Suchergebnisse

A type of non-zero-sum game known as Prisoner's Dilemma is used as a res tool in studying decision choices of S's in situations involving conflicting motives. The essential conflict is between individual & collective advantage, associated with the respective choices. The game is so structured that the pursuit of individual advantage by both players results in a loss by both; yet the choice which is advantageous to both can only be made on the basis of mutual trust, since explicit COMM between the S's is not possible. Statistics derived from the patterns of choices are the data of the exp's. The independent variables are the payoffs of the game (which can vary within a prescribed range), the S's initial knowledge of the payoffs, & time as measured by the N of plays. It is found that on the whole manipulation of the payoffs affects the f of cooperative choices in the expected direction; that initial knowledge of the payoff matrix enhances cooperation; & that at the beginning of a long run of plays cooperation tends to decrease, while toward the end, it increases on the X. AA.

A survey in Iowa indicates that high school seniors have scant and inaccurate knowledge about journalism as a career. Those who do choose it appear to be motivated by considerations other than financial reward or promise of prestige. Dr. Cranford is an assistant professor of journalism at Northwestern.

New mechanical devices for newspaper production continued to be top news during 1948, although the Florida publisher using the famed "cold type" process issued a sober warning against over-optimism. The union struggle against the Taft-Hartley law which motivated the primary interest in printerless production continued as well. The ban of the magazine the Nation from New York City public school lists became the hot-weather cause célébre of early autumn. In the field of radio, television was at last recognized as a practical competitive factor in communications and advertising. —W. F. S.

Speaking in a very general way, youth and age have been taken in traditional Chinese literature as two stages in a continuous development of which the first represents the preparation and the last the goal. Respective values attached to these stages were derived from this concept. In a civilisation where literature, even polite literature, was to a large extent an amateurish pursuit of the scholar-official, this evaluation does not come as a surprise, particularly since it will not be easy to find another civilisation which was as strongly ideology-motivated as was the Chinese. Established attitudes concerning youth and age were thus, in general, accepted and taken for granted also by the poet.

None of the perplexing problems of contemporary international affairs has given rise to more confusing discussion than the relationship of Soviet ideology to the foreign policy of the USSR. The very vagueness of the term "Soviet ideology," or "Communist ideology" (and are they synonymous?), the uncertainty to what extent this uncertain force motivates the makers of Soviet policies, have compounded our difficulties in understanding the behavior of one of the world's two superpowers. Are Russia's rulers motivated by cynical power politics? Are they ideological fanatics? Is tlie content of their ideology the gospel of Marx, Engels, and Lenin, or something else? Questions can be compounded ad infinitum.

"The Christian's life in this world is not lived in separate compartments, the spiritual and the temporal. It is one life, the life of a child of God, and in all the various situations and relationships in which the Christian finds himself he is motivated and governed by those principles which have been implanted in him in his regeneration and which are nurtured and developed by the means of grace. It is impossible, therefore, to separate his life as a Christian from his life as a citizen; in his relation to the state, the nation, and the government the Christian rather finds but an additional opportunity to manifest and exercise the Christian spirit that is in him."

Army trainees unaware that they were serving in an experiment were, under controlled conditions, led to believe that either (1) an aircraft in which they were passengers was about to make an emergency crash landing, (2) their outpost was now an artillery impact area, or (3) they had caused serious injury to a buddy by a mistake in wiring up explosive charges. They were required to demonstrate knowledge of crash-landing procedures or repair a malfunctioning telephone to summon aid. Average performance under threat was significantly poorer than performance of the same act by other Ss motivated without threat. Soldiers with more military experience than trainees react differently both to the threat condition (they do better) and to the comparable non-threat condition (poorer).

In this script prepared for Catherine May's appearance on a Radio-TV program, May discusses the federal government's introduction of controls over the press. She describes the Department of Agriculture's government-controlled market news service as part of a policy by the administration which seeks to manage the news. Although May's diatribe discusses the danger of medial control for the sake of the free press and ultimately the common good, one can conjecture that her fears are motivated by the potential for this government controlled Agricultural news outlet to spin her positions and endanger her support. In context, she is enacting a sort of first-strike rhetorical policy to mitigate any damage to the Agricultural interests which dominate her constituency.

Since the days of Queen Elizabeth, emigration has been a habit with the British people. But it was the nineteenth century, when almost seventeen million persons emigrated, that witnessed the United Kingdom's most extensive exodus: approximately eighty per cent of the emigrants went to North America. A broad, historical explanation of the forces that motivated British subjects to abandon their homeland can be found in numerous works. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to view in greater detail one small facet of a not uncommon, yet entangling, subject. A series of specialized studies producing greater exactness of information would perhaps lead to a fuller and more complete understanding of a topic that has been open to much conjecture.