Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Rabies diagnosis proficiency tests on animal specimens using four techniques (FAT, RTCIT, conventional RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR) were organised over 10 years (2009–2019). Seventy-three laboratories, of which 59% were from Europe, took part. As the panels were prepared with experimentally-infected samples, the error rate of laboratories on positive and negative samples was accurately estimated. Based on fitted values produced by mixed modelling including the variable "laboratory" as a random variable to take into account the longitudinal design of our dataset, the technique that provided the most concordant results was conventional RT-PCR (99.3%; 95% CI 99.0–99.6), closely followed by FAT (99.1%; 95% CI 98.7–99.4), real-time RT-PCR (98.7%; 95% CI 98.1–99.3) and then RTCIT (96.8%; 95% CI 95.8–97.7). We also found that conventional RT-PCR provided a better diagnostic sensitivity level (99.3% ±4.4%) than FAT (98.7% ±1.6%), real-time RT-PCR (97.9% ±0.8%) and RTCIT (95.3% ±5.1%). Regarding diagnostic specificity, RTCIT was the most specific technique (96.4% ±3.9%) followed closely by FAT (95.6% ±3.8%), real-time RT-PCR (95.0% ±1.8%) and conventional RT-PCR (92.9% ±0.5%). Due to multiple testing of the samples with different techniques, the overall diagnostic conclusion was also evaluated, and found to reach an inter-laboratory concordance level of 99.3%. The concordance for diagnostic sensitivity was 99.6% ±2.0% and for diagnostic specificity, 98.0% ±8.5%. Molecular biology techniques were, however, found to be less specific than expected. The potential reasons for such findings are discussed herein. The regular organisation of performance tests has contributed to an increase in the performance of participating laboratories over time, demonstrating the benefits of such testing. Maintaining a high-quality rabies diagnosis capability on a global scale is key to achieving the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths. The regular organisation of exercises on each continent using selected local strains to be tested according to the local epidemiological situation is one factor that could help increase reliable diagnosis worldwide. Rabies diagnosis capabilities could indeed be enhanced by providing adequate and sustainable proficiency testing on a large scale and in the long term

Το παρόν άρθρο επιχειρεί να εξετάσει το εύρος της δημοσιονομικής ικανότητας της Ε.Ε. εστιάζοντας στα Πολυετή Δημοσιονομικά Πλαίσια (ΠΔΠ). Λαμβάνοντας υπ'όψιν τις πολιτικές που χρηματοδοτεί ο προϋπολογισμός της Ε.Ε., η ανάλυση αντλεί από τα ΠΔΠ 2007-2013 και 2014-2020, συγκρίνοντάς τα με το προτεινόμενο από την Επιτροπή ΠΔΠ 2021-2027. Σκοπός είναι η διερεύνηση της εξέλιξης των ΠΔΠ αξιοποιώντας εμπειρικά δεδομένα, χρηματοοικονομικές εκθέσεις και άλλα κείμενα πολιτικής. Με βάση τη βιβλιογραφία του ιστορικού νεοθεσμισμού η υπόθεση που εξετάζεται είναι ότι η εξέλιξη των ΠΔΠ ακολουθεί αυξητική τροχιά δίχως να εντοπίζονται ουσιαστικές μεταβολές. Εν τούτοις, οι τρέχουσες διαπραγματεύσεις για το ΠΔΠ 2021-2027 εκτιμώνται ως κρίσιμες καθώς μπορεί να δημιουργήσουν «ασυνέχειες» και μια δυναμική «διακεκομμένης ισορροπίας», προκαλώντας αλλαγή σε ό,τι αφορά τους διαθέσιμους χρηματοδοτικούς πόρους σε ορισμένα πεδία πολιτικών. ; This paper aims at examining the fi scal capacity of the EU by focusing on the Multiannual Financial Frameworks (MFFs). Taking into consideration the policy areas fi nanced by the EU budget, the analysis draws on the MFFs 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, and compares them with the proposed by the Commission MFF 2021-2027. The main objective is to shed light on the evolution of the MFFs by utilizing empirical data, fi nancial reports, and other policy papers. Drawing on the historical institutionalism literature, the main hypothesis is that the evolution of the MFFs follows an incremental path, and no substantial change whatsoever is observed with regard to the fi scal capacity of the EU; however, the ongoing negotiations with regard to the MFF 2021-2027 can be considered as critical, due to the fact that they can produce punctuated dynamics and discontinuities, thus change, with regard to the available financial resources for specific policy fields.

Το παρόν άρθρο επιχειρεί να εξετάσει το εύρος της δημοσιονομικής ικανότητας της Ε.Ε. εστιάζοντας στα Πολυετή Δημοσιονομικά Πλαίσια (ΠΔΠ). Λαμβάνοντας υπ'όψιν τις πολιτικές που χρηματοδοτεί ο προϋπολογισμός της Ε.Ε., η ανάλυση αντλεί από τα ΠΔΠ 2007-2013 και 2014-2020, συγκρίνοντάς τα με το προτεινόμενο από την Επιτροπή ΠΔΠ 2021-2027. Σκοπός είναι η διερεύνηση της εξέλιξης των ΠΔΠ αξιοποιώντας εμπειρικά δεδομένα, χρηματοοικονομικές εκθέσεις και άλλα κείμενα πολιτικής. Με βάση τη βιβλιογραφία του ιστορικού νεοθεσμισμού η υπόθεση που εξετάζεται είναι ότι η εξέλιξη των ΠΔΠ ακολουθεί αυξητική τροχιά δίχως να εντοπίζονται ουσιαστικές μεταβολές. Εν τούτοις, οι τρέχουσες διαπραγματεύσεις για το ΠΔΠ 2021-2027 εκτιμώνται ως κρίσιμες καθώς μπορεί να δημιουργήσουν «ασυνέχειες» και μια δυναμική «διακεκομμένης ισορροπίας», προκαλώντας αλλαγή σε ό,τι αφορά τους διαθέσιμους χρηματοδοτικούς πόρους σε ορισμένα πεδία πολιτικών. ; This paper aims at examining the fi scal capacity of the EU by focusing on the Multiannual Financial Frameworks (MFFs). Taking into consideration the policy areas fi nanced by the EU budget, the analysis draws on the MFFs 2007-2013 and 2014-2020, and compares them with the proposed by the Commission MFF 2021-2027. The main objective is to shed light on the evolution of the MFFs by utilizing empirical data, fi nancial reports, and other policy papers. Drawing on the historical institutionalism literature, the main hypothesis is that the evolution of the MFFs follows an incremental path, and no substantial change whatsoever is observed with regard to the fi scal capacity of the EU; however, the ongoing negotiations with regard to the MFF 2021-2027 can be considered as critical, due to the fact that they can produce punctuated dynamics and discontinuities, thus change, with regard to the available financial resources for specific policy fields.

Corporations and stock exchanges are considered the "heart of capitalism" because they are responsible for the creation of inventions, new technologies, and entire industries in the past two centuries, and thus, through their actions, have significantly supported technological and social progress. Since the second half of the 19th century, German corporations have played the role of a pillar of the German economy and Germany has become one of the most economically developed European countries. Despite its economic importance, the German corporate language, as a segment of Business German (German: Wirtschaftsdeutsch), has not been significantly researched. This corpus linguistics paper presents the results of diachronic research of multi-word expressions in the annual reports of corporations from the three most important DAX Prime Standard indices, created by the German Stock Exchange (German: Deutsche Börse) from Frankfurt am Main – DAX, MDAX, and S-DAX. The subject of the linguistic analysis is the annual reports of 11 German corporations for the fiscal years 1997 and 2022. The results of the analysis show changes in the lexicon in the German corporate language over the past 25 years and can be a stimulus for further corpus research in that area. The results of the research can also have pedagogical implications because they can be used to create various types of lexical exercises in Business German classes, which contain the latest vocabulary from that field.

Recoge: INtroduction - The communicable disease challenges to the European Union 2007-20013 - ECDC's role in 2007-2013 - ECDS targets and strategies - ECDS governance, management, organisations and resources - Monitoring and evaluation - Conclusion - Annexes

[Abstract] After highlighting the budgetary context and the historical trends on the funding of the CAP, this paper considers contemporary debates about its reform in the context of two 'historic firsts'. Negotiations about the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2014-20 for the first time took place in tandem with a proposed CAP reform, within the broader context set by the financial crisis after 2008. Second, the CAP reform debates took place within the new institutional arrangements introduced in the Lisbon Treaty, which by extending the co-decision mechanism to the CAP potentially has increased the influence of the European Parliament (EP). Indeed the CAP reform dossiers were the first real test of these new arrangements and provide an insight into how the new institutional structure will work in practice. In both cases the paper highlights a continuing cleavage among member states and stakeholder interests - that maps partly onto a broader budgetary gainers/losers division - between advocates of radical reform (e.g. the UK, Sweden) and those who favour the retention of the traditional CAP (such as France, Spain and Ireland).

Why did the European Union experience a stark variation in the levels of conflict between the late 1970s, when budgetary disputes dominated European politics, and the 1990s, when political actors were able to settle upon budgetary agreements without major conflicts? This book responds to this key question with a two-step argument: Its first part shows that decision-making rules can be regarded as a key determinant of the level of conflict in EU budgetary politics. It details far-reaching reform in 1988 reduced conflict, because it introduced an institutional setting for multiannual budget planning that corrected the deficiencies of the original budget treaty. Having identified institutional change as the trigger for the reduction of conflict, the second part of this study focuses on the 1988 reform. It shows how a number of 'reproduction mechanisms' prevented major institutional change in the 1970s and early 1980s. When these 'reproduction mechanisms' lost force, a reform became possible and a new institutional setting emerged in 1988. These findings deliver a sharp insight into the interplay between rules and conflict in the still evolving political system of the EU. Moreover, by identifying precise conditions for the occurrence of institutional change, and by linking political performance of institutions to their stability this is a significant contribution to institutionalist research in social science. This book is an excellent resource for students and scholars of the European Union, Political Science, International Relations, Public Policy and Public Finance.

After highlighting the budgetary context and the historical trends on the funding of the CAP, this paper considers contemporary debates about its reform in the context of two 'historic firsts'. Negotiations about the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2014-20 for the first time took place in tandem with a proposed CAP reform, within the broader context set by the financial crisis after 2008. Second, the CAP reform debates took place within the new institutional arrangements introduced in the Lisbon Treaty, which by extending the co-decision mechanism to the CAP potentially has increased the influence of the European Parliament (EP). Indeed the CAP reform dossiers were the first real test of these new arrangements and provide an insight into how the new institutional structure will work in practice. In both cases the paper highlights a continuing cleavage among member states and stakeholder interests - that maps partly onto a broader budgetary gainers/losers division - between advocates of radical reform (e.g. the UK, Sweden) and those who favour the retention of the traditional CAP (such as France, Spain and Ireland).

After highlighting the budgetary context and the historical trends on the funding of the CAP, this paper considers contemporary debates about its reform in the context of two 'historic firsts'. Negotiations about the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2014-20 for the first time took place in tandem with a proposed CAP reform, within the broader context set by the financial crisis after 2008. Second, the CAP reform debates took place within the new institutional arrangements introduced in the Lisbon Treaty, which by extending the co-decision mechanism to the CAP potentially has increased the influence of the European Parliament (EP). Indeed the CAP reform dossiers were the first real test of these new arrangements and provide an insight into how the new institutional structure will work in practice. In both cases the paper highlights a continuing cleavage among member states and stakeholder interests - that maps partly onto a broader budgetary gainers/losers division - between advocates of radical reform (e.g. the UK, Sweden) and those who favour the retention of the traditional CAP (such as France, Spain and Ireland).

This monograph was prepared under the Multi-Annual Programme 2015-2019 "The Polish and the EU agricultures 2020+. Challenges, chances, threats, proposals". ; The publication is a collection of selected papers delivered at the 23rd edition of the International Scientific Conference organized by the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics - National Research Institute. The theme of the conference was "The CAP and national priorities within the EU budget after 2020". The conference was held on 11-13 June 2018 in Lidzbark Warmiński in Poland.