Suchergebnisse

The analysis of the article focuses on the consideration of the essentiality of human nature. We are talking about the foundations of individual development that directly affect the formation of human existence and society. As the above aspects are considered the spiritual nature of the individual and the ethical universals that affect it - spiritual knowledge. It is with the soul that man as a microcosm concentrates in himself all the elements and manifests all the properties of the "great world". And it is the internalization of spiritual knowledge in the human experience that forms virtues - activities that create good in the world. In particular, it is emphasized that the harmony of soul and body, the orderliness of their relationship, is formed directly under the influence of "whole knowledge". This is what reproduces the monolithicity, the integrity of the human personality, ensures its mental and physical health. Conversely, the violation of this balance leads directly to the loss of the vital connection between the spiritual and physiological principles of human nature, causes the destruction, splitting of the individual, his spiritual and physical degradation.
In this regard, it was found that the possibility of harmonious human development is healing, that is "reproduction of the monolithic nature of the spiritual and physiological nature." It is achieved only when the individual conforms to the conditions of the integrity of the higher, transcendent order - the spiritual laws. The latter provide the principles and potential for the development of human coexistence. Thus, the study of the meaning and influence of spiritual knowledge on human life, makes it possible to note that no materialist knowledge aimed at the development of technological and economic progress is able to solve its existential problems. Only the knowledge that satisfies the essential needs of the individual, the aspirations of the soul, which carry values, and the understanding of the very essence of human life are able to restore that natural (in the sense given) state of harmony, health of soul and body.

The article analyzes the notion of corruption. It has been established that scientific research and legislation have different approaches to the understanding of the notion 'corruption.' At the beginning the scholars defined corruption mainly by the methods of criminology which is explained by the first place of criminologists in the research of corruption. Unfortunately, national experts in civil, administrative and other branches of law referred and refer seldom to the research of corruption and corruption offences. At the same time, there were sporadic attempts to disclose the essence of corruption made by scholars of economic science and sociology. At the beginning of 90s of past century along with the opinion that 'the problem of corruption is beyond juridical science and is more sociological or political issue' there were views that corruption is an elementary bribery of public officials working at governmental and non-governmental structures or just an element of organized crimes or criminal nexus between public officials and organized criminal groups. Nowadays there are two main approaches to the essence of corruption. The first one says that corruption is bribery of its subjects and it is an agreement between the person who bribes and the person who is 'sold'. Other scholars think that corruption 'is not a primitive bribery particularly in the conditions of market economy, free trade and democracy' and 'mixing and, moreover, when the activities of the state is replaced by fight against bribery which is inherent to totalitarian states and complies with the interests of bureaucracy,' 'because one of the main sources of prosperity of corrupt officials is stealing of budget costs.' It has been concluded that it is hard to talk about an effective fight against corruption till the moment there is a clear understanding of this phenomenon and there will be no identification of its features and forms. Only after that it will be possible to develop real directions for prevention and fight against it at the ...

The processes, taking place in our national information space, cannot but put us on guard. Most alarming they are in the sphere of TV-speaking. Now they look especially dangerous, when Ukraine is in military confrontation, combined with hybrid war with aggressive Northern neighbour. We have been experiencing a difficult period of attempts of reforms' implementation, which have been declared by the authorities (unfortunately, the majority of them are pseudo plans), especially in information sphere. Both the results of future elections and the future of our state directly depend on these reforms.

The article analyzes the key historical stages of the formation of human rights. It is determined that each person has a certain spectrum of a priori rights. And today, most democratic countries in the world are striving to ensure that these rights are not only formal but also implemented in practical terms. That is why the last half of the XX century marked the emergence of international recognition of human rights. The author of the article also believes that the mechanisms of ensuring, guaranteeing or observing rights in society begin with its high moral standard, where the person does not infringe the rights of other individuals, or even in the event of such an attack, will consciously follow the punishment provided by the state. In this article, the term human rights was deliberately used, since the author considers it more justified in this context, given that it is a more general category that covers "human and civil rights and freedoms". In other cases, such phrases may be used as "human rights" or "fundamental, fundamental or fundamental rights." Both of these terms have the right to exist and each of them is found in separate European documents. Separately, the article explores the distinction between law and freedom, which is a separate argument to the emergence of a cumulative category, which may include rights and freedoms. Another argument in favor of this opinion, the author calls the possibility of the existence of not only human rights, but also non-human rights, in particular, it is about the rights of animals.

The article is devoted to the study of the main trends in the development of non-human rights, the analysis of European and national legislation on this issue. The appearance of non-human rights is viewed through the prism of human dignity, the author supports the idea that dignity is an advantage of man and at the same time signifies his ability to "rule over other creatures, to create human civilization and its benefits, other socially significant things". After analyzing the basic doctrinal views on animal rights, the logical assumption is made that a person or an animal should be at least equal in two aspirations: preserving one's life and avoiding pain. This, in turn, automatically means the possibility of existence for these creatures: the right to life, the right to protection against personal injury, the prohibition of torture and the prohibition of moral harm. The four major Conventions adopted by the Council of Europe, which actually lack a clear list of animal rights, and the World Declaration of Animal Rights adopted by the International League of Animal Rights, which contain such a list of rights, as well as national legislation in the form of the Law of Ukraine on the Protection of Animals against Cruelty, are also analyzed ". After that, the author concludes that with the exception of such European countries as Spain, Switzerland and Germany, where animal rights are defined and enshrined at the legislative and general legal levels, the major world trends testify to their neglect and lack of study. This is the main reason why it is not possible to change the animal cruelty that prevails in society in some places.

The article deals with the problem of human trafficking as one of the most important and complex problems. Human trafficking is reflected in many forms. With society's development such forms are becoming increasingly complex. The analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights is important in the context of the interpretation of the concept of trafficking in human beings. Article 4 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights does not contain the direct prohibition of human trafficking. Nevertheless, human trafficking is covered by Article 4 of the Convention. The Court emphasizes the importance of interpreting the Convention in the current circumstances and challenges because it ensures the effective protection of human rights. This topic becomes especially relevant for our country in the context of the interpretation of the concept of human trafficking by the European Court of Human Rights due to the importance of combating human trafficking. At the same time, as Ukraine is currently adapting its legislation to European standards, it will be useful to understand how human trafficking is interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights. It is important for national courts to apply the case law set by the European Court, because it ensures the clarity and universal understanding of the Convention, sets certain standards of justice, specifies and develops convention provisions.

The article has analyzed the main provisions of General Data Protection Regulation and compared it with the Law of Ukraine 'On Data Protection'. Advantages of the Regulation and necessity to adopt a new Law of Ukraine which could regulate data protection on European level have been identified. The main provisions which are necessary to be implemented in future legal act have been defined. They are the following: personal data, controller, data processor, adequacy of protection etc. It is also necessary to identify rights, obligations, functions, competence and goal of activities after implementing such notions as controller and processor. An important aspect is fines for violation of legislation on personal data protection. The Regulation provides for several types of violations and fine sanctions for them. Liability for violation of standards in the sphere of personal data protection ensures an effective mechanism for implementation of Regulation. The article has also analyzed the notion 'adequacy of protection'. The list of sources which were checked on 'adequacy' has been identified. The main criteria of 'adequacy' which the state has to comply with have been specified. The term for undergoing the inspection regarding compliance with 'adequacy of protection' has been defined. Criteria which the states should comply with in order to undergo the inspection have been provided. It is also necessary to define the mechanism for control in the sphere of personal data protection. The Regulation provides clear criteria for existence of this mechanism which should be implemented not only on the territory of Ukraine. Existing provisions of the Law have been analyzed. Compared analysis of the term 'privacy policy' has been done and gaps in Ukrainian legislation have been studied. Compliance of the Regulation with a standard Ukrainian consent for processing of personal data has been defined.

The article considers the concept of monetary substitutе and quasi-money, their ratio and prospects of using to designate non-monetary means of payment, a new definition of the concept of "monetary substitutе" is substantiated. In foreign scientific research, the term "quasi-money" is used much more often than "monetary substitute". In Ukrainian studies, the situation is the opposite. In addition, Ukrainian legislation defines the concept of a monetary substitute, but does not define the concept of quasi-money. However, there is no consensus among researchers about the content of monetary substitutes and quasi-money, as well as the form of their existence, and there is no stable opinion about the criteria for classifying certain objects as monetary substitutes or quasi-money. Monetary substitutes and quasi-money can be viewed as identical and different in content. Since it is not necessary to use two different terms to denote the same phenomenon, it is recommended to distinguish between these terms. So quasi-money is a highly liquid asset that can be quickly and conveniently exchanged for money, but at the same time it is not used as a means of payment. Monetary substitutes are objects of property rights that are used to pay monetary obligations as a means of payment, but are not money. The dominant function of monetary substitutes is to be means of payment. But unlike money, they are not universal, they cannot be used for all payments. In particular, the recipient is obliged to accept monetary substitutes instead of money, if it is determined by the contract or the law requires the recipient to accept substitute as money. The reasons for creating monetary substitutes can be different. This may be the need for government borrowing, financing of targeted actions or programs, but more often the appearance of monetary substitutes is associated either with a lack of money in the economy, or with the emergence of new means of payment other than money. Thus, monetary substitutes help fill the lack of free money in economic circulation and partially perform the same functions that money performs in the economy. ; У статті досліджено поняття грошових сурогатів та квазігрошей, їх співвідношення та перспективи використання для позначення відмінних від грошей засобів платежу, запропоновано авторське визначення поняття «грошовий сурогат». У закордонних наукових роботах термін «квазігроші» уживається набагато частіше за «грошовий сурогат», у вітчизняних джерелах ситуація протилежна, крім того, поняття грошового сурогату, на відміну від квазігрошей, закріплено і нормативно визначено як правовий інститут в українському законодавстві. Водночас у дослідницьких колах немає єдності як щодо змісту понять «грошовий сурогат» та «квазігроші», так і щодо форми їх існування, а також спостерігається відсутність усталеного підходу як до критеріїв віднесення чи не віднесення тих чи інших об'єктів до грошових сурогатів (квазігрошей), так і до переліку об'єктів, що охоплюються термінами «грошовий сурогат» та «квазігро-ші». Зазначені поняття можуть розглядатися і як тотожні, і як відмінні за своїм змістом. З огляду на відсутність об'єктивної необхідності для паралельного використання двох термінів із метою позначення одного явища, доцільно розмежувати зазначені терміни, закріпити за квазігрошима високоліквідні активи, що можуть бути швидко обмінені на грошові кошти, але водночас не використовуються як засоби платежу, а за грошовими сурогатами - об'єкти майнових прав, які використовуються для погашення грошових зобов'язань (як засіб платежу), але водночас не належать до грошових коштів. Хоча панівною функцією грошових сурогатів є функція засобу платежу, на відміну від грошових коштів, грошові сурогати позбавлені ознаки універсальності і можуть використовуватися для обмеженого кола платежів, якщо домовленість сторін або нормативний припис зумовлює прийняття отримувачемгрошового сурогату взамін грошових коштів. Причини для появи грошових сурогатів можуть бути різними, від необхідності державних запозичень до цільових акцій або програм, але найчастіше поява грошових сурогатів пов'язана або з дефіцитом грошових знаків в економіці, або з виникненням нових засобів платежу, відмінних від грошей.

Modern transformation of the economic system of this country led to structural changes in the social environment. Movement of population and human resources inside and outside the country increased. The growth of the scale of international migration processes, their mixed impact on the development of the countries, qualitative transformation of the specified processes determine the importance of the study of demographic and employment dimension of the international migration processes in Ukraine, which is among the main donors of population. The aim of the work is to determine demographic and human dimension of international migration processes in Ukraine. To achieve the goal, we applied dialectical method of scientific knowledge, as well as general scientific and special methods of research. The current state of migration processes in the global economy was examined. It was determined that in the global migration system Ukraine happens to be the country of origin, of transit and arrival of migrants. We analyzed the regional structure of migration flows in the state. It was proved that in recent years the country continues to lose population as a result of emigration, and these losses are not offset by immigration from abroad. This leads to a rapid decrease of the population of Ukraine. In addition, we tackled the problem of emigration of highly skilled labour force out of the country while the main channels of immigration into the country were identified. One of these channels is educational migration because Ukraine is included into the top ten leaders in the international market of educational services. It was substantiated that the target guideline of the state migration policy of Ukraine should be keeping the country's intellectual potential, for which it is necessary to ensure the execution of the following tasks: provision of financial and material resources to the development of science and higher education; funding in full the salaries of teachers in higher education, research workers; development of programs to preserve intellectual potential of the country; development of a mechanism for stimulating research activities and training of qualified professionals. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is in the developing and clarifying theoretical and practical foundations of the research into the issues of demographic and employment dimension of international migration processes in Ukraine. The practical value of the research results is in the definition of the target guideline of the state migration policy of Ukraine, which should be the preservation of the intellectual potential of the country. The participation of Ukraine in the international migration of skilled people should include an evolutionary process of rapprochement with the scientific and technological environment, and this process requires coordinated actions of all branches of government and business, predetermining the need for further research in this direction.

This article is devoted to the study of human rights restrictions in Ukraine. The author states that there is an increasing tendency of human rights restriction in Ukraine. Both the state and private persons are the subjects of violation of human rights. In the legislative policy this tendency has increased since the parliamentary election in 2014. That year is known as the beginning of the in Ukraine. But most of the restrictions of human rights made by the laws of Ukraine (which violate the Constitution of Ukraine) since then have no relation to military activities and national security. The author identifies a number of tendencies: 1) recent amendments to Ukrainian legislation not only limit constitutional rights but also violate the principles of law and constitutional guarantees of human rights; 2) due to the usage of modern informational technologies, violations of the right to privacy are total; however, the law-enforcement agencies do not struggle with such violations systematically; 3) many constitutional human rights are violated by the laws devoted to family relations; those laws are being passed by the Parliament of Ukraine with the very high speed that is not quite usual for legislative process in Ukraine; 4) both the state and private persons use modern technologies to violate human rights; on the

basis of modern technologies new ways of violation of human rights appear. Conclusions. The restrictions of human rights, provided by the laws, always have some reasons. But neither political, nor economical, nor social nor any other interest can be the reason for violation of human rights and freedoms. "In spite of the fact that the air was never so full of theories of liberty and wild declarations of «rights», there has been a steady curtailment of «personal freedom»". These words of the great American Henry Ford are so relevant for modern Ukraine.

The article is devoted to theoretical approaches to determining the role and importance of investing in human capital, proposed measures to create the necessary conditions for increasing investment in human development and human capital formation. The authors noted that the role of innovative technologies over the past decade has grown qualitatively, and therefore the need to expand the range of opportunities and deep structuring of the science-intensive component of the nation's potential has become one of the main requirements in the formation of the state economy. The analysis of researches and publications of leading economists on the development of human capital, the need to invest in it all business entities, the constant support of the state. Investment of human capital can be carried out by attracting resources from various sources, including: the state, organizations, individual firms, households, international organizations, educational institutions. The authors drew attention to the fact that today the role of the state in the formation of human capital is quite high. The state applies both compulsory and incentive measures in this area. Compulsory education is compulsory for all in the volume of secondary school, mandatory medical preventive measures. However, the main measures are incentives. The government has two active methods that are used to change the size of private investment in a person, made automatically through the market. They can affect the incomes of those who work, and can also regulate the price of acquiring human capital. The authors note that the role of individual enterprises is increasingly increasing in the creation of human capital assets, as they often become efficient producers of such capital through the training of personnel in accordance with current and prospective production needs, but enterprises have a pragmatic approach: they invest in human capital only up to As long as they bring economic returns. Measures have been proposed to create the necessary conditions for ...

Article is devoted to the philosophical analysis of actual situation of humanities and the problem of their social role. The political role of humanities lies primarily in promoting the creation of public space. It gives a possibility do develop the human skills which are needed to be an active public agent. The purpose of the article deals with the concretization of public role of humanities which can be presented as different politics. Results. In the article the following politics are presented: politics of ideal (refers to a certain ideal of liberal education which is based on the liberal arts); politics of meaning and sense (it concerns the recognition of meanings, including those that constitute the social and political worlds); politics of sensuality (it connected with performativity as manner to create and comprehend the social and political worlds; also it can be explained as distribution of sensuality in context of J. Ranciere's conception of aesthetics as politics); politics of reconfiguration of discourse (it deals with elaboration of rules of communication on social problems); politics of imagination (the influence on structure of social world with using of imagination and fantasy); politics of responsivity (the comprehension of alien subjectivity), politics of memory (the formation of culture of memory). Originality. The different "politics" of humanities are presented as specific because they are connected with specific of human sciences' cognition. We deals not with objectivity that is directed to the explanation of world as closed system, but we have open system of interpersonal interaction. This interpersonal interaction can structure and configure social and political spheres. Conclusion. The politics of humanities are not separate each other. They are crosscutting, creating horizon ability to influence the public sphere.

The article is devoted to the study of public and legal support of human dignity in Ukraine. The article analyzes the normative regulation of this fundamental human right at the level of the Constitution of Ukraine, laws of Ukraine and decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. Separately, domestic and foreign studies are devoted to the legal study of human dignity. On the basis of the conducted research it is found out that legal relations arising from guaranteeing, securing and protecting the right of human dignity are regulated by the norms of public (constitutional, administrative and criminal) and private (civil) law. At present, public-law regulation of the human dignity right in Ukraine is truncated, since the Constitution of Ukraine does not specify the directions of guaranteeing, ensuring and absolute protection of this fundamental human right, and the Criminal Code regulates only certain aspects of its protection. Strengthening public-law protection of the human dignity right should be done first and foremost by improving the legal regulation of this fundamental human right. We propose to adopt a special law on the protection of human dignity, which should become the legal basis for the protection of this fundamental human right by the state and individuals. In addition, it is necessary to make changes to Art. 28 of the Constitution of Ukraine and change the constitutional formula "respect for human dignity" to "absolute protection of human dignity". Human dignity should be central to the system of constitutional values. We propose to introduce in Ukraine a system of constitutional values, which is now embodied in Germany and provides for the division of such values into: a) intact (human dignity) and b) those that may be interfered with and restricted in cases defined by law (human life, her health, human freedom, property, etc.). Given this, we propose to amend Art. 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine and normatively establish in it an appropriate system of constitutional values.