The author in this article the analyzes the role of Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania judging cases about state officers impeachment. The author is concentrated on impeachment institute that is established in Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. It's analyzed in two cuts. First of all the author is interested in interaction problems between law and politics in impeachment process. Secondly, Constitutional Court being a part of impeachment process has to judge actual facts. So we meet relationship between fact and law in this type of constitutional justice cases. By 74 th article of Constitution for gross violation of the Constitution, breach of oath, or upon the disclosure of the commitment of felony, the Seimas may, by three fifths majority vote of all the Seimas members, remove from office the President of the Republic, the Chairman and judges of the Constitutional Court, the Chairman and judges of the Court of Appeals, as well Seimas members, or may revote their mandate of Seimas member. Such an action shall be carried out in accordance with impeachment proceedings that shall be established by the Statute of the Seimas. In 105 th article 2 nd part 5 th mark of the Constitution is established that the Constitutional Court shall present conclusions concerning the compliance with the Constitution of concrete action of Seimas members or other State officers against whom impeachment proceedings have been instituted. So in impeachment process participates political institution – Seimas and judicial institution – Constitutional Court. Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court demonstrates that Court explaining Constitutional articles regarding impeachment tires to strengthen legal impeachment aspect. Constitutional Court has marked that only Constitutional Court shall present conclusion concerning the compliance with Constitution of concrete actions of higher State officers against whom impeachment proceedings have been instituted.
The author in this article the analyzes the role of Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania judging cases about state officers impeachment. The author is concentrated on impeachment institute that is established in Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania. It's analyzed in two cuts. First of all the author is interested in interaction problems between law and politics in impeachment process. Secondly, Constitutional Court being a part of impeachment process has to judge actual facts. So we meet relationship between fact and law in this type of constitutional justice cases. By 74 th article of Constitution for gross violation of the Constitution, breach of oath, or upon the disclosure of the commitment of felony, the Seimas may, by three fifths majority vote of all the Seimas members, remove from office the President of the Republic, the Chairman and judges of the Constitutional Court, the Chairman and judges of the Court of Appeals, as well Seimas members, or may revote their mandate of Seimas member. Such an action shall be carried out in accordance with impeachment proceedings that shall be established by the Statute of the Seimas. In 105 th article 2 nd part 5 th mark of the Constitution is established that the Constitutional Court shall present conclusions concerning the compliance with the Constitution of concrete action of Seimas members or other State officers against whom impeachment proceedings have been instituted. So in impeachment process participates political institution – Seimas and judicial institution – Constitutional Court. Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court demonstrates that Court explaining Constitutional articles regarding impeachment tires to strengthen legal impeachment aspect. Constitutional Court has marked that only Constitutional Court shall present conclusion concerning the compliance with Constitution of concrete actions of higher State officers against whom impeachment proceedings have been instituted.
Розкриваються ключові риси основних моделей демократичних держав – соціальної, ліберальної й консервативної. Аналізуються базові відхилення від них у сучасній українській політичній системі. Розглядаються варіанти коректування політичного курсу держави в напрямі її демократизації. There are some main features of the models of democratic states that are uncovering. Analysing some basic deviations from the main social, liberal and conservative systems that should be at Ukrainian politic system it is possible to see options of adjustment of policy of the state at the direction of its democratisation.
The article deals with the issue of the concept of restorability as one of the most important technical and operational properties of military vehicles, and on the basis of developing a system image of the process of reconstruction of the properties of military vehicles object and repair, a typical structure of requirements is defined which should be taken into account in the development of tactical and technical the task of creating the latest weapons and military equipment.
The article deals with the issue of the concept of restorability as one of the most important technical and operational properties of military vehicles, and on the basis of developing a system image of the process of reconstruction of the properties of military vehicles object and repair, a typical structure of requirements is defined which should be taken into account in the development of tactical and technical the task of creating the latest weapons and military equipment.
The scientific and technological revolution of the early 21st century has caused profound systemic transformations around the world. First of all, due to the combination of advances in the field of advanced information and communication technologies (ICT) with the acquisitions that have emerged from the rapid development of information and telecommunications systems (ITS), fundamentally new global substances have emerged - the information society, as well as the information and cybernetic spaces they have almost unlimited potential and play a leading role in the economic and social development of every country in the world. However, due to the unprecedented proliferation of ICTs and ITSs, the world community has received not only numerous benefits, but also a number of problems caused by the growing vulnerability of the info sphere to third-party cybernetic influences. Therefore, it is only natural for the need to control and further regulate appropriate relationships, and therefore for the immediate creation of a robust cyber security system. Instead, the absence of such a system could lead to the loss of political independence of any state in the world, since it would involve the actual loss of competition by non-military means and the subordination of its national interests to the interests of the opposing party. As these circumstances play an important role in the geopolitical competition of most countries in the world recently, ensuring cybersecurity and harmony in cyberspace has become a major challenge in our information age. The article is devoted to the study of cybercrime trends, which is a threat to the information security of our country. The place and role of cyber security in the nationalist security system of the state are highlighted. The situation of the cyber defense system in the advanced countries of the world, such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom, was detailed. The main shortcomings and prospects of installing cyberspace protection have been identified. The use of modern information technologies in the state structures, as well as in the society as a whole, makes solving the problems of information security one of the main ones. ; Науково-технічна революція початку ХХІ сторіччя спричинила в усьому світі глибокні системнні перетвнорення. Передунсім завдякни поєднаннню досягннень у сфері новітнніх інформнаційно-комунікаційних технолногій (ІКТ) із надбанннями, що постални на базі стрімкного розвитнку інформнаційно-телекомунікаційних систем (ІТC), сформунвалися принцинпово нові глобалньні субстаннції — інформнаційне суспілньство, а також інформнаційний та кіберннетичний простонри, які мають нині практинчно необменжений потенцніал і відігрнають провіднну роль в економнічному та соціалньному розвитнку кожної країни світу. Проте через небаченне досі поширенння ІКТ та ІТC світовна спільннота отриманла не лише численнні переванги, а й цілу низку пробленм, зумовлнених дедалі більшоню вразлинвістю інфосфнери щодо сторонннього кіберннетичного впливу. Тому цілком природнно постална необхіндність контронлю та подальншого врегулнювання відповнідних взаємонвідносин, а отже, і невідкнладного створенння надійнної системни кіберннетичної безпекни. Натомінсть відсутнність такої системни може призвенсти до втрати політинчної незаленжності будь-якої державни світу, бо йтиметнься про фактичнний програнш нею змаганння невійсньковими засобанми та підпорнядкування її націоннальних інтеренсів інтеренсам протибнорчої сторонни. Оскільнки саме ці обставнини відігрнають останннім часом важливну роль у геополнітичній конкурненції більшонсті країн світу, то забезпнечення кібербнезпеки та злагодни в кіберпнросторі стає головнним завданнням нашої інформнаційної епохи. Стаття посвячнена досліднженням тенденнцій кіберннетичної злочиннності, що є загрозною інформнаційній безпецні нашої державни. Виділенно місце та роль кіберннетичної безпекни в системні націонналістичної безпекни державни. Було деталінзовано становнище системни оборонни від кіберннетичних атак в передонвих державнах світу, таких як Сполучнені Штати Америкни та Велика Британнія. Виявленно головнні недолінки та перспенктиви встанонвлення захистну кіберннетичного простонру. Викоринстання сучаснних інформнаційних технолногій у державнних структнурах, а також у суспілньстві в цілому, висуванє вирішенння пробленм інформнаційної безпекни в число основнних.
Introduction. At the present stage of economic development, one of the most important problems is the search for more efficient use of limited resources available in the enterprise and the formation of such resource potential that would be sufficient to produce the required amount of products. Problems of using the resources of agrarian enterprises are connected, first of all, with the innovation of production and its environmental safety. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of using certain resources of agrarian enterprises and possible ways of overcoming them.Methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of methods of cognition: generalization, historical-logical and retrospective methods.Results. Among the problems of resource use of particular relevance are issues of improving the reproduction of productive capacity of agricultural land and their environmentally safe use.Water resources play an increasing role in the agrarian sector of the economy. This is due to the need to increase agricultural productivity; unfavorable agro-climatic conditions in agricultural regions; differences in the ratio of land and water potentials, since in most of the agricultural land they act as a single unit – means of production. There is a shortage of water resources on the territory of Ukraine; therefore, the main task is to save water and its rational use, to search for a variety of alternative ways of land reclamation.Effective use of rural labor resources is one of the main factors that influence the increase of production in an agrarian enterprise and the improvement of the living standards of the rural population. The main problem of the development and efficient functioning of labor resources in rural areas is the curtailment of agricultural production, a sharp contraction of sown areas under labor-intensive cultures, which lead to an increase in unemployment, underemployment and mass labor migration.The development of agrarian enterprises is impossible without sufficient financial resources from all possible sources of income. Particular state support is an important problem in improving the financial condition of agrarian enterprises. The main reasons for inefficient financing by the state of the agrarian sector are the imperfection of the mechanisms for obtaining and distributing budget funds and violation of budgetary discipline during their use.Equally important are the problems of technical and technological provision of agricultural production on the basis of the introduction of the latest engineering and technologies, in particular, the use of alternative types of energy, as well as informatization of the agro-industrial sector of the economy. Informatization should relate to production, management, education, science.Originality. The revealed problems of resources utilization of agrarian enterprises need to be solved only under the condition of an innovative way of overcoming them with the obligatory consideration of the ecological component.Conclusion. In general, improving the conditions for the economic activity of agrarian enterprises and solving these problems, using resources on an innovative basis, taking into account the environmental component, will provide an opportunity to increase the efficiency of their production and economic activity in general and competitiveness, in particular, both in the domestic and foreign markets.
The article is devoted to the consideration of the problem in using modern e-commerce tools in the field of tourism. In order to disclose the topic, methods of objectivity and system are used to establish the main advantages and disadvantages of using e-commerce in the economic activity of a tourist enterprise. The purpose of the article is to determine the state and prospects for the development of e-commerce in the tourism services market, as well as the analysis of international experience in the field of e-commerce legislative regulation. Together with the rapid spread of electronic payment, the communication networks development and the growing number of potential Internet users, e-commerce has become one of the most important sales channels for tourism services, while increasing the profitability and competitiveness of enterprises. One of the important factors that hinders the rapid spread of e-tourism in Ukraine is the regulatory framework imperfection. After the introduction of existing mechanisms in interaction between the seller and the consumer in tourism services, electronic sales can be made one of the modern and effective ways to implement a tourism product.
In the article it is done historiographical and sources study analysis of the material concerning to the activity of the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church of Canada (hereinafter referred to as UGOCC). The reasons influenced on its creation are shown. The main of them was the desire of the public activists to give possibility to the immigrants to attend their native church with Ukrainian divine service, deprived the influence of Rome and Moscow. The conditions in which Ukrainians consolidated on the basis of Orthodox religion were analyzed. Orthodox were mainly those who moved from Bukovina and Galicians, that past from Greek Catholic faith to Orthodox. The history of origin and further activity of UGOCC in the interwar period, according to valid norms of the Canadian legislation, is described in the research. The most important problems of the building of UGOCC, such as the lack of priests, searching for a bishop by Ukrainian origin, and the struggle for the recognition of the canonization by the Constantinople Patriarchate are defined. Specific peculiarities of functioning the UGOC on Canadian territory, its ties with the same church in Ukraine are characterized. So, UGOC of Canada gave great significance to the spiritual union with the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (hereinafter referred to as UAOC), on it repeatedly stressed in its councils. UGOCC recognized itself as a part of the UAOC, headed by the Metropolitan Vasyl Lypkivsky. Particular attention is paid to internal conflicts in the interior of the Orthodox church. During the interwar period the discussion question of the canonicity of UGOC of Canada is remained, which Ivan Teodorovych and most of the members of the church`s council aspired to, but a part of the public activists led by V. Svystun was against the connection with the Constantinople Patriarchate and resanctifying the Archbishop, because it would mean «treason» of UAOC in Ukraine and the Kyivan canons of 1921. Therefore, the article analyzes the main problems of the building of the Ukrainian Orthodox church in Canada in the interwar period as well as the ways to solve them.
The article deals with the issues of formation of the professional ethics of the teacher-engineer according to past and contemporary views on the professional and ethical competence of the specialist. Modern teacher-engineer must possess not only pedagogical, technical, methodological, psychological knowledge and skills, but also skills of culture of communication, interpersonal interaction; readiness to adhere to the rules and rules of etiquette, possess a number of professionally important personal qualities, which determines the level of professional and personal culture of a specialist. The author notes that professional ethics is an applied direction of ethics as a scientific field of knowledge about moral and morality, which is a set of moral and ethical norms and rules that determine the specifics of professional behavior and professional activity of modern technical specialists. The purpose of the article is theoretical analysis of ethical problems of professional activity of modern engineering and pedagogical specialist in the context of historical development and formation of ethical and pedagogical ideas. In order to determine the methodology of research an analysis of the principles, approaches and methods of studying the mentioned problem (analysis, synthesis, comparison, comparison, etc.) was conducted on the basis of scientific and methodological information. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the author has determined, theoretically substantiated and developed the complex of knowledge about the professional ethics of the personality, its essence, principles and components; knowledge of the content of professional ethics as a component of professional culture, stimulating the success of the professional activity of future teacher-engineer. The author makes conclusions that consideration of the genesis of ethical and pedagogical ideas is essential for the content of modern professional education, which is developing through humanization and democratization, introduces the principles ...
The article elucidates the internal problems of Uzbekistan among which one should mention the problem of poverty, mass unemployment, shortage of arable land and water resources, serious ecological problems. To a high degree these problems have been caused by a rapid growth of population. Uzbekistan tries to solve these problems by means of liberal market reforms and the multi-vector foreign policy developing political, economic and trade relations at the same time with different countries, in particular with China, the USA, the EU, Turkey, South Korea, Russia and other countries-members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It was shown that volumes of trade of Uzbekistan with the Western countries as well as the level of Western investments remain at least now not high. The conclusion is drawn that for the USA Uzbekistan presents the interest mainly in geopolitical, military and strategic aspects, especially now after the US troops left Afghanistan. The EU is more than the USA interested in developing the trade and economic relations with Uzbekistan. The new agreement between Uzbekistan and the EU on enlarged partnership and cooperation will create more favorable conditions for economic cooperation and trade, growth of European investments into economy of Uzbekistan. Nevertheless it seems that the factor of geographic remoteness of Uzbekistan from Europe will not make it possible for the EU countries to occupy the same place in external economic links of Uzbekistan as the countries-neighbours such as China, Russia and other countries-members of the EAEU. It is shown that China is the most important trade and economic partner of Uzbekistan. China considers Uzbekistan as the important transit country with transport corridors indispensable for transportation first of all of Chinese goods to the countries of Europe and other regions of the world. The Chinese investments into economy of Uzbekistan are constantly growing. The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), in particular Russia and Kazakhstan, is also the most important trade and economic partner of Uzbekistan. Besides, Russia is the biggest labour market for millions of Uzbek migrant workers. Within the EAEU the common labour market was created, migrant workers who are citizens of the countries-members of the EAEU enjoy the social rights of the country of stay and may freely move over territories of the countries-members of the EAEU. This fact is especially important for Uzbekistan which is interested in improving living conditions of its migrant workers. Besides, as the facts show, the economic integration within the EAEU does not prevent the governments of the countries-members of the EAEU from developing intensive political and economic relations with different countries. Taking into account the complex of acute socio-economic, ecological and demographic problems facing Uzbekistan it seems that in the future one cannot completely exclude the possibility of membership of Uzbekistan in the EAEU especially if such a membership does not prevent the Uzbek government from pursuing the multi-vector foreign policy. The parliament of Uzbekistan approved the decision to obtain the status of observer at the EAEU. The EAEU granted this status to Uzbekistan in December 2020. ; В статті окреслені внутрішні проблеми Узбекистану, серед яких слід назвати проблему бідності, масового безробіття, нестачі сільськогосподарської землі і водних ресурсів, екологічні проблеми. Значною мірою ці проблеми обумовлені швидким зростанням населення. Узбекистан намагається вирішити ці проблеми шляхом ліберальних ринкових реформ та багатовекторної зовнішньої політики, розвиваючи одночасно політичні та торгово-економічні відносини з різними країнами, зокрема, з Китаєм, США, Євросоюзом, Туреччиною, Південною Кореєю, Росією та іншими країнами-членами Євразійського економічного союзу (ЄАЕС). В статті показано, що обсяги торгівлі Узбекистану із західними країнами, а також обсяги західних інвестицій в економіку цієї країни в цілому залишаються, принаймні зараз, невисокими. Робиться висновок, що для США Узбекистан є цікавим головним чином в геополітичному і військово-стратегічному аспектах, особливо зараз, після виводу американських військ із Афганістану. ЄС значно більше, ніж США, зацікавлений в розвитку торгово-економічних відносин з Узбекистаном. Нова угода між Узбекистаном і ЄС про розширене партнерство і співробітництво створить більш сприятливі умови для економічного співробітництва і торгівлі, зростання європейських інвестицій в економіку Узбекистану. Проте, здається, що фактор географічної віддаленості Узбекистану від Європи не дасть можливості країнам Євросоюзу займати таке ж провідне місце в зовнішньоекономічних відносинах Узбекистану, яке зараз займають сусідні Китай, Росія та інші країни-члени ЄАЕС. Показано, що найважливішим торгово-економічним партнером Узбекистану є Китай, який розглядає Узбекистан як важливу транзитну країну, через територію якої проходять транспортні коридори для транспортування, перш за все, китайських товарів в країни Європи та інші регіони світу. Китайські інвестиції в економіку Узбекистану невпинно зростають. Євразійський економічний союз (ЄАЕС), зокрема, такі його члени як Росія і Казахстан, також є для Узбекистану найважливішим торгово-економічним партнером. Крім того, Росія є головним ринком праці для мільйонів узбецьких трудових мігрантів. В межах ЄАЕС був створений єдиний ринок праці, трудові мігранти-громадяни країн-членів ЄАЕС користуються соціальними правами країни перебування та можуть вільно пересуватися територією країн-членів ЄАЕС. Ця обставина особливо важлива для Узбекистану, який зацікавлений в покращенні умов перебування своїх трудових мігрантів. Крім того, як свідчать факти, економічна інтеграція в межах ЄАЕС не перешкоджає урядам країн-членів ЄАЕС розвивати інтенсивні політичні і економічні відносини з різними країнами. Враховуючи всю низку гострих соціально-економічних, екологічних і демографічних проблем, які стоять перед Узбекистаном, думається, що в майбутньому неможливо повністю виключати членство Узбекистану в ЄАЕС, особливо, якщо таке членство не завадить узбецькому керівництву й надалі проводити багатовекторну зовнішню політику. Парламент Узбекистану схвалив рішення брати участь в роботі ЄАЕС в якості спостерігача. В грудні 2020р. ЄАЕС надав Узбекистану такий статус.
Foreign investment is highly important for the country's economic and social development. Along with the foreign investment the number of new jobs is increasing, the conditions for innovations, technological development is becoming more favorable, production efficiency is increasing and all the needed industry is developing. However, with these positive goods foreign investment also poses risks that a foreign investor, who does not meet the interests of the national security, will harm the country's national security or public order. This fear brings a desire for European Union, as well as Lithuania, to create not a policy, which would make it easier to attract investors and improve the conditions for foreign investors to invest in the specific country, but to create investment screening mechanisms which would enable investor review and supervision. Lithuanian foreign investment screening framework which is a newly regulated institute which came into force on 2018-03-01 will be analyzed in this Master's thesis. This institute will be compared with the frameworks of the Member States of the European Union, discussing problematic issues and making proposals on the weaknesses of the investment screening framework. The first chapter contains analysis of the basis of creation of the investment screening framework, such as the potential risks, definition of the investor, as a subject of the investment screening framework, the criteria when an investor will be considered not compatible with the interests of national security. It also contains the examination of the concept of companies, which are important for national security, the criteria what companies are considered important for national security. It involves question if the investment screening mechanisms does not violate the principle of property inviolability. The main stages of the investment screening mechanisms are discussed in this chapter, raising the question of whether this framework is necessary when the transactions shall be reviewed in accordance with the article 1.81 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The second chapter contains of two main aspects – compliance with the constitutional principle of freedom of individual economic activity and the free movement of the capital enshrined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The concept of these principles is analyzed and the question whether the restraint of investment does not violate these principles is answered. The third chapter provides weaknesses of the investment screening framework and offers suggestions on how to improve Lithuanian investment screening framework.
Foreign investment is highly important for the country's economic and social development. Along with the foreign investment the number of new jobs is increasing, the conditions for innovations, technological development is becoming more favorable, production efficiency is increasing and all the needed industry is developing. However, with these positive goods foreign investment also poses risks that a foreign investor, who does not meet the interests of the national security, will harm the country's national security or public order. This fear brings a desire for European Union, as well as Lithuania, to create not a policy, which would make it easier to attract investors and improve the conditions for foreign investors to invest in the specific country, but to create investment screening mechanisms which would enable investor review and supervision. Lithuanian foreign investment screening framework which is a newly regulated institute which came into force on 2018-03-01 will be analyzed in this Master's thesis. This institute will be compared with the frameworks of the Member States of the European Union, discussing problematic issues and making proposals on the weaknesses of the investment screening framework. The first chapter contains analysis of the basis of creation of the investment screening framework, such as the potential risks, definition of the investor, as a subject of the investment screening framework, the criteria when an investor will be considered not compatible with the interests of national security. It also contains the examination of the concept of companies, which are important for national security, the criteria what companies are considered important for national security. It involves question if the investment screening mechanisms does not violate the principle of property inviolability. The main stages of the investment screening mechanisms are discussed in this chapter, raising the question of whether this framework is necessary when the transactions shall be reviewed in accordance with the article 1.81 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The second chapter contains of two main aspects – compliance with the constitutional principle of freedom of individual economic activity and the free movement of the capital enshrined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The concept of these principles is analyzed and the question whether the restraint of investment does not violate these principles is answered. The third chapter provides weaknesses of the investment screening framework and offers suggestions on how to improve Lithuanian investment screening framework.
Foreign investment is highly important for the country's economic and social development. Along with the foreign investment the number of new jobs is increasing, the conditions for innovations, technological development is becoming more favorable, production efficiency is increasing and all the needed industry is developing. However, with these positive goods foreign investment also poses risks that a foreign investor, who does not meet the interests of the national security, will harm the country's national security or public order. This fear brings a desire for European Union, as well as Lithuania, to create not a policy, which would make it easier to attract investors and improve the conditions for foreign investors to invest in the specific country, but to create investment screening mechanisms which would enable investor review and supervision. Lithuanian foreign investment screening framework which is a newly regulated institute which came into force on 2018-03-01 will be analyzed in this Master's thesis. This institute will be compared with the frameworks of the Member States of the European Union, discussing problematic issues and making proposals on the weaknesses of the investment screening framework. The first chapter contains analysis of the basis of creation of the investment screening framework, such as the potential risks, definition of the investor, as a subject of the investment screening framework, the criteria when an investor will be considered not compatible with the interests of national security. It also contains the examination of the concept of companies, which are important for national security, the criteria what companies are considered important for national security. It involves question if the investment screening mechanisms does not violate the principle of property inviolability. The main stages of the investment screening mechanisms are discussed in this chapter, raising the question of whether this framework is necessary when the transactions shall be reviewed in accordance with the article 1.81 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania. The second chapter contains of two main aspects – compliance with the constitutional principle of freedom of individual economic activity and the free movement of the capital enshrined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. The concept of these principles is analyzed and the question whether the restraint of investment does not violate these principles is answered. The third chapter provides weaknesses of the investment screening framework and offers suggestions on how to improve Lithuanian investment screening framework.
