Suchergebnisse

The printing house of the Vilnius Basilian monastery stands out as one of the oldest and largest printing houses of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the activities of which lasted about 200 years. In this printing house, books were printed in the Polish, Latin, ecclesiastical Slavonic, Lithuanian and Latvian languages. Furthermore, among the books printed by the Basilians were the pieces printed in Italian, French, Greek and English. Following the abolition of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church in 1839, printing operations were not resumed. Instead, all printing equipment was sold out to the printers Teofilius Gluksberg and Abrahami Dworzec as well as to the townsman Gronim Pupkin. The article is the first attempt ever to analyse the organizational aspects of activities in the said printing house such as its localization and premises, legal situation, managers and employees, technical equipment and sales of the printed material. Research of material conditions makes it easier to establish the factors that have contributed to the development and decline of printing activities as well as identify the causes of multilingual multi-denominational printing output in this institutional enterprise. Such research is aimed to better understand the Lithuanian printing business up to the 19th century and provide background information for more comprehensive research in the fields of reading culture, the history of the Basilian order, social history and material culture of Vilnius.Throughout all the periods of its activity, the print shop was located in the territory of the Vilnius Basilian Monastery in the old part of the city close to the Sharp Gates (Lith. Aštrieji vartai), currently the Gates of Dawn (Lith. Aušros vartai). The localization of the Basilian Monastery in the old centre of religious culture and crafts was favourable to developing the activities of the printing house. The founders and sponsors of the 17th century printing house were the metropolitan archbishops of the Eastern Rite Catholic Church, whereas in the second half of the 18th century the sponsorship was taken over by the superiors of the Lithuanian Basilian Province. Until the year 1768, the legal situation of the printing house was based on the right to print books, inherited by the Vilnius Basilian monastery in 1633 from the Vilnius Holy Trinity Fraternity belonging to the Eastern Rite Catholic Church. In 1768, King and Grand Duke Stanislaw Augustus granted the Lithuanian Basilians a special privilege for the printing house, allowing to transfer the Vilnius printing house to Vitebsk, but this privilege was never taken advantage of.The research made it possible to identify a considerable part of the staff working at the printing house. Thus, in the 17th century, the printing shop employed 3 staff members (1 townsman and 2 Basilians), in the 18th century, 5 printers-Basilians were working in the printing house, and in the first half of the 19th century, 5 printers were employed (all of them were hired secular persons). During the period from the second half of the 18th century to the start of the 19th century, in total six prefects were appointed to manage the printing house activities. During the research, the name of one more manager of the printing house – Markel Solokaj – was established. He was appointed as prefect on July 1, 1838, when printing activities were no longer resumed. Hypothetically it could be stated that during the most profitable period of activity, that is, during the period of 1760–1800, printing activities were carried out by about 20 persons. As a rule, the prefects appointed to run the printing house were chosen from the educated monks having the priest's ordinances. Among the prefects, priest Nicefor Nenicz (1777–1793) was the most successful in running the printing house. In 1760–1800, 4 book-printing machines and 1 one-piece machine for carving press as well as other quality equipment purchased in foreign countries was installed at the printing house. In addition, a letter foundry, a bookbindery and a bookstore were operating in close proximity to the printing house. The printing house conducted a wide range of printing activities such as printing of books, brochures, sheet music and images of religious content, was specialising in accidental printing, etc. In general, the book production process was fairly well organized, and this allowed the printing press to operate continuously and profitably for several decades. However, the prefects of the printing house did not put any effort into developing book distribution channels. Under the circumstances, mediating monasteries, bookshops and publishers started the business of trading books. The print shop itself was not able to organize effective sales. The weak and shaky book trade is evidenced by the announcements of various individuals and companies about the sales of the book Lexykon geograficzny by I. Karpiński (1766), the publication of which appeared among the Lithuanian and Polish periodicals from 1768 to 1829. Only some issues of the publication were subscriptionbased. It could be concluded that it was not only the political pressure of the Russian administration, but also the weak management of book distribution that led the printing press in early 19th century to stagnation. ; Vilniaus bazilijonų spaustuvė paliko ryškų pėdsaką Lietuvos kultūros istorijoje. Joje spausdinta lenkų, lotynų, bažnytine slavų, lietuvių, latvių kalbomis, bazilijonų išleistose knygose yra kūrinių ir kitomis Europos kalbomis: italų, prancūzų, graikų, anglų. Platindami įvairiakalbę literatūrą bazilijonai prisidėjo prie daugiatautės LDK kultūros formavimosi bei modernios visuomeninės raidos. Vilniaus bazilijonų knygos yra sulaukusios tyrinėtojų dėmesio, bet iki šiol mažai tirtos materialinės sąlygos, kuriomis vyko leidybinė bazilijonų veikla. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami svarbiausi klausimai, susiję su spaustuvės veiklos organizavimu nuo XVII a. iki spaustuvės uždarymo ir išpardavimo 1845 m.: spaustuvės lokalizacija ir patalpos, teisinė padėtis, valdytojai ir darbuotojai, techninis įrengimas, produkcijos realizavimas. Spaustuvės materialinių sąlygų tyrimas padeda atskleisti veiksnius, lėmusius spaudos darbų raidą ir nuosmukį, suprasti įvairiakalbės kelių konfesijų produkcijos atsiradimo priežastis institucinėje įmonėje.

Disasters, particularly recurring small-scale natural disasters of floods and droughts have been affecting West African (WA) communities, impacting particularly weak households. These losses have been significantly high over the last decade due to increasing climate variability and inherently depressed socio-economic systems. However, to date, few studies have attempted to understand the vulnerability profiles in WA to these multiple hazards across several scales. A considerable number of studies predict the impacts of droughts and floods hazards, but many do so at a very coarse scale and without any participatory process, as a result, they are unable to predict localized impacts. Despite many efforts put in vulnerability assessments, there has been limited success in simultaneously traversing scale and hierarchy and the need for upscaling risk indices is important to understand the effects of cross scale interactions. To address these gaps, this thesis (i) explored methods to involve at-risk populations in local communities in a bottom-up participatory process as opposed to the classical top-down, single scale approaches and (ii) assessed the risks from multi-hazard perspectives in a coupled Socio-Ecological System (SES). The thesis also (iii) explored appropriate methodologies that can reflect the spatial variability of flood hazard intensity at community level. Building on these investigations, the thesis finally (iv) introduced a novel risk index upscaling procedure to upscale risk and vulnerability indices across multiple scales. The thesis used several methods ranging from rural participatory methods, statistical, Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing and introduced the innovative concept of Community Impact Score (CIS). The results show that more than half of the designated local level indicators and over two thirds of the macro scale indicators are rarely used in present risk assessments in the region. Additionally, although an indicator may be common to three countries, their differential rankings will result in differences in explaining the risks faced by people in different societies. Empirical validation of a flood hazard map using the statistical confusion matrix and the principles of participatory GIS show that flood hazard areas could be mapped at an accuracy ranging from 77% to 81%. These high mapping accuracies notwithstanding, the flood index categories may change under conditions of very high rainfall intensities beyond the anomalies used to construct the model. To this end, studies that aim at understanding projected flood intensities under varying rainfall conditions beyond the anomalies used in this study are recommended. This is important to determine the trajectory of flood safe havens or hotspots across an entire study area. The study also develops two important indices, The West Sudanian Community Vulnerability Index (WESCVI) and The West Sudanian Community Risk Index (WESCRI). The underlying factors constituting the two indices are the elements of risk and vulnerability profiles of communities in West Africa. The WESCVI and WESCRI should help planners and policy makers to analyse and finally reduce vulnerability and risk. To evaluate the results of the risk indices, this thesis introduces a novel technique to validate the results of complex aggregation methods. Based on up to date knowledge, the CIS concept is the first in the available literature of risk assessment. The thesis also provides a theoretical concept to upscale risk and vulnerability indicators from watershed to higher spatial scales. Further studies are however recommended to apply these theoretical concepts. A conclusion of the thesis is that while it has neither been optimal to completely neglect classical approaches nor to take as an absolute fact opinion from local experts, more emphasis should be paid to the later in risk assessment that is supposed to serve the very people on whose behalf the assessment is done. Attempts should therefore be made in finding mechanisms where the two approaches could interact fruitfully and complement each other. ; Mehrfach-Gefährdungen und Risikoprofile in West Afrika : Abschätzung, Validierung und Hochskalierung Naturgefahren, wie beispielsweise Überflutungen und Dürren, bedrohen die Existenz von Gemeinden und insbesondere schwächeren Haushalten in West Afrika. Durch die zunehmende Klimavariabilität und den geschwächten Zustand der sozial-ökologischen Systeme haben die Verluste während der letzten Dekade ein besonders hohes Ausmaß erreicht. Bisher haben nur wenige Studien versucht, die unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung des Risikos im Hinblick auf mehrere Naturgefahren in Westafrika zu verstehen und über verschiedene Skalen hinweg, von ländlichen Gemeinden hin zu Wassereinzugsgebieten, Distrikten und Regionen zu analysieren. Eine signifikante Anzahl von Studien prognostiziert die zu erwarteten Schäden durch Naturgefahren wie Überflutungen und Dürren. Dies geschieht jedoch oftmals auf einem sehr groben Maßstab, wohingegen wenig über die lokalen Auswirkungen bekannt ist. Trotz mannigfaltiger Anstrengungen in Bezug auf Vulnerabilitätsassessments gab es bisher wenig Erfolg bei der Berücksichtigung verschiedener Skalen und Hierarchien. Die Hochskalierung von Risikoindizes ist jedoch nötig, um die Effekte über verschiedene Skalen hinweg zu verstehen. Diese Forschungslücken werden in dieser Arbeit aufgegriffen und mit methodischen Verfahren über einen "Bottom-up"-Ansatz adressiert, der zunächst die gefährdete Bevölkerung involviert, um die Risiken gegenüber von mehrfachen Gefährdungen in einem sozio-ökologischen System (SES) zu untersuchen. Außerdem verwendet die Studie Methoden, die es ermöglichen, die räumliche Variabilität der Überflutungsintensität auf Gemeindeebene zu reflektieren. Aufbauend auf diesen Forschungsergebnissen stellt diese Arbeit eine neue Vorgehensweise vor, die es erlaubt Verwundbarkeits- und Risikoindizes über verschiedene Skalen hinweg hochzuskalieren. Der Methodenmix umfasst partizipative und statistische Ansätze sowie Methoden basierend auf Geographische Informationssystemen (GIS) und Fernerkundung. Des Weiteren schlägt die Arbeit ein innovatives Konzept zur Quantifizierung der Gefährdungsauswirkungen auf Gemeindeebene vor, den sogenannten "Community Impact Score" (CIS). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass etwas mehr als die Hälfte der in dieser Arbeit abgeleiteten Indikatoren auf Gemeindeebene und über zwei Drittel der Indikatoren auf Makroebene selten in den gegenwärtigen Risikoassessments der Region verwendet werden. Zudem wurde den Indikatoren, selbst wenn sie für alle drei Länder abgeleitet wurden, oftmals eine unterschiedliche Wichtigkeit zugesprochen. Die empirische Validierung der Hochwassergefährdungskarten mittels einer statistischen Konfusionsmatrix basierend auf einem partizipativen GIS zeigt, dass die durch Hochwasser gefährdeten Gebiete mit einer Genauigkeit von 77-81% kartiert werden konnten. Trotz dieser hohen Genauigkeit ist es jedoch möglich, dass sich die Hochwassergefährdungskategorien bei Anomalitäten, die über die modellierten Bedingungen hinausreichen, verändern. Dementsprechend werden weiterführende Studien, die eben diese Bedingungen untersuchen empfohlen. Dies ist zur Bestimmung von sicheren Zufluchtsorten oder Hotspots von großer Bedeutung. In dieser Studie wurden außerdem zwei verschiedene Indizes entwickelt, der sogenannte "West Sudanian Community Vulnerability Index" (WESCVI) und der "West Sudanian Community Risk Index" (WESCRI). Die den Indizes zugrunde liegenden Faktoren bilden außerdem die Bestandteile der Risiko- und Vulnerabilitätsprofile für die Gemeinden Westafrikas. Sowohl der WESCVI als auch der WESCRI sollen Planern und politischen Entscheidungsträgern dabei helfen, die Vulnerabilität und das Risiko zu analysieren und zu reduzieren. Um die Ergebnisse der Risikoindizes zu evaluieren stellt diese Arbeit ein innovatives Konzept zur Validierung solch komplexer Aggregationsmethoden vor. Nach aktuellem Kenntnisstand ist das CIS Konzept das erste seiner Art in der erhältlichen Literatur zu Risikoassessments. Des Weiteren wurde ein theoretisches Konzept zur Hochskalierung von Risiko- und Vulnerabilitätsindizes von Wassereinzugsgebieten hin zu höheren Ebenen erarbeitet.Dieses theoretische Konzept bietet eine Basis für weiterführende Untersuchungen im Hinblick auf die Anwendung und Umsetzung. Insgesamt unterstreicht diese Studie, dass weder die klassischen Ansätze allein noch das Gleichsetzen von lokalem Expertenwissen mit der absoluten Wahrheit als optimal erachtet werden können. Die Studie zeigt, dass man dem lokalen Expertenwissen in Risikoassessments mehr Gewicht beimessen sollte. Dementsprechend sollten Ansätze gefunden werden, bei denen sich beide Herangehensweisen erfolgreich ergänzen.

International university ranking systems, popular in recent years and increasing in number, are perceived as a sign of quality and are used by universities as an important marketing tool. On the other hand, it is understood that policy- and decision- makers pay attention to the subject, as strategic documents, policies and regulations include articles related to university rankings. International university rankings do not take the community service mission of universities into consideration and focus on research rather than educational mission. Nine research/academic performance based international university ranking systems which produced general and/or criterion-based rankings until 2015 constitute the scope of this study. Similarities of the general ranking lists have been identified in the first phase of the research that is carried out in three stages. In the analyses which were performed in two ways, one according to the ranking systems, and the other according to the years, the results are obtained according to the four similarity measures and visualized through the heat maps.The second phase of the research focuses on ranking position change of the universities in the ranking systems and in this section the ranking positions of the universities are revealed by means of scatter plots. In the third stage, Spearman correlation test and cosine similarity measure were used along with multi-dimensional scaling to examine the similarities and relations of the criteria used within the same ranking system. It has been determined that the general ranking lists generated by the same ranking system are highly similar in every year. THE has the lowest similarity values among the general ranking systems. On the other hand, as a result of comparing different systems that provide ranking lists in the same year, THE and QS are found as the least similar to the others. It is understood that the similarity between the general ranking lists of the same ranking system is higher for the years where the weighted criteria, methodology, data source or criteria are kept steady. The similarity of the ranking systems decreases in parallel with the increasing criteria dissimilarity. The rankings of the same system in different years and the rankings of different systems in the same year have shown that ranking positions changes significantly. It is understood that the years when change in the ranking positions was the most noticeable are the years where ranking systems changed their criteria, methodology, data source, or criterion weights. URAP and THE, which changed mostly in this sense, are the two ranking systems that cause the most sudden changes in university ranking positions. The ranking systems in which the university rankings are the most different from each other are URAP, THE, QS and CWUR. Analyses on criteria have shown that very similar lists can be created with fewer criteria than the ones used in the current rankings. Among the ranking systems which contain university-size dependent measures, it has been found that there is no significant effect of size dependent criteria on the rankings for URAP, while there is for ARWU and NTU. As a result, it is clear that quality of a university can not be equated with the position in the ranking lists. University rankings should not be used to make important decisions without knowing what and how they measure. ; Son yıllarda popüler olan ve sayıları giderek artan uluslararası üniversite sıralama sistemleri kalitenin bir göstergesi olarak algılanmakta ve üniversiteler tarafından önemli bir pazarlama aracı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Öte yandan, politika yapıcı ve karar verici konumdaki kişilerin de üniversite sıralamalarını önemsediği stratejik belgelerde, politika ve yönetmeliklerde üniversite sıralamalarıyla ilgili maddelerin yer almasından anlaşılmaktadır. Uluslararası üniversite sıralama sistemlerinin büyük kısmının üniversitelerin topluma hizmet misyonunu dikkate almadıkları ve eğitimden ziyade araştırma misyonuna odaklandıkları görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın kapsamını da akademik performans odaklı dokuz uluslararası üniversite sıralama sisteminin 2015 yılına kadar yaptıkları genel ve/veya ölçüt bazlı sıralamalar oluşturmaktadır. Üç aşamada gerçekleştirilen araştırmanın ilk aşamasında genel sıralama listelerinin benzerlikleri tespit edilmiştir. Sıralama sistemlerine göre ve yıllara göre olmak üzere iki yönlü gerçekleştirilen analizlerde dört farklı benzerlik ölçümüne göre bulunan sonuçlar ısı haritaları aracılığıyla görselleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci aşaması üniversitelerin sıralama sistemlerindeki konum değişimlerine odaklanmakta ve bu kısımda üniversitelerin konumlarının sıralama sistemlerine ve yıllara göre nasıl değiştiği saçılım grafikleri yardımıyla ortaya çıkarılmaktadır. Aynı sıralama sisteminde kullanılan ölçütlerin birbirine benzerliklerinin ve birbirleri ile olan ilişkilerinin incelendiği üçüncü aşamada çok boyutlu ölçekleme ile Spearman korelasyon testi ve kosinüs benzerlik ölçümü kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerle aynı sıralama sisteminin her yıl oluşturduğu genel sıralama listelerinin birbirine yüksek düzeyde benzer olduğu saptanmıştır. THE, genel sıralama listeleri arasında en düşük benzerlik değerlerine sahip sıralama sistemidir. Öte yandan, aynı yıl sıralama listesi sunan farklı sıralama sistemlerinin karşılaştırılması sonucunda THE ve QS'nin diğer sıralamalara en az benzeyen listelere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aynı sıralama sisteminin farklı yıllarda oluşturduğu genel sıralama listeleri arasındaki benzerliğin ölçüt, metodoloji, veri kaynağı ya da ölçütlerin ağırlıklarında değişiklik yapılmayan yıllarda daha yüksek olduğu, kullandıkları ölçütler farklılaştıkça sıralama sistemlerinin yaptıkları sıralamalar arasındaki benzerliğin de azaldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Aynı sıralama sisteminin farklı yıllarda yaptığı sıralamalarda ve aynı yılda farklı sıralama sistemleri tarafından yapılan sıralamalarda üniversite konumlarının önemli değişiklikler gösterebildiği saptanmıştır. Konum değişikliğinin en dikkat çekici olduğu yılların sıralama sistemlerinin ölçüt, metodoloji, veri kaynağı veya ölçüt ağırlıklarında değişiklik yaptıkları yıllar olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu anlamda en fazla değişiklik yapan URAP ve THE, üniversite konumlarında en ani değişimlere neden olan iki sıralama sistemidir. Aynı yıl oluşturulan listelerde üniversite konumlarının birbirinden en farklı olduğu sıralama sistemleri URAP, THE, QS ve CWUR'dir. Ölçütler üzerine yapılan analizler mevcut sıralamalarda kullanılandan daha az sayıda ölçüt ile de çok benzer listelerin oluşturulabileceğini göstermiştir. Üniversite büyüklüğüne bağımlı ölçüt içeren sıralama sistemlerinden (ARWU, NTU ve URAP) URAP için beklenenin aksine bu ölçütlerin sıralamaya önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bir üniversitenin sıralamalardaki konumunun kalitesi ile eşdeğer tutulamayacağı açıktır. Üniversite sıralamalarının neyi, nasıl ölçtüğü bilinmeden önemli kararları verme amacıyla kullanılmaması gerekmektedir.

Введение. Успешная модернизация среднего профессионального образования (СПО) имеет ключевое значение для инновационного развития отечественной экономики прежде всего, для решения задачи создания высокотехнологичных рабочих мест и повышения производительности труда. Однако процесс реформирования СПО, затянувшийся на много лет, сопровождается внутренними и внешними противоречиями, тормозящими приток необходимых квалифицированных рабочих кадров на рынок труда. Цель статьи состоит в привлечении внимания к накопившимся проблемам в системе СПО, которые во многом обусловлены несогласованностью нормотворческой и законодательной деятельности Министерства образования и науки РФ, профильных комитетов Государственной Думы и Федерального Собрания РФ. Методология. Исследование, изложенное в публикации, основано на комплексном анализе нормативных и программных документов в области среднего профессионального образования и анализе реализации компетентностного подхода в практике учреждений профессионального образования. Результаты и научная новизна исследования заключаются в выявлении и обозначении явных и скрытых антиномий, существующих в системе СПО в настоящее время. Вскрыты причины запаздывающей реакции системы подготовки рабочих кадров на происходящие в экономике преобразования: несоответствие учебных программ требованиям работодателей, неудовлетворительное качество подготовки выпускников, падение престижа рабочих профессий и специальностей среди молодежи, нарушенное соотношение в цепочке непрерывного образования «рабочий техник инженер», сокращение штата мастеров профессионального обучения, незаинтересованность работодателей в совместном с педагогическим сообществом решении проблем СПО, чрезмерно дробная специализация профессий рабочих в имеющихся классификаторах и др. Обозначенные проблемы позволяют начать поиск путей их решения и вариантов действительной модернизации системы СПО, отвечающей потребностям экономики. Показана несостоятельность концепции одноуровневого СПО и ее неконкурентоспособность на фоне развития прикладного бакалавриата в высшей школе. Для формирования единой системы непрерывного профессионального обучения и эффективного функционирования региональных систем профессионального образования предлагается дифференцировать программы базового уровня для обучения квалифицированных рабочих и программы повышенного уровня для подготовки специалистов среднего звена (техников, технологов) на основе базового уровня. Такая система поможет устранить диспропорции в триаде «рабочий техник инженер» и повысит качество профессионального образования. Кроме того, указывается на необходимость полипрофессионального образования, для которого требуются укрупненные образовательные структуры, различающиеся степенью объединения разноуровневых учебных заведений на основе сетевого взаимодействия, конвергенции и интеграции. По мнению автора, в регионах следует развивать два типа учреждений и организаций СПО: территориальные многопрофильные колледжи с гибкими вариативными программами и учреждения, реализующие образовательные программы прикладных квалификаций в конкретных отраслях (металлургической, химической, строительной и т. д.) в соответствии со спецификой экономики территориальных субъектов. Практическая значимость. Результаты исследования могут быть полезны специалистам управления образованием, руководителям и педагогическим коллективам учреждений СПО, а также представителям региональных администраций и работодателям при организации многоуровневой сетевой системы подготовки квалифицированных рабочих и специалистов среднего звена. ; Introduction. Successful upgrade of the secondary professional education (SPE) has a key value for innovative development of domestic economy. First of all, the solution of a task of creation of high-technology workplaces and development of labour productivity has a key role. However, the process of reforming of SPE, which dragged on for many years, is followed by the internal and external contradictions which are slowing down an inflow of necessary skilled personnel on the labor market. The aim of the present article consists in drawing attention to the collected problems and contradictions in the system of SPE which are in many respects caused by inconsistency in rule-making and legislative activity of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, special-purpose committees of the State Duma of Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation in education. Methods. The research is based on the analysis of normative and program documents in the field of SPE, realization of competence-based approach in practice of activity of establishments of professional education. Results and scientific novelty c onsist in identification and designation of the obvious and hidden antinomy existing in the SPE system now. The reasons for the late reaction of system of training of personnel to the transformations happening in economy are disclosed: discrepancy of training programs to requirements of employers; unsatisfactory quality of training of graduates; fall of prestige of working professions and specialties among youth; the broken ratio in a life-long education chain «a worker a technician an engineer»; reduction of the staff of masters of professional training; disinterest of employers in the joint SPE problem resolution (in cooperation with pedagogical community); excessively fractional specialization of professions of workers in available occupational classifications, etc. The designated problems enable to begin a search of ways of their decision and options of the valid upgrade of the SPE system answering to the requirements of economy. The inefficiency of the concept of one-leveled SPE and its non-competitiveness against the background of development of an applied bachelor degree at the higher school is shown. It is offered to differentiate programs of basic level for training of skilled workers and the program of the increased level for training of specialists of an average link (technicians, technologists) on the basis of basic level for forming of a single system of continuous professional training and effective functioning of regional systems of professional education. Such system will help to eliminate disproportions in a triad «a worker a technician an engineer», and will increase the quality of professional education. Furthermore, it is indicated the need of polyprofessional education wherein the integrated educational structures differing in degree of formation of split-level educational institutions on the basis of network interaction, convergence and integration are required. According to the author, in the regions it is necessary to develop two types of organizations and SPE organizations: territorial multi-profile colleges with flexible variable programs and the organizations realizing educational programs of applied qualifications in specific industries (metallurgical, chemical, construction, etc.) according to the specifics of economy of territorial subjects. Practical significance. The results of the research can be useful to specialists of management of education, heads and pedagogical staff of SPE institutions, and also representatives of regional administrations and employers while organizing the multilevel network system of training of skilled workers and experts of middle ranking.

This article analyzes the phenomenon of lobbying as a form of communication of public authorities, business and socio-political actors. The article based on the evaluation results of a poll presents a generalized picture of the functioning of lobbyists on the political landscape, disclosed the specifics of the use of GR-tech lobbyists at national and supranational level in the European Union. Analyzed data from a sociological study of the impact of information on the effectiveness of management decision-making by lobbyists in Eastern Europe and the Baltic States, evaluate the effectiveness of various political aktor-lobbyists. The system of power in the EU multi-level, lobbying is carried out with a strong competition between different interest groups. By the way, the Russian business poorly informed about the possibilities and mechanisms to defend their interests at EU level and does not use this tool. Institutes of the EU authorities, is the center of the work of lobbyists are the European Council, the Council of Ministers, the European Parliament and the European Commission. With regard to professional lobbying transparency of the process, about one in four out of five respondents said that business, trade associations and professional organizations are transparent in their approach to the process of political and administrative lobbying, while only one in five said this factor in relation to companies. Respondents clearly express support for democratization and openness of the political process, which is transparent to the various representatives and interest groups, and the lobbyists are expected to be open about their interests represented. It is not clear defined interests or lack of transparency called the most negative aspect of lobbying. Thus, many experts noted that the successful lobbying can change the state of the social environment and the socio-political relations. When both unsuccessful lobbying ends only negative publications in mass media and information noise. The analysis conducted in the article shows that concerns about the transparency of the lobbying process gave way to other concerns: that the information provided is not neutral and engaged by certain pressure groups, and that lobbying pays excessive attention to the interests of elites and wealthy segments of the population (this view supports every third respondent ). However, with respect to the positive aspects of the lobbying process, respondents clearly indicated to ensure the participation of representatives of business groups and socio-economic sphere of citizens in the political process (half of the respondents) and the use of relevant technical and scientific information corresponding to the needs of lobbyists and interest groups to information (supports every third respondent). Thus, summing up the above, it should be noted that the question of which groups meet the definition of "lobbyist" sixty respondents called trade associations, among others, the most popular answers were the agency to influence the public policy (58%) and professional organizations (57%). Non-governmental organizations were called lobbyists more than half of respondents (51%), and the company – less than half (47%). Trade unions are considered lobbyists only 40% of respondents. ; В данной статье анализируется феномен лоббизма как форма коммуникаций органов государственной власти, бизнеса и общественно-политических акторов. В статье на основе оценки результатов социологического опроса представлена обобщенная картина функционирования лоббистов на политическом ландшафте, раскрыта специфика использования GR-технологий лоббистами на национальном и наднациональном уровне в странах Европейского Союза. Научно-исследовательский подход основывается на использовании методов сравнительного анализа социологической информации, экспертных оценок, научного обобщения и синтеза. Основным методом исследования является социологический опрос. Выборка: 600 респондентов в странах Европейского Союза (выборка репрезентативна, статистическая погрешность 2,5%). Характеристика выборки: многоступенчатая, квотная выборка с применением на завершающем этапе ее формирования и реализации вероятностного отбора респондентов. Анализируются данные социологического исследования воздействия информации на результативность принятия управленческих решений лоббистами в странах Восточной Европы и Прибалтики, оценки эффективности различных политических акторов-лоббистов. Система власти в Европейском союзе многоуровневая, лоббизм осуществляется при сильной конкуренции различных групп интересов. К слову, российский бизнес слабо осведомлен о возможности и механизмах отстаивания своих интересов на уровне ЕС и не использует этот инструмент. Институтами власти ЕС, являющимися центрами работы лоббистов, являются Европейский совет, Совет министров, Европарламент и Еврокомиссия. При ответе на вопрос об отношении к профессиональной прозрачности процесса лоббирования приблизительно каждый четвертый из пяти респондентов сказал, что бизнес, торговые ассоциации и профессиональные организации прозрачны в своем подходе к процессу политико-административного лоббирования, при этом только каждый пятый отметил данный фактор в отношении компаний. Респонденты явно выражают поддержку демократизации и открытости политического процесса, который является транспарентным для различных представителей и групп интересов, при этом от лоббистов ожидается, что они будут открытыми в отношении представляемых ими интересов. Неясно определяемые интересы или недостаток прозрачности назывались самыми отрицательными аспектами лоббирования. Таким образом, многие эксперты констатировали, что успешное лоббирование может изменить состояние общественной среды и социально-политических отношений. Тогда как неудачное лоббирование заканчивается только негативными публикациями в СМИ и информационным шумом. Анализ, проведенный в статье, показывает, что опасения по поводу прозрачности процесса лоббирования сменились другими опасениями: что предоставляемая информация не является нейтральной, а ангажирована определенными группами влияния, и что лоббирование уделяет чрезмерное внимание интересам элит и богатых слоев населения (такую точку зрения поддерживает каждый третий респондент). Однако относительно положительных аспектов процесса лоббирования респонденты ясно указали обеспечение участия представителей групп бизнеса и социально-экономической сферы, граждан в политическом процессе (половина опрошенных) и использование актуальной технической и научной информации с соответствующей запросам лоббистов и групп влияния на информацию (поддерживает каждый третий респондент). Таким образом, подводя итоги сказанного выше следует отметить, что на вопрос, какие группы соответствуют определению "лоббист", две трети опрошенных респондентов назвали торговые ассоциации, среди других, наиболее популярных ответов были агентства по воздействию на государственную политику (58%) и профессиональные организации (57%). Неправительственные организации были названы лоббистами более, чем половиной респондентов (51%), а компании – менее, чем половиной (47%). Профсоюзы считают лоббистами всего 40% респондентов.

Around 1/3 of edible food produced is wasted and when converted into calories this losscorresponds to 1/4 of the nutritional energy from food. Reducing food waste is a "triplewin" activity: as it saves money since less resources are needed, as less waste is equal tothe opportunity to feed more people in the future, and furthermore reduced wastedecreases the pressure on climate, water, and land resources. The need to reduce foodwaste is also a part sustainability goals (SDG12.3). The success in reducing food waste ishighly dependent on an effective communication across the supply chain since the truecause of food waste many times is found in other parts of the supply chain than it where itactually happens. Such circumstances are particularly challenging in global food chainsin particular food chains starting in developing countries ending in high income countriesdue to the geographic distance and the involvement of many actors.The aim of this project, coordinated by the "SIANI" Expert group on food wastepreventions strategies in global food chains" was to gather current knowledge andexperience, as well as best practice on how to manage food chains starting in developingcountries ending in high income countries with focus on vegetables and fresh fruits. Thiswas done by taking a multi-stakeholder perspective, by a survey and a workshop, toidentify knowledge gaps and opportunities:The specific questions raised in the project were:• How can our way of managing global food chains support the farmer in lowincome countries?• How can best practice in high income countries (e.g. Sweden) decrease the foodwaste of imported food by e.g. appropriate labelling, appropriate businessmodels, consumer information etc.?• How can best practice in our (Swedish) food chains be transferred to low incomecountries, improving the local food chain to the benefits of the local actors? Sinceglobal and local food markets are communicating vessels the hypothesis is that awell-functioning local food chain will lead to less overall food waste and moreincome to the farmers.The gap analysis shows that there are large knowledge gaps on how the supply chainsfunction, how much food is wasted and the causes of the food waste. The survey carriedout also shows that there is a demand for political action, and resources are needed inorder to make a change: − To facilitate and enable actions directed towards minimising food waste,recourses are needed for: education and training, technology implementation,better infrastructure and communication in the food system. This is importantwhen trading with developing countries and poor farmers with low educationalbackground.− The transparency, particularly in long supply chains, is problematic asinformation seems to be lost the longer the chain is; this is especially challengingwhen working with developing countries where the knowledge gap and theability to be a strong partner compared to the large industries and retailers ischallenging. Other aspects of transparency that needs to be addressed is thesharing information on e.g. campaigns, and other activities having an influenceon the demand along the food supply chain.− The survey shows that there is much knowledge in place that is not shared alongthe supply chain. Round table discussions and knowledge sharing within different sectors may be a first step in making use of current know-how, and to set up anagenda on needs and how to collaborate− To facilitate and enable actions directed toward minimising food waste, recoursesare needed for: education and training of all those in the early stages of the supplychain, technology implementation, better infrastructure and communication in thefood system. This is important when trading with developing countries and poorfarmers with low educational background. Much research is ongoing relating to sustainable food production without considering theresearch question being central for reducing food waste. Food waste research still suffersfrom that it is a quite new research area that is under development. Research focus onglobal food chains is currently focusing on quantification of food waste, impact ofinformation activities and awareness raising activities and is focused on the situation inhigh income countries. Addressing food waste in global food chains as defined in thisreport shows that research adapted to the needs in the local food chains in developingcountries are needed. For example how can a farmer make use of IT in a simple way(almost every farmer has a mobile phone), are there packing solution that can be usedtropical fruits so that a desired even quality can be delivered, how to handle the waste thatstill happens in the best way (feed, new product, biogas etc.) and how to take care of theinedible parts (leaves, stems, peels etc.). Process technologies suitable for small scaleapplications, e.g. by processing fruits having a low quality it can be preserved and sold asexported as processed fruit instead of being unsold or sold to the local market to a muchlower price.The Swedish resource base and research network could contribute to more sustainableand fair food chains with less waste by sharing their knowledge and take actionsaccording to:• Swedish Universities and Institutes could take a role in educating students andhosting visiting researchers to cover the knowledge gaps.• NGOs could take the important role as facilitators and educators in developingcountries on site.• The actors in the food supply chain can advance their position by dialogue,collaboration and information sharing; also, by hosting trainees from developingcountries learning Swedish best practice and serve as food "waste ambassadors"when they return back home.• Researcher and innovators could contribute to technology development,particularly simple, robust technological solutions to be used in developingcountries.• The key is however that Swedish actors we collaborate (researchers, innovators,food processors, retailers, authorities and policy makers) and share ourknowledge and experience in an organised way. The actual practical solutions for reducing food waste need to build on the collectedexperience and the knowledge carried by the actors in the supply chains and theresearchers working with problems relating to food from different perspectives. Abottom-up approach is needed being supported by appropriate policy intervention.Finally, although the field is hampered by the unclear ownership of the question and lackof collaboration, there is always a" working window" for each actor in the supply chainwhere improvements can take place right now. Numerous of examples and ideas areprovided in the report and its annex. ; Financial support: Swedish International Agriculture Network Initiative (SIANI) Project Time: October 2015- November 2016

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาและทำ ความเข้าใจปรากฏการณ์ ของภาวะผู้นำ ที่มีประสิทธิผลของผู้บริหารใน โรงเรียนดีเด่นและผลกระทบที่เกิดขึ้น ผู้วิจัยได้เลือกพื้นที่ที่ศึกษาแบบเจาะจง 3 แห่ง ซึ่งเป็นโรงเรียนในสังกัดสำ นักงาน เขตพื้นที่การศึกษาประถมศึกษาในภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ ประกอบด้วย โรงเรียนขนาดเล็ก กลาง ใหญ่ ผู้วิจัยศึกษา และเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลด้วยตนเอง โดยวิธีการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึก การสังเกตและจดบันทึก การวิเคราะห์เอกสาร และการ สนทนากลุ่มย่อย โดยเก็บข้อมูลจากบุคลากรหลักในโรงเรียนและผู้เกี่ยวข้อง ใช้เทคนิคการตรวจสอบข้อมูลแบบสาม เส้า เพื่อเป็นการยืนยันความเชื่อมั่น และความเที่ยงตรงของข้อมูล จากแหล่งและชนิดของข้อมูล รวมทั้งความถูกต้อง ที่เชื่อถือได้ผลการวิจัยพบว่า1. คุณลักษณะภาวะผู้นำที่มีประสิทธิผลของผู้บริหารในโรงเรียนดีเด่นประกอบด้วย 1) ด้านวิสัยทัศน์ มีทักษะ การวางแผนเพื่ออนาคต แสวงหาความรู้อย่างต่อเนื่อง กระตุ้นให้เกิดความคิดสร้างสรรค์ การแลกเปลี่ยนเรียนรู้ เป็นผู้นำการเปลี่ยนแปลง การมีอิทธิพลอย่างมีอุดมการณ์ การสร้างแรงบันดาลใจ การกระตุ้นทางปัญญา และการ คำนึงถึงความเป็นปัจเจกบุคคล 2) ด้านความรู้และทักษะ มีทักษะทางเทคโนโลยีที่ดี จัดการข้อมูลสารสนเทศ และ ใช้สื่อสังคมออนไลน์เพื่อการศึกษา มีทักษะการจัดองค์กร มีความรู้และทักษะในภาระงาน นิเทศ ติดตาม และเยี่ยม ชั้นเรียนสม่ำเสมอ และสามารถบริหารจัดการความขัดแย้งได้ดี 3) ด้านบุคลิกภาพ มีความฉลาดทางอารมณ์ น่าเชื่อ ถือศรัทธา กระทำตนเป็นแบบอย่าง มีความเป็นผู้นำ มีเจตคติที่ดีต่อการทำงาน ยืดหยุ่นปรับตัวได้อย่างเหมาะสม 4) ด้านคุณธรรมจริยธรรม ปฏิบัติตนตามหลักคุณธรรมจริยธรรมและบรรทัดฐานที่ดีของสังคม รวมทั้งมาตรฐานและจรรยา บรรณวิชาชีพครู คำนึงถึงประโยชน์ส่วนรวม มีจิตสาธารณะ มีความรับผิดชอบต่อตนเองและสังคม ทำงานยึดหลัก กฎหมาย แนวปฏิบัติของทางราชการ มีความคิดทัศนคติและจินตนาการเชิงบวก มีความยุติธรรม คำนึงถึงการอยู่ร่วมกันอย่างมีความสขุ 5) ด้านการจัดการเรียนรู้ให้ความสำคัญกับผู้เรียนสูงสุด จัดกิจกรรมที่หลากหลาย มีทักษะอำนวย การวางแผน และดำเนินงานให้สำเร็จ บริหารหลักสูตรสอดคล้องกับสภาพผู้เรียนชุมชน และท้องถิ่น มีความรู้และทักษะ ในการพัฒนาครู ส่งเสริมวัฒนธรรมการเรียนรู้ตลอดชีวิต ฝึกปฏิบัตินักเรียนให้มีพื้นฐานจิตใจที่ดีนำไปสู่การเรียนรู้ที่มี คุณภาพ นำสื่อ นวัตกรรม เทคโนโลยีใหม่ ๆ มาใช้ในการเรียนรู้ 6) ด้านการพัฒนาทีมงาน มีมนุษยสัมพันธ์ที่ดี มีทักษะการสื่อสาร มีกลยุทธ์การสร้างทีมงาน มีความเป็นประชาธิปไตย มีกลวิธีจัดการกับงานและเพื่อนร่วมงานที่ดี และมีกระบวนการปลูกฝังภาวะผู้นำ และ 7) ด้านการพัฒนาชุมชนและการมีส่วนร่วม มีศักยภาพเข้าใจบริบทของชุมชน สร้างความสัมพันธ์กับชุมชนอย่างเป็นระบบ มีเทคนิคการระดมทรัพยากรทางการศึกษา จัดกิจกรรมที่ตอบสนอง ต่อความสนใจและความต้องการของชุมชนให้บริการทางสังคมได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ2. ผลกระทบที่เกิดจากการภาวะผู้นำที่มีประสิทธิผลของผู้บริหารในโรงเรียนดีเด่น ประกอบด้วย 1) ผลกระทบ เชิงบวก (1) ด้านนักเรียน พบว่า มีวัฒนธรรมการเรียนรู้ตลอดชีวิต มีระเบียบวินัย มีจิตสาธารณะ รักความเป็นไทย สุภาพเรียบร้อย สามัคคี มุ่งมั่นในการทำงาน ใฝ่เรียนรู้ มีสุขภาพกายสุขภาพจิตที่ดี อยู่ร่วมกัน บนความแตกต่างทางวัฒนธรรม (2) ด้านผู้บริหารครูและบุคลากร พบว่า มีความพึงพอใจในงาน มีความก้าวหน้า ในวิชาชีพ การเป็นแบบอย่างที่ดี การทำงานเป็นทีม มีความสุขในการทำงานมีความสำเร็จในการพัฒนาวิชาชีพ ครู และการเป็นบุคคลแห่งการเรียนรู้ (3) ด้านโรงเรียน พบว่า โรงเรียนมีชื่อเสียงเป็นต้นแบบของนวัตกรรม ทางการศึกษา ต้นแบบคุณธรรมนำ ความรู้ องค์กรแห่งการเรียนรู้ ศูนย์กลางการบริการประชาชน และโรงเรียน สุจริต (4) ด้านผู้ปกครองและชุมชน พบว่า มีความพึงพอใจ ความรู้สึกรับผิดชอบร่วมกันระหว่างบ้านวัดและ โรงเรียน ตอบสนองความต้องการของชุมชน 2) ผลกระทบเชิงลบ (1) ด้านนักเรียน พบว่า ภาระความรับผิดชอบ ของผู้นำ นักเรียนเพิ่มขึ้น ทำ ให้ไม่มีเวลาร่วมกิจกรรมอื่น ๆ ของโรงเรียนส่งผลให้บางคนมีทักษะทางกีฬา ทักษะ ทางศิลปะและดนตรีน้อย บางส่วนขาดทักษะด้านมนุษยสัมพันธ์ นักเรียนนอกเขตบริการมีเวลาอยู่กับครอบครัว น้อยลง (2) ด้านผู้บริหาร ครู และบุคลากร พบว่า ครูไม่ได้สอนเต็มเวลา มีภาระความรับผิดชอบต่องานและภาระ การบริหารจัดการชั้นเรียนเพิ่มขึ้น เกิดความเครียด ผู้บริหารมีเวลาบริหารจัดการโรงเรียนน้อยลง มีปัญหาในการ บริหารจัดการทีมงาน (3) ด้านโรงเรียน พบว่า มีภาระทางงบประมาณเพิ่มขึ้น ความจำ เป็นในการคงสภาพของ โรงเรียน มีภาระในการบริการชุมชน การติดตามตรวจสอบงบประมาณ และการบริหารจัดการการเงินบัญชี และ พัสดุมีปริมาณเพิ่มขึ้น (4) ด้านผู้ปกครองและชุมชน พบว่า การมีทัศนคติเชิงลบกับการระดมทรัพยากร เยาวชน บางส่วนใช้สื่อ เทคโนโลยีในทางที่ไม่เหมาะสม การมีกฎเกณฑ์ ระเบียบในชุมชนเพิ่มขึ้น และค่าใช้จ่ายเพิ่มขึ้น The Effective Leadership of Outstanding School Adminnistrators : Multi – Case Studies.Surachit Piungam1) Watana Suwannatrai2) Sawat Pothiwat3) and Somkiat Palajit4)1) Department of Leadership in Educational Administration, Faculty of Education, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University2,),3) Asst. Prof, Department of Leadership in Educational Administration, Faculty of Education, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University4) Khuasoong School Director, Sakon Nakhon Educational Service Area 3, Office of The Basic Education Commission, Ministry of EducationThis study aimed to investigate and understand a phenomenon on effective leadership of outstanding school administrators and effects. Three schools under the offices of primary educational service area in the Northeast consisting of: a small school, a medium-sized school and a large school. Data were collected by the researcher through in-depth interviews, observation and recording, document analysis, focus group through key personnel in schools and those concerned, The triangular technique was employed to confirm reliability and validity of data from sources and types of data to be reliable.The findings were as follows:1. The characteristics of effective leadership on: 1) Vision included obtaining skills, future planning, searching for continuous knowledge, motivating creative thinking, exchanging knowledge and skills, change agent, idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, 2) Knowledge and skills, good skills on technology, managing information communications and technology ,applying online media for education, obtaining skills on organizational management, obtaining skills on managerial management, gaining knowledge on job performance, supervision, monitoring regular visiting of classroom as well as being able to manage conflict. 3) Personality comprised obtaining emotional quotient, being respectable, being a model for others, owning leadership, having good attitudes toward job, being flexible and adjustable. 4) Morality consisted of behaving in accordance with moral and ethical principles and decent norms of society as well as standards and code of conduct on teaching profession, being aware of collaborative benefits, obtaining public-mindedness, obtaining responsibilities to self and society, working stuck up to laws, regulations, and guidelines of civil service, owning negative attitudes and imagination, obtaining justice with caring for collaborative happy living, 5) Learning management included paying ultimate attention to learners to live happily, conducting diverse activities, owning managerial skills, planning, and performing to achieve the goals set, managing the curriculum consistently with the learners, communities and localities, obtaining knowledge to for professional development of teacher, promote cultures of lifelong learning, training students to gain good mind leading to quality learning, applying modern media, innovation, technologies in learning. 6) Teamwork development comprised obtaining good human relationship, skills and communications, strategies on effective teamwork building, being democratic, obtaining strategies on job management and colleague management as well as owning process on embedding leadership. 7) Community and participation included obtaining potential in understanding the community context, building relationship with the communities systematically, owning techniques in mobilizing educational resources, conducting activities to meet the interests and needs of the communities as well as servicing the communities with effectiveness.2. The effects originated from the effective leadership of the school administrators comprised: 1) On positive effect (1) On students : obtaining lifelong cultures, disciplines, public-mindedness, Thainess, decent behaviors, striving to working, eagerness for learning, good health both physical and mental health, living on differences of cultures. (2) On admininistrators, teachers and personnel : obtaining job satisfaction, professional advancement, being a good model, teamwork, happiness in working, achievements in developing teaching profession, being a person of learning. (3) On school : being place of fame, being a modelon educational innovation, being a model in morality leading knowledge and learning organization, (4) On parents guardians and communities: obtaining satisfaction responsibilities among homes temples and schools and meet the needs of the communities 2) On negative effect (1) On students : more responsibilities for student leader, lack of time for school extra activities, art and music, some students with lack of human relationship skills, those living out of the service areas having less time spent with families. (2) On adminnistrators, Teachers and personnel: teachers did not teach at the full load, working loads of increasing classroom management, administrators spending less time in the schools, more responsibilities and frustration, on management of teamwork. (3) On school : task on budgeting, retention of school status, workload of community service, increasing monitoring on budget, management of finance, accountancy and procurement, (4) On parents, guardians and communities: obtaining negative attitudes on resource mobility, some young people obtaining undesirable behaviors on using media and technology, obtaining more regulations, and orders in the communities, and increasing expenses as well.

Abstract Post Conflict Futures is an ongoing project, where displaced Syrian academics meet in Visioning Labs and a global scenario group to jointly reflect on possible future developments and to look for actionable leverage points to work proactively for sustainable transitions. The collective visioning aims to identify aspects that may be critical in strategies for sustainable post conflict reconstruction, notably in the socio-technical implications of different infrastructure options. A crisis such as that in Syria creates shocks to infrastructure and people. These shocks generate emergencies and responses. But the collapse of existing structures can also open opportunities for a paradigm shift. In several cases, infrastructure shocks have opened opportunities that enable higher order learning with the potential to catalyse a transition towards sustainable and resilient structures (Broto et al., 2014) . This has implications to the design of processes and practices to rebuild communities. The project will serve as a platform for catalyzing strategic knowledge using the impetus from infrastructure shocks which result from the ongoing conflicts in the region. In the Post Conflict Futures Visioning Labs, holistic and integrating understanding of complex and uncertain issues is supported by approaching the issues 'diagonally' across institutional and technological scales, by using geographical localisation as conceptual scaffolding anchored in the material, and by focusing on the structuring and distributive implications of infrastructure options over time. Background Conflicts rip apart the social fabric, and undermine relations of trust and solidarity that are needed to mobilize populations and support collaboration across communities. Problems in the coordination of reconstruction efforts involving multiple types of actors at different levels can lead to blind spots, bottlenecks and a loss of long-term vision. In the wake of open hostiliites, frozen conflicts may emerge, involving locked situations with absence of responsible government, or factions deliberately attempting to aggravate the situation and damage other parties. When the conflict ends, massive reconstruction efforts and investments will be needed. Large-scale capital intensive projects involve strong actors who tend to set the agenda and shape overall structures. While certain technical choices have the potential to support reconciliation and empowerment of the most vulnerable, other infrastructure elements can function as mediums of isolation/domination. Infrastructure choices have consequences for livelihoods, relationships between communities, or access to and distribution of resources. They also create relationships of long term dependency and interdependency within and beyond national borders. Importantly, characteristics in initial structures will have implications for subsequent developments. While post-conflict settings thus give rise to serious challenges, the overt failure of existing arrangements also opens opportunities for change and learning. Transitions (Geels & Schot, 2010) depend on simultaneous significant change. They involve changing 'culturally accepted beliefs and associated regulations' (Broto et al. 2014) Such shifts might come about when there is a 'general attitude towards paradigm questioning' (ibid.) Broto et al. further argue that: "reimagining infrastructure may require anticipatory learning for innovation, of the type that reflects multiple values in society and acknowledges the uncertainties inherent to understanding a complex world". Scenario and visioning work creates flexible frames of relevance and prioritization anchored in human cultural significance, which is vital for both engagement and communicability. The communicability of such narratives is a key factor for shaping collaborative multi-stakeholder alliances across disciplines, sectors or localities. Transitions depend on mobilizing concerted collective action. There therefore is a need for shared visions that are convincing, understandable and anchored in cultural and material realities, both for self-organizing and in order to mobilize and synchronize efforts. Scenarios and visioning further allow to reflect strategically in settings of extreme uncertainty characterised by rapid and unpredictable changes. They offer advantages by not being limited to a particular course of events, and by not presupposing agreement or consensus. Offering a framework for collective conversations and continued reflection, scenarios thus have eminently dynamic and heuristic qualities. They are particularly valuable in the face of extreme uncertainties (Schwartz, 1991). Rather than focusing on 'problems' or 'solutions', emphasis lies on exploring different possibilities and their implications. This helps envisage action in the face of uncertain futures, but also supports openness in imagining and discussing various options. Narratives can function as bridging artefacts beyond the group where they were initially shaped, to the extent that they give sufficient contextual detail for abstract patterns of thought to be related to lived experiences, while not depending on disciplinary jargon or existing institutional framing. Further significant characteristics are that they support action by including designation of responsible social agents, clarifying developments over time, and providing suggestions concerning possible causal links and consequences. Scenarios can thereby offer scaffolding to become a starting point for further discussions, and provide a conceptual structured space for reflection, suggesting how different details fit in, are interconnected, and may evolve over time. In contexts of conflicts and sharply diverging interests, taking a purely technological approach to the challenges is not enough (Aggestam, 2015). The aim here is therefore not to evacuate the political, but to revisit the issues from another angle. Back-casting uses discontinuity creatively, making it possible to step beyond the conceptual constraints of a status quo, but to subsequently re-anchor the strategy in concrete specifics of the present to make it actionable. Finally, holistic reflection is supported by the compression that results from fitting highly complex issues into an ongoing conversation in a small group of people, with diverse backgrounds. The format makes it possible to draw on tacit and cultural knowledge, as well as the differing professional experiences of participants. Aggestam, K. (2015). Desecuritisation of water and the technocratic turn in peacebuilding. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law & Economics 15(3), 327-340. Broto et al. (2014). What can we learn about transitions for sustainability from infrastructure shocks? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 84, 186-196. Geels, F. & J. Schot (2010). The dynamics of socio-technical transitions: a socio-technical perspective. In Transitions to Sustainable Development: New Directions in the Study of Long Term Transformative Change. London: Routledge. Schwartz, P. (1991). The Art of the Long View. New York: Doubleday.

During recent decades, the arenas of political decision-making have increasingly shifted from national governments to intergovernmental and transnational political forums. At the same time, the number and relevance of non-state actors in international politics is steadily growing. These trends have led political scientists to study and theorize about new forms of democracy beyond the national political arenas (Archibugi 2004, Bexell et al. 2010, Nasström 2010). However, democracy beyond the nation state is difficult to conceptualize with the idea of an institutionalized democracy within the borders of nation-states. Instead, many political scientists emphasize the role of civil society actors as a cure for the democratic deficit in inter-national politics (Steffek & Nanz 2008). Yet, normative and empirical problems arise over the extent of access, selection and role of civil society actors in international organizations (Tallberg et al. 2013). Furthermore, the normative relevance of transnational civil society actors makes it necessary to study their own democratic legitimacy. While international organizations are mostly institutionalized and hierarchical governing bodies, the ever growing diffuse conglomerate of non-state actors is characterized by fluid structures, blurry boundaries and a multi-level setting of interaction (Keck & Sikkink 1998). Thus, in studying democratic practice in transnational civil society networks, we must ask: How institutionalized do political practices have to be and how flexible can they be, to still be considered democratic? Normative theorists reconceptualized democracy in the light of this changing context (Bohman 2007). Recent concepts of participatory, deliberative and representative democracy attempt to reconfigure existing democratic institutions through procedural elements (Fung & Wright 2003, Dryzek 2006) or innovative forms of representation (Phillips 1998, Mansbridge 2003, Castiglione & Warren 2006). This emerging theoretical framework is well suited to analyze the extent, to which democratic practices exist within transnational civil society networks. By applying the concept of practice (Giddens 1984, Schatzki et al. 2005) as a bridging tool between the empirical reality of fluid, temporary and open transnational civil society networks on the one hand and the institution-oriented democratic theory on the other hand, this study explores the extent to which democratic practice develops in a field that lacks traditional institutions to guarantee citizen participation. As innovative transnational actors, civil society networks can bring up new forms of democratic practice (see Polletta 2006) that can potentially inspire the debate about transnational democracy as such. This study, with its innovate approach, hopes to invigorate the debate about transnational democracy and transnational civil society, which has stalled to some degree in recent years. The study is divided into three parts; first, a conceptual part that clarifies the question of how democracy as practice can be theoretically conceptualized in transnational civil society net-works, which is followed by an empirical exploration of political practices in the transnational civil society networks. In this second part, the main question is how participation, representation and deliberation practice develops in transnational civil society networks. Two cases of transnational civil society networks, the Clean Clothes Campaign and Friends of the Earth, are analyzed to provide insights into the democratic practice within transnational civil society. In the final part, the empirical findings are evaluated in the light of the outlined concepts of democratic theory in order to explore how democratic these political practices actually are. The study identifies implicit and in-process practices of democratic norms in transnational civil society networks. Political practice in transnational civil society networks can become demo-cratic through empowerment measures and trustful relationships. However, deliberate demo-cratic practice can be impeded by disembodied digital communication and complex decision-making. The study explores how new forms of democratic practice emerge in the interaction between political actors and the structural environments of actors and networks. ; Während der letzten Jahrzehnte haben sich die Arenen politischer Entscheidungsfindung immer mehr von nationalen Regierungen hinein in intergouvernmentale und transnationale politische Foren verschoben. Zur gleichen Zeit sind die Anzahl und Relevanz von Nichtregierungsorganisationen erheblich gestiegen. Diese Entwicklungen haben PolitikwissenschaftlerInnen dazu angeregt über neue Formen von Demokratie jenseits des Nationalstaats zu forschen und konzeptionell zu arbeiten (Archibugi 2004, Bexell et al. 2010, Nasström 2010). Demokratie jenseits des Nationalstaates ist allerdings sehr schwierig zu konzeptionalisieren im Rahmen einer institutionalisierten Auffassung von nationalstaatlicher Demokratie. Dahingegen haben viele ForscherInnen die Rolle von Zivilgesellschaft als ein Heilmittel gegen das Demokratiedefizit internationaler Politik hervorgehoben (Steffek & Nanz 2008). Hier entstehen allerdings auch normative und empirische Probleme mit dem Umfang von Zugang, Auswahl und Rolle zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure in internationalen Organisationen (Tallberg et al. 2013). Darüber hinaus macht diese normative Relevanz transnationaler Zivilgesellschaft es notwendig auch deren demokratische Legitimität zu überprüfen. Während internationale Organisationen mehrheitlich sehr institutionalisiert und hierarchisch aufgebaute Regierungsorgane sind, ist das immer mehr anwachsende Konglomerat an Nichtregierungsorganisationen durch fluide Strukturen, aufgeweichte Grenzen und Mehrebeneninteraktionen geprägt (Keck & Sikkink 1998). Somit müssen wir beim Studium demokratischer Praxis in transnationaler Zivilgesellschaft fragen, wie institutionalisiert oder eben flexibel politische Praxis dort sein soll, um als demokratisch anerkannt zu werden. Einige normative TheoretikerInnen haben Demokratie bereits im Lichte dieser Veränderungen konzeptionalisiert (Bohman 2007). Gegenwärtige Konzepte partizpativer, deliberativer und repräsentativer Demokratie versuchen existierende demokratische Institutionen durch prozedurale Elemente zu rekonfigurieren (Fung & Wright 2003, Dryzek 2006) oder innovative Formen der Repräsentation zu konzipieren (Phillips 1998, Mansbridge 2003, Castiglione & Warren 2006). Dieser wachsende theoretische Rahmen ist sehr gut geeignet um demokratische Praxis in transnationalen zivilgesellschaftlichen Netzwerken zu untersuchen. Mithilfe des Praxiskonzepts (Giddens 1984, Schatzki et al. 2005) als Brücke zwischen der empirischen Realität fluider, temporärer und offener transnationaler zivilgesellschaftlicher Netzwerke auf der einen Seite und institutionen-orientierter Demokratietheorie auf der anderen Seite, will diese Studie erforschen, wie sich demokratische Praxis in einem Feld fast ohne institutionelle Verankerung, entwickelt. Als innovative transnationale Akteure können zivilgesellschaftliche Netzwerke auch neue Formen demokratischer Praxis ´erfinden´ (siehe Polletta 2006), die die Debatte um transnationale Demokratie inspirieren können. Diese Studie hofft deswegen die etwas stagnierte Debatte um transnationale Demokratie und Zivilgesellschaft mit diesem Beitrag beleben zu können. Die Studie ist in drei Teile geteilt; der erste theoretisch- konzeptionelle Teil beschäftigt sich mit den Möglichkeiten einer Konzeptionalisierung von Demokratie als Praxis. Daran anschließend folgt der zweite Teil der empirischen Erforschung politischer Praxis in transnationalen zivilgesellschaftlichen Netzwerken. In diesem zweiten Teil stellt sich die Hauptfrage nach der Entwicklung von Praktiken der Partizipation, Repräsentation und Deliberation in transnationalen zivilgesellschaftlichen Netzwerken. Zwei Fälle werden analysiert: die Clean Clothes Campaign und Friends of the Earth. Im Schlussteil werden die empirischen Ergebnisse in Hinsicht auf die demokratietheoretischen Überlegungen im ersten Teil diskutiert entlang der Frage, wie demokratisch die vorgefundenen politischen Praktiken einzuschätzen sind. Die Studie identifiziert eine implizite und prozedurale Praxis demokratischer Normen. Politische Praxis in transnationalen zivilgesellschaftlichen Netzwerken kann vor allem demokratisch werden durch Empowerment und vertrauensvolle Beziehungen. Trotzdem können z.B. auch deliberative Praktiken durch entkörperlichte, digitale Kommunikation und komplexe Entscheidungsverfahren behindert werden. Diese Studie untersucht, wie neue Formen demokratischer Praxis entstehen in der Interaktion zwischen politischen Akteuren und den strukturellen Verankerungen von Akteuren und Netzwerken.

Although terrorism is by no means a new phenomenon, contemporary trans-national terrorist groups are an increasingly prominent source of threat to Australians and Australian interests around the world. Terrorism is not primarily a military problem, yet the severity of the contemporary threat calls for the Australian Defence Force (ADF) to assume a greater share of the counter-terrorism burden. The fight against trans-national terrorism will not be easy; it promises to be long and will involve all elements of national power, including air power. Air Power has the capacity to make a significant contribution to Australia's counter-terrorism efforts and effectively exploiting such a vital 'force enhancer' will benefit Australian national security. Predicting the future strategic environment is an inherently demanding task that seldom produces accurate forecasts. Whilst it is tempting to suggest that low-intensity conflicts and counter-terrorism operations will be the warfighting way of the future, one cannot discount the ever-present, albeit unlikely, threat of a high-impact, conventional military contingency. Australia's involvement in the so-called 'War on Terror' should not become the Royal Australian Air Force's (RAAF) primary strategic focus. However, it must be acknowledged that counter-terrorism has become one of the RAAF's contemporary operational responsibilities and will likely remain so for some time to come. Air power offers preventative counter-terrorism capabilities, as well as providing a capable and responsive force with which to respond to attacks, although the two objectives are not mutually exclusive. Air power is an important part of what must be a 'whole-of-nation' approach to counter-terrorism. It is suited to playing a number of counter-terrorism roles, of which Airlift; Strike; Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR); and Psychological Operations are the four most important. Air power, particularly when used in conjunction with Special Forces, can effectively strike terrorist operatives and infrastructure thereby damaging the groups' short-:-term capacity to conduct further attacks. Air power may be employed extremely effectively against states that harbour insurgents and terrorist groups and can also contribute proficiently to 'soft power' operations such as humanitarian relief efforts. This 'soft power' plays a vital role in reducing the terrorist threat over the longer-term by 'winning the hearts and minds' of local populations, thus creating an environment in which terrorists are unable to operate. Air power capabilities are most effective when integrated with other elements of national power, both military and civil. Likewise, other national security capabilities benefit from the exploitation of air and space platforms. There are a number of factors that inherently limit the effectiveness of air power in the counter-terrorism context however; including characteristics of air power such as impermanence and the fact that military superiority does not necessarily dissuade a nonstate terrorist adversary. The RAAF must also contend with both domestic and international legal norms. Domestically, state and federal law enforcement as well as civil intelligence agencies have primary counter-terrorism jurisdiction, with the military simply playing a supportive role. Also, a terrorist attack on Australian interests will most likely materialise within the territorial confines of another sovereign state . Thus, vii ( ( ( ( I ( ' ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( I contributions to the US-led 'War on Terror' aside , the ADF cannot expect to play a consistently active role in counter-terrorism abroad unless granted permission to do so by the relevant foreign government. . Air power should be employed with considerable restraint during counter-terrorism operations, so as to avoid undermining rather than bolstering Australia's long-term security interests. Pre-emptive air strikes against terrorist targets may in certain circumstances be appropriate and necessary; however they can also provoke further terrorist attacks, anger local populations and alienate essential allies. Air strikes also inherently risk causing collateral damage, particularly in complex warfighting environments where terrorists often dwell, although developments in Precision Guided Munitions and non-lethal, low yield weapons promise to minimise this problem. With these considerations in mind , the RAAF should employ air power against terrorist adversaries only when in compliance with the strict criteria of Effects Based Operations. This strategic approach to the application of military force maintains a defined national end state (in this case, Australians and Australian interests free from the threat of transnational terrorism) as its pre-eminent objective. Tactical victories such as the accurate killing of a terrorist leader are only assessed in terms of the overall effects such operations have on the process of achieving such defined national objectives, taking into account the primary and subsequent effects any action will have. Despite the increased threat posed by trans-national terrorism and the RAAF's ensuing heightened operational tempo, no major changes to RAAF force structures are necessary, nor is the RAAF lacking any significant capabilities that are not being addressed by the Defence Capability Plan. The likelihood of a conventional attack on Australia, although currently very low, is not non-existent and may increase in future. Moreover, forces structured primarily for counter-terrorism will be unable to effectively protect Australia from a high-impact military challenge. Therefore, the RAAF, and the ADF in general, must continue to structure its forces to deal with high-impact, conventional military contingencies. In doing so, the RAAF will also be able to contribute effectively to counter-terrorism efforts (and it has done so already) particularly if air power capabilities are tailored to better suit the demands of counter-terrorism. The AIR6000 project remains the most significant future capability development, and although optimised for more conventional conflict scenarios, the multi-role Joint Strike Fighter will be flexible enough to be an effective counter-terrorism tool. Moreover, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle component of AIR7000 will enhance the RAAF's crucial counter-terrorism ISR capability; particularly in terms of persistence. In short, in order to contribute more effectively to counter-terrorism efforts, the RAAF should simply tailor its existing and proposed platforms, weapons and training, without a major shift in either its strategic priorities or RAAF force structures. No element of national power can effectively tackle trans-national terrorism single-handedly, nor can any state. However, air power is a valuable and capable instrument that can and should be utilised by Government in a 'whole-of-nation' counter-terrorism effort.

In rural Sahel, local populations have been making for centuries dynamic changes to local rules of land use and management to reduce uncertainty centred on the scarcity and the impossibility to forecast Sahelian resources. In parallel to these already complex local regulations, the official regulations set up by Sahelian States, which do not recognize the existing local ones, have used approaches inspired from Western policies strongly different from these local regulation contexts. This is in peculiar the case for the land tenure policies, which are based on land tenure and ownership framework so far away from the land regulation Sahelian frameworks that they have not succeeded in replacing them. The pluralism of land regulation resulting from this complex land tenure situation is an informal but lasting feature, continuously adapting to the different climatic and economic constraints and uncertainties of the Sahelian environment. This doctoral thesis argues that this pluralism of land regulation remains a constant feature in rural Sahel because it is meaningful for Sahelian actors who define and implement it. Rather than abandoning their practices and exclusively adopt the new land tenure policies set up successively, local populations have added these land tenure policies to their pre-existing sources of regulation. A complex situation has emerged in which stakeholders mobilise—according to their needs and diverse perspectives - the different sources of regulation that they consider are available to them: the basis of local regulation, present official regulations and even previous official regulations that are now obsolete. Established local interactions between social and ecological dynamics for the need to access (and secure access) to the different land resources participate in legitimating different land regulation sources at the macro-level of a Sahelian territory. The pluralism of regulation observed in Sahel therefore results from the gathering of this diversity of perspectives - and therefore of land practices - in space and time. The present research develops a "stakeholder-oriented" conceptual framework to help formalizing and better understanding the complexity of this pluralism of land regulation. The conceptual framework is built following the multidisciplinary and exploratory basics of a Companion Modelling approach. The conceptualization is therefore progressive and iterative based on a combination between a theoretical framework – combining Sahelian land tenure socio-anthropology with the concept of socio-ecological system - field experiment, modelling tests, and finally participatory (via a role playing-game) and agent-based simulation experiment. The field experiment is conducted in Senegal, a Sahelian country highlighting this land regulation pluralism issue. Wondering what place a pluralism of land regulation should or could have in the future of Sahelian land tenure policies begins by allowing the dialogue between a plurality of perspectives on the meaning of this concept. A choice of framework allowing the expression and understanding of a plurality of perspectives can help opening the discussion with various circles of actors (of Western as of Sahelian countries) who might take an interest in this question. ; Au Sahel rural, les populations développent depuis des siècles de manière dynamique et évolutive des règles locales d'usage et de gestion de l'espace qui permettent de minimiser l'incertitude sur la rareté et l'imprévisibilité des ressources sahéliennes. En parallèle, les différentes politiques foncières successivement mises en place par les Etats Sahéliens, ne reconnaissant pas ces règles locales, ont véhiculé des approches du « foncier » et de son appropriation de conceptions trop étrangères au contexte sahélien local pour parvenir à effacer les régulations originellement en place. Le pluralisme de régulation résultant de cette situation foncière complexe est certes en partie informel, mais n'en est pas moins persistant, s'adaptant dans le temps aux différentes contraintes et incertitudes économiques et environnementales particulières à la zone sahélienne.La thèse ici défendue est que si un pluralisme en matière de régulation foncière persiste dans ces contextes sahéliens de grandes incertitudes climatique et économique, c'est parce qu'il continue de faire sens pour les acteurs qui le définissent et le pratiquent. Plutôt que d'adopter exclusivement les nouvelles politiques foncières successivement mises en place et de renoncer à leurs régulations locales, les populations sahéliennes ont intégré ces politiques foncières à leurs sources locales de régulation déjà existantes. Ce pluralisme de régulation est ainsi le produit d'une situation complexe où les acteurs mobilisent de façon différente, en fonction de la situation locale et de l'usage foncier considéré, à la fois leur « fond » de régulation local et les différentes sources de régulation issues des politiques foncières (qu'il s'agisse d'une réglementation actuelle ou bien d'une réglementation officiellement obsolète), se référant ainsi dans leurs pratiques à des sources de régulation différentes en fonction de la situation donnée. Au regard des perceptions spécifiques et diversifiées que les acteurs ont des ressources de leur environnement, des manières de les réguler, et de ce qu'ils mobilisent, créent, et interprètent en conséquence, ces acteurs donnent donc sens à une pluralité de sources de régulation foncière. L'expression d'un pluralisme de régulation est ici considérée comme la résultante globale de l'assemblage de cette diversité de perceptions et de pratiques foncières dans le temps et l'espace. A travers une approche pluridisciplinaire, exploratoire et constructiviste, s'appuyant sur les fondements de l'approche de Modélisation d'Accompagnement, la thèse propose donc un cadre conceptuel permettant une lecture « orienté-acteurs » d'un pluralisme de régulation foncière au Sahel rural. La conception du cadre, progressive et itérative, assemble cadre théorique croisant socio-anthropologie du foncier sahélien et concept de système socio-écologique, travaux de terrain, essais de modélisation et expérimentation de simulation participative (via jeu de rôles) et de simulation multi-agents. Les travaux de terrain se déroulent au Sénégal, un pays sahélien cristallisant cette problématique de pluralisme de régulation foncière. Questionner quelle place peut aujourd'hui avoir un pluralisme de régulation dans les politiques foncières au Sahel rural commence par permettre le dialogue entre une pluralité de perceptions (rendue possible par le choix de cadre d'expression adopté), sur le sens que l'on donne à ce concept, le débat s'ouvrant ainsi à la participation de différents cercles d'acteurs (des pays occidentaux comme des pays d'Afrique Sahélienne) pouvant trouver un intérêt à cette question.

This dissertation analyzes the charismatic voice in the context of political leadership. It is shown that the speaker-leader uses his/her voice based on two functions. The primary function is biological and consists of manipulating changes in fundamental frequency in order to be recognized as the leader of the group. The secondary function is learned and dependent upon the language spoken and the culture that one belongs to, and consists of changing voice quality in order to convey different traits and types of charisma. These functions are employed in order to persuade an audience and achieve certain goals. The phenomenon of charisma is first addressed through social-cognitive theory that distinguishes charisma of the mind (the leader's thought, actions, and vision expressed through written and spoken language) from charisma of the body (all non-verbal behaviors used for expressing one's message, affects, and emotions. Certain adjectives were established through empirical research to describe positive and negative traits in French, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese speech. The tool MASCharP (Multi-dimensional Adjective-based Scale of Charisma Perception) was then developed in order to evaluate the charismatic traits of an individual's perceptible behavior. The study then establishes an acoustic and perceptual description of the charismatic voice. Speech range profiles are created for French, Italian, and Brazilian male leaders in order to represent the leaders' vocal extension in different communication contexts (formal vs. informal). The voice profiles demonstrate how the leaders adopt a particular vocal strategy related to the communication context as well as the leaders' persuasive strategy. These results show cross-language and cross-cultural similarities in leaders' vocal behavior. The following experimental phase demonstrates the influence of voice quality on the perception of different types and attributes of charismatic leadership. The speaker-leader uses his vocal production to be recognized as the leader of a group. This is true for all formal communication contexts wherein the leader must express his leadership and has a persuasive goal to achieve. If he wants to submit group members and hopes to appear as a dominant or threatening leader, the leader uses a low fundamental frequency associated with phonatory types such as creaky voice. If he wants to be perceived as a sincere, calm, and reassuring, he uses a higher fundamental frequency associated with his modal voice, avoiding phonatory types such as harsh voice. This is the primary function of the charismatic voice. Lastly, this study shows that, in political discourse, the traits of a charismatic leader are filtered by the language and cultural context of the interaction. The secondary function of the charismatic voice is therefore addressed: the use of one's voice for conveying different types of charisma, as characterized by varying attributes, is filtered through the language and culture that favor certain charismatic vocal behaviors which serve as prototypes that correspond to the audience's inherent expectations. ; Cette thèse porte sur la voix charismatique dans le cadre du leadership politique. L'hypothèse générale est que le locuteur-leader utilise sa voix selon deux fonctions. Une fonction primaire, biologique, qui est d'utiliser les modulations de fréquence fondamentale pour être reconnu comme le leader du groupe. Une fonction secondaire, apprise et dépendante de la langue parlée et de la culture d'appartenance, qui est de modifier la qualité de la voix pour véhiculer différents traits et types de charisme dans le but de persuader l'auditoire et atteindre certains buts. La première étape a été de décrire le phénomène du charisme avec une théorie socio-cognitive qui distingue le charisme de l'esprit (la pensée, les actions et le visionnarisme du leader exprimés à travers le langage écrit et verbal) du charisme du corps (tout comportement non verbal utilisé pour exprimer son message ainsi que ses affects et émotions). De plus, des recherches empiriques ont permit de récolter des adjectifs décrivant les traits positifs et négatifs du charisme propres au français, à l'italien et au portugais brésilien. Enfin, un outil appelé MASCharP a été développé pour évaluer les traits du charisme d'un individu à partir de tout comportement perceptible. La deuxième étape d'étude concerne la description acoustique et perceptive de la voix charismatique. Une première phase a consisté à créer des profils vocaux des leaders masculins français, italiens et portugais brésiliens, dans le but de représenter l'extension vocale du leader lors de différents contextes de communication (formels vs. informels). Les profils vocaux montrent l'adoption, par les leaders, d'une stratégie vocale liée au contexte de communication et à leur stratégie persuasive. Ces résultats montrent des similarités inter-langagières et culturelles du comportement vocal entre leaders. La deuxième phase expérimentale sur la voix charismatique démontre l'influence de la qualité de voix des phrases sur la perception de différents types et attributs du leadership charismatique. Le locuteur-leader utilise sa production vocale pour être reconnu comme le leader du groupe. Ceci est valable dans tous les contextes de communication formels où le leader doit exprimer son leadership et a un but persuasif à atteindre. S'il veut soumettre les membres du groupe et souhaite apparaître comme un leader dominant ou menaçant, il utilise une fréquence fondamentale basse associée à des types phonatoires comme le creaky. S'il veut être perçu comme un leader sincère, calme et rassurant, il utilise une fréquence fondamentale plus haute associée à sa voix modale, évitant des types de phonation comme le harsh. Cela est la fonction primaire de la voix charismatique. Enfin, ces travaux de recherche montrent que les traits du leader charismatique, dans le discours politique, sont filtrés par le contexte langagier et culturel d'interaction partagé entre leader et partisans. L'utilisation de la voix pour véhiculer différents types de charisme, caractérises par des attributs différents, est filtrée par la langue et la culture qui favorisent l'émergence de comportements vocaux charismatiques, prototypiques et qui correspondent à l'attente inhérente de l'auditoire. Cela est la fonction secondaire de la voix charismatique.

Hing, N orcid:0000-0002-2150-9784; Russell, AM orcid:0000-0002-3685-7220 ; This research study was commissioned by Gambling Research Australia to investigate how Australians are using interactive gambling services and the impact of interactive gambling on land‐based gambling and gambling‐related problems. A multi‐modal research study was conducted over three years including a nationally representative telephone survey (N=15,006), an online survey of gamblers (N=4,594), interviews with interactive gamblers (N=50) and with interactive gamblers seeking treatment (N=31), and collection of data from gambling help services. Previous Australian and international research has been largely limited by the use of small, non‐representative samples and measurement issues such as considering interactive gambling as a distinct form of gambling, rather than a mode of access, and failing to control for potentially confounding variables, such as overall gambling involvement. The current study defined an interactive gambler as someone who had gambled on at least one interactive form in the past year, not excluding other gambling modes. Taken together, the results suggest that interactive gamblers are most likely to be male and younger than land‐based gamblers, suggesting that this mode may continue to grow in popularity among the next generation of gamblers. Interactive gamblers have more positive views of gambling than land‐based gamblers and were engaged in a significantly greater number of gambling activities. In particular, interactive gamblers were more likely to gamble on sports, races and poker, as compared to non‐interactive gamblers, who were most likely to gamble on electronic gaming machines (EGMs). The most popular online activities were interactive sports and race wagering, and interactive gamblers conducted the majority of their betting online. Overall, convenience and ease of access is driving use of interactive gambling, followed by more competitive products and pricing as well as the comfort of gambling from home. Despite these advantages, substantial minorities of interactive gamblers view this mode as too convenient and have concerns about the security and integrity of interactive sites. Gamblers were most likely to choose an interactive operator based on competitive price and promotions, as well as reputation and products offered and while most preferred domestically regulated sites, at least one‐third of interactive gamblers were not concerned about gambling with offshore providers. Over three‐quarters of interactive gamblers reported using interactive modes for at least half of their gambling and approximately onefifth reported gambling either entirely online or mostly offline, indicating that this mode is used in various ways by gamblers depending on their preferences. The national telephone survey indicated that the past year prevalence of adult gambling participation in Australia was 64% and 8% of adults engaged in at least one form of interactive gambling. The prevalence of problem gambling in the adult population was 0.6% (or 1% of gamblers), although 18.6% of gamblers reported experiencing at least some negative consequences of gambling (12% of the adult population). Interactive gamblers appeared to be at greater risk of experiencing some problems; however, the study did not allow causality to be determined and it is likely that the greater overall gambling involvement and intensity of interactive gamblers plays an important role in the experience of harms. Differences were found in the forms of gambling related to problems, with interactive gamblers most likely to report problems related to race wagering, EGMs and sports betting, while non‐interactive gambling problems appeared mostly related to EGMs. Risk factors for greater problem gambling severity among interactive gamblers included being male, younger, and a non‐English speaker at home as well as greater gambling participation and betting on sports, races and poker. The specific features of interactive gambling which appear to have the greatest negative impact included its constant availability and convenience (combined with isolation, boredom and distress), use of electronic funds, online accounts and gambling with credit, which reduced the salience of losses and wins, ability to play in private and hide betting, and advertisements and promotions, including inducements to gamble. As participation in interactive gambling appears to be relatively recent and increasing, it is possible that related problems might increase over time with increased participation in this activity. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to conclude that interactive gambling is causing higher levels of gambling problems. Around half of the moderate risk and problem interactive gamblers in the online survey reported existing problems before gambling online, and one‐third indicated their problems were related to land‐based forms. Interactive gambling problems accounted for a small proportion of gamblers presenting to help services, indicating that land‐based problems and EGM use in particular remains the dominant form of gambling associated with problems in Australia. However, interactive gamblers were also less likely to report seeking help for gambling problems. These results suggest that for a substantial proportion of interactive gamblers experiencing difficulties, these problems are related to non‐interactive modes. It is important to be mindful of the limitations of this research, including the omission of mobile phones from the telephone survey, reliance on self‐report and the low numbers of interactive gamblers in the population, making comparison of sub‐groups difficult. The cross‐sectional nature of the research does not allow causal inferences to be drawn and further research is recommended, including evaluation of prevention and treatment programs specifically focused on interactive modes of gambling. Despite these limitations, this study is the most comprehensive examination of interactive gambling in Australia, and one of the most extensive studies internationally and makes a significant contribution to the understanding of interactive gambling. The use of multiple complementary research methods enables greater insight into how interactive gambling is changing engagement in gambling. It can be concluded from this research that interactive gamblers are a heterogeneous population, yet there appear to be significant differences between this group and land‐based gamblers. It is likely that participation in this mode will increase and proactive efforts by all key stakeholders should aim to address issues related to the integration of interactive technologies in gambling. ; Associated Grant:Commonwealth, State and Territory Governments

The United Nations acknowledged the important role of forest ecosystems in the context of climate change by addressing the source and sink functions of forests in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The aim of including climate change objectives within the UNFCCC was, on the one hand, to reduce current and expected emissions from forest ecosystems, mainly due to deforestation and forest degradation and, on the other hand, to incentivise the conservation and enhancement of existing forest carbon stock, e.g., through forest conservation, sustainable forest management, afforestation and reforestation. The reporting and accounting of carbon emissions and removals from the so-called land use, land-use change and forestry sector (LULUCF) was included in a binding policy framework under the Kyoto Protocol for industrialised countries. Detailed rules for reporting and accounting were implemented, which have undergone amendments since the first commitment period. For developing countries the adoption and implementation of a corresponding system is still in progress. The so-called REDD+ system ('reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries') is currently in preparation under the UNFCCC. This system aims to incentivise developing countries to implement forest-based climate change mitigation options, with a results-based financing by industrialised countries. The design of a detailed financing, monitoring, reporting and accounting framework is currently being worked out, which for developing countries is loaded with additional difficulties, given the lack of capacity and experience, insufficient data availability and weak monitoring systems. To guarantee global climate effectiveness, the entire forest-based climate change mitigation approach under the UNFCCC needs to be consistent. This means avoiding gaps, which could produce leakage, and insuring incentives are effective and properly aligned. These self-evident requirements are, however, not self-evidently inherent to a politicised system of such dimension and complexity. This thematic context of 'global climate change and the role of forest ecosystems' and of the 'political agreements to fight climate change' in industrialised and developing countries is introduced in the first part of the comprehensive summary of this cumulative dissertation. The underlying object of carbon accounting in the forest-related LULUCF sector are the natural and human-induced 'forest dynamics of carbon uptake and release through forest growth, forest management and forest cover change', which are summarised in the second Chapter. The details of 'the political design for accounting of carbon uptake and release by forests' are explained in the third part of the thematic context. Here the similarities and differences between the existing and envisaged accounting approaches between different land-use categories and mitigation activities and between industrialised and developing countries are addressed. Special attention is given to the implied incentive effect of different accounting options and the role of reference levels. The design and implications of different accounting approaches for the mitigation activities of forest management, afforestation and avoided deforestation are analysed by three scientific articles presented in the second part of the comprehensive summary. The first article analyses the incentive effect of different sub-national carbon accounting approaches for afforestations and forest management in industrialised countries by analysing the interactions of different carbon and timber prices and interest rates. The results show that additional carbon crediting, passed down directly to the forest owner, increases the optimal rotation period when carbon prices outperform timber prices. When harvests are immediately charged with debits (without including the harvested wood products' intrinsic carbon stock), harvesting becomes uneconomic at a given price level. The second article addresses the land-use change activity of deforestation by analysing national patterns of forest cover development on a global scale. For globally consistent accounting of land-use changes a quantifiably comparable forest cover development among the countries would facilitate a standardised approach for the accounting of land-use changes. The study, therefore, analyses recent data from developing countries and historic data from industrialised countries in a multi-national regression model. Regularities in the influence of certain drivers of deforestation on the forest cover decline could be detected and empirically quantified for 140 countries. The resulting global deforestation curve was included as a method for determining reference levels for a potential future REDD+ mechanism proposed in the third article. The third study applies national data of deforesting developing countries for the prediction of a business as usual forest cover development for REDD+ reference levels. The application of this uniform global deforestation curve for a REDD+ reference level approach provides the advantage of the consideration of individual national circumstances standardised by a uniform methodology. The three articles are each summarised briefly, stating the personal contribution, and their results are discussed in the thematic context described in the first part of the comprehensive summary. In the final conclusions the relevance of the results of the three articles for the overall thematic context is described. The results show which major implications politically designed carbon accounting rules have on the incentive effect, and thereby on the effectiveness of climate change mitigation options. The accounting approaches have to be carefully designed and matched with each other to avoid false incentives or incentive gaps. The results also show that on the operational level competing interests may outweigh the incentives. Furthermore, the feasibility of consistent carbon accounting is discussed and the connections and similarities of the different existing approaches are depicted. The transferability of the different accounting approaches, between the various activities addressed and between industrialised and developing countries, but also the empirical quantification of a comparable forest cover development between different countries, encourages the implementation of consistent carbon accounting. Stepwise approaches are, however, needed to overcome existing data and capacity gaps. The complete versions of the three individual articles are included in the Appendix, as well as a list of further publications.

El territorio peninsular se hallaba bajo el influjo de culturas por un lado orientales, como son los cartagineses fenicio-púnicos, como culturas indoeuropeas por otro. Es en el levante peninsular donde bajo estos influjos empieza a conformarse lo que conoceremos como cultura ibérica. Dicha cultura es resultado de unas dinámicas multicausales que derivan en una comunidad con características propias y bien diferenciadas. Lo atestigua su lengua, su arte, su arquitectura y su modus vivendi. La península ibérica, con la presencia de íberos y cartagineses choca con el ardor del mundo romano, es en el marco de las guerras púnicas cuando Roma mira a occidente. Surgen roces y fricciones que tienen su punto álgido con la primera Guerra Púnica (264-241 a.C.) donde Roma consigue hacerse con el control de la isla de Sicilia, la cual se encontraba en su mitad controlada por los púnicos. Derivado de este conflicto, los cartagineses se ven obligados a acatar ciertas normas y a firmar tratados de paz. No obstante los cartagineses se organizan y consiguen prosperar en la península. Es en el marco de esta prosperidad cuando el caudillo Aníbal, confiado y crecido, decide violar el tratado del Ebro intentando amedrentar a Roma. Esto es la antesala de la segunda Guerra Púnica (218-201 a.C.) la cual, en su finalización hace que Roma, victoriosa del conflicto, se encuentre con un vasto territorio que controlar y gestionar. No obstante, esto es un proceso lento, un proceso de pacificación que lleva a cabo Roma cuando encarga a un cónsul llamado Catón "el viejo" intervenir en la península. Catón desembarca en la península desde el norte, concretamente en Rhode para luego instalar un campamento militar en Ampurias en el 195 a.C., y desde allí irá sofocando la rebelión de las poblaciones indígenas. Levantando otros campamentos militares en el territorio o bien usando la diplomacia y las relaciones, Catón conseguirá aplastar a muchos pueblos indígenas, otros se le unirán bajo promesas de prosperidad. Con todo, Catón va cumpliendo su cometido empezando así el camino de la romanización. Romanización que no será rápida, sino que habrán de pasar décadas, cuanto menos, para hablar de romanización plena, siendo ya en época imperial augustea cuando hablamos de una romanización plena y bajo el advenimiento de las leyes y las reformas de Augusto basadas en las que ya proyectó su "padre" Julio César. Con todo, vemos que el territorio, costumbres y tradiciones cambian con la presencia romana en la península. Algunos aceptarán la romanización, otros la rechazarán e incluso algunos apenas se percatarán de de los cambios, no obstante, la transformación del paisaje es evidente y veremos de qué manera Roma destruye y construye, como ejecutan las operaciones bélicas o cómo usan la diplomacia y las relaciones para ganar influencia sin entrar a combatir. Veremos a lo largo de este trabajo cómo pasamos de un paisaje ibérico a uno romano, tomando como ejemplo la zona de Cataluña, que es por donde Roma entrará para provincializar su primer territorio y que a la postre será el último que perderá cuando caiga su gran imperio. ; Peninsular was under the influence of cultures on the one hand East, such as the Carthaginians, such as Indo-European cultures on the other. It is in the East of peninsular where under these influences begins to settle what known as Iberian culture. That culture is the result of a multi-causal dynamics which result in a community with own and distinct features. Testifies it to their language, its art, its architecture and its modus vivendi. The Iberian peninsula, with the presence of Iberians and Carthaginians collides with the ardor of the Roman world, is within the framework of the Punic Wars when Rome looks to the West. There are rods and frictions that have their climax with the first Punic War (264-241 B.c.) where Roma manages to take control of the island of Sicily, which was half controlled by the Carthaginians. Derived from this conflict, the Carthaginians are forced to abide by certain rules and sign peace treaties. However the Carthaginians are organized and manage to thrive on the peninsula. It is within the framework of this prosperity when the leader Hannibal, trusted and grown, decides to violate the Ebro Treaty by trying to scare away Rome. This is the prelude to the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) which, in its completion makes sure of Rome, victorious in the conflict, with a vast territory to control and manage. However, this is a process slow, a process of pacification that conducted in Rome when he charged to a consul called Caton "the old" intervene in the peninsula. Caton landed on the peninsula from the North, specifically in Rhode then install a military camp in Ampurias in 195 BC, and from there will stifle the revolt of indigenous peoples. Lifting other camps military in the territory or by using diplomacy and relations, Caton will get crush to many indigenous peoples, others will join under promises of prosperity. However, Caton is fulfilling its role thus starting the Roman road. Romanization that will not be fast, but it will have to spend decades, much less to talk about full, longer in imperial times romanization augustea when we talk about a full Romanisation and the advent of laws and reforms of Augustus based on which already his "father" projected Julio César. With all, we see that the territory, customs and traditions change with the presence of Roman in the peninsula. Some accepted Romanization, others reject it and even some is barely learn of changes, however, the transformation of the landscape is clear and we will see how Rome destroys and builds, as running the operations of the war or how to use diplomacy and relations to gain influence without entering combat. Throughout this work, we will see how we go from an Iberian landscape to one Roman, taking as an example the area of Catalonia, which is where Rome will go to province its first territory and that ultimately will be the last that will lose when his great empire.