты к новым условиям, как изменение ее отношения к идеологии, к целям получения образования, к процедурам поступления на го-сударственную службу, ее прохождения и ухода с нее. Отмечается, что в целом постсоветская управленческая элита успешно и весьма быстро адаптировалась к радикальным общественным изменениям. Проанализирован ряд факторов, обеспечивших эту адаптивность. Отмечено, что особую роль в процессах адаптации элиты сыграли факторы социокультурного порядка: умение играть по меняющимся правилам, нравственно-идеологический релятивизм, следование сложив-шимся традициям, формируемым нормам и ценностям. Вместе с тем надо учитывать, что адап-тационные процессы отнюдь не завершены ни в элите, ни в обществе в целом. Таким образом, процесс адаптации политической элиты России рассмотрен на общем фоне постсоветской транс-формации, что позволяет глубже понять механизмы и результаты развития российского общества в целом.