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Over the past few years, attention to the role of state-wide political parties in multi-level polities has increased in recognition of their linkage function between levels of government, as these parties compete in both state-wide and regional elections across their countries. This article presents a coding scheme designed to describe the relationship between central and regional levels of state-wide parties. It evaluates the involvement of the regional branches in central decision-making and their degree of autonomy in the management of regional party affairs. This coding scheme is applied to state-wide parties in Spain (the socialist PSOE and the conservative Partido Popular) and in the UK (Labour, the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats). It is an additional tool with which to analyse party organization and it facilitates the comparison of parties across regions and in different countries.

Over the past few years, attention to the role of state-wide political parties in multi-level polities has increased in recognition of their linkage function between levels of government, as these parties compete in both state-wide and regional elections across their countries. This article presents a coding scheme designed to describe the relationship between central and regional levels of state-wide parties. It evaluates the involvement of the regional branches in central decision-making and their degree of autonomy in the management of regional party affairs. This coding scheme is applied to state-wide parties in Spain (the socialist PSOE and the conservative Partido Popular) and in the UK (Labour, the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats). It is an additional tool with which to analyse party organization and it facilitates the comparison of parties across regions and in different countries. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright holder.]

Overview : multi-level issues in organizations and time / Francis J. Yammarino, Fred Dansereau -- Distributed team performance : a multi-level review of distribution, demography, and decision making / Kevin C. Stagl, Eduardo Salas, Michael A. Rosen, Heather A. Priest, C. Shawn Burke, Gerald F. Goodwin, Joan H. Johnston -- Fostering mental model convergence through training / Jan Cannon-Bowers -- Understanding team cognition : the shift to cognitive similarity configurations / Joan R. Rentsch, Erika E. Small -- Converging mental models about mental model convergence / Sara A. McComb -- Organizationally relevant dimensions of time across levels of analysis / Allen C. Bluedorn, Kimberly S. Jaussi -- Measuring temporal constructs across multiple levels of analysis / Jeffrey M. Conte -- Preferences, behaviors, and strategies in multiple-task performance / Mary J. Waller -- Time and the challenge of temporal concepts / Allen C. Bluedorn, Kimberly S. Jaussi -- Timescapes : a multi-level approach for understanding time use in complex organizations / Richard Reeves-Ellington -- A system dynamics perspective on timescapes in organizations / J. Christian Broberg, Adam D. Bailey, James G. (Jerry) Hunt -- Fruit flies like a banana (or, when ripeness is all) : a meditation on markets and timescapes / John F. Sherry -- Let us theory build rather than theorize / Richard Reeves-Ellington -- Justice climate past, present, and future : models of structure and emergence / Deborah E. Rupp, Michael Bashshur, Hui Liao -- Examining justice climate : issues of fit, simplicity, and content / Maureen L. Ambrose, Marshall Schminke -- Intraunit justice and interunit justice and the people who experience them / Russell Cropanzano, Andrew Li, Keith James -- Justice climate : consideration of source, target, type, specificity, and emergence / Deborah E. Rupp, Michael Bashshur, Hui Liao -- Issues in distributed team performance / Joseph A. Alutto -- T-MoP : a tetrahedral model of performance / Michael D. Coovert, Jennifer L. Burke -- Distributed team performance : continuing the dialogue / Kevin C. Stagl, Eduardo Salas, Michael A. Rosen, Heather A. Priest, C. Shawn Burke, Gerald F. Goodwin, Joan H. Johnston -- Mental model convergence : the shift from being an individual to being a team member / Sara A. McComb. - This volume contains three main themes. The first theme relates to financial developments in the MENA region, emphasizing the role of stock markets and portfolio flows, foreign direct investments and private and public savings in the growth and development experience of the region. We see echoed throughout the first few chapters the notion that financial liberalization has many benefits as well as risks not only for the countries involved, but for international investors as well. For the countries of this region, we see the promise of enhanced growth and development through more developed financial markets that can facilitate the important relationship between investors and savers. For the international investor, we see a region that is posed to offer returns that are strongly correlated to risk. In the developing economies of the MENA region commercial banks have played a prominent role in economic growth since capital markets are still underdeveloped and still lack the appropriate mechanisms to channel effectively and efficiently funds from surplus units to deficit units. The next theme of the volume relates to the role commercial banks have played in channelling funds from savings to investments, and their role in the financing for development experience of some MENA economies. Finally, and on a broader level, the conduct of monetary policy in some MENA countries is highlighted with some emphasis on exchange rate policies and the use of some exchange rate regimes and their impact on the economies of the region

Europarties are regarded as multi-level organizations, like parties operating in federal or devolved states. Examined is whether they can even be treated as political parties sensu stricto and whether the concepts used to test the relations between the national and regional party structures (vertical integration, influence) could be used to study relationships between the national and European structures. It was indicated that Europarties can be considered both as the additional arenas of national parties' activity and independent political actors consisted of national parties (multi-level parties). The second perspective was used to research 13 existing Europarties. In result, the similarities between the PES and PEL, but differences between the EPP and PES in term of vertical integration and influence were shown. Hence, in the article was proven that there is no one model of relations between the national and European party structures and the parties differ from each other as far as their internal structures are concerned.

Europarties are regarded as multi-level organizations, like parties operating in federal or devolved states. Examined is whether they can even be treated as political parties sensu stricto and whether the concepts used to test the relations between the national and regional party structures (vertical integration, influence) could be used to study relationships between the national and European structures. It was indicated that Europarties can be considered both as the additional arenas of national parties' activity and independent political actors consisted of national parties (multi-level parties). The second perspective was used to research 13 existing Europarties. In result, the similarities between the PES and PEL, but differences between the EPP and PES in term of vertical integration and influence were shown. Hence, in the article was proven that there is no one model of relations between the national and European party structures and the parties differ from each other as far as their internal structures are concerned.

The predominant strategic-relational approaches to understanding multi-level governance within the context of the European Union are explored. An overview of the general strategic-relational approach to investigating both state government & the notion of governance is presented. Competing accounts of the European Union's transformation into a regional state or political entity are then examined; specific attention is dedicated to highlighting two state-oriented accounts (liberal intergovernmentalism & supranationalism) & two governance-based models (eg, multi-level governance & network polity). Three critiques of the state-oriented & governance-based accounts are subsequently offered; whereas the former accounts naturalize the sharp division between state & society, the latter perspectives have not achieved theoretical maturity. Consequently, a strategic-relational perspective that negotiates the aforementioned approaches' shortcomings is introduced & acknowledges changes to the structure of states in advanced capitalist societies is introduced. The alternative framework's implications for future research are also contemplated. J. W. Parker

The predominant strategic-relational approaches to understanding multi-level governance within the context of the European Union are explored. An overview of the general strategic-relational approach to investigating both state government & the notion of governance is presented. Competing accounts of the European Union's transformation into a regional state or political entity are then examined; specific attention is dedicated to highlighting two state-oriented accounts (liberal intergovernmentalism & supranationalism) & two governance-based models (eg, multi-level governance & network polity). Three critiques of the state-oriented & governance-based accounts are subsequently offered; whereas the former accounts naturalize the sharp division between state & society, the latter perspectives have not achieved theoretical maturity. Consequently, a strategic-relational perspective that negotiates the aforementioned approaches' shortcomings is introduced & acknowledges changes to the structure of states in advanced capitalist societies is introduced. The alternative framework's implications for future research are also contemplated. J. W. Parker

This article provides a dynamic framework through which factionalism can be examined and the circumstances of individual parties compared in multi-level contexts. We discuss the interaction between factionalism and party structure by setting out a model of factional organization dependent on the tolerance of host parties to dissent and their degree of vertical integration, their combination yielding four possible strategies for opposition factions: centralized, inter-layered, multi-layered and decentralized. We also consider what implications there are for the party's dominant coalition in episodes of high factionalism. These act as a catalyst for the modification of party rules that regulate dissent and vertical distribution of power. The hypotheses developed are tested on four Spanish political parties that differ on the autonomy of regional branches and factions, the competitive position in the party system and factionalism type – more policy or more patronage-oriented.

This article provides a dynamic framework through which factionalism can be examined and the circumstances of individual parties compared in multi-level contexts. We discuss the interaction between factionalism and party structure by setting out a model of factional organization dependent on the tolerance of host parties to dissent and their degree of vertical integration, their combination yielding four possible strategies for opposition factions: centralized, inter-layered, multi-layered and decentralized. We also consider what implications there are for the party's dominant coalition in episodes of high factionalism. These act as a catalyst for the modification of party rules that regulate dissent and vertical distribution of power. The hypotheses developed are tested on four Spanish political parties that differ on the autonomy of regional branches and factions, the competitive position in the party system and factionalism type -- more policy or more patronage-oriented. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Ltd., copyright holder.]

Contains five essays with commentaries and rebuttals that cover a range of topics, but in the realms of creativity and innovation. This title offers literature reviews, model developments, methodological advancements, and some data for the study of creativity and social influence, innovation and planning, and creativity and cognitive processes.