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In recent years, economic development discourse has moved beyond increasing economic growth to ensuring that growth also leads to reduction in poverty and inequality. This motivates the current study to examine the relationship between economic growth and poverty in Benin. We used data from the 2006 and 2011 Benin Demographic and Health Surveys and computed a multidimensional poverty index using multiple correspondence analysis. The distribution of growth pro‐poorness was analyzed using the Growth Incidence Curves and Non‐Income Growth Incidence Curve. Average multidimensional poverty rate was estimated to be about 55.3 percent. The findings show that while growth has generally been pro‐poor in Benin, there exist disparities across rural and urban households, and for women as well as the elderly. The findings reinforce the need for broader poverty measures and refocusing poverty reduction strategies to marginalized groups in Benin.

To address the negative consequences of economic hardship, U.S. policymakers and practitioners rely on the official poverty rate in making decisions. Yet does it truly reflect economic condition, especially hardship? In line with an international movement to shift away from income and poverty lines and toward multidimensional measures including material deprivation, would information from community‐based non‐profits such as food pantries, often the first stop for people in need, provide a better understanding of local economic condition? This article presents original data on dramatic growth in demand at community‐level food pantries across North Carolina since the 1990s, and reflects on the resulting different perspective on economic condition. A call for additional research on the use of measures of material deprivation that include the non‐profit sector to reflect economic conditions in the United States is made.

Abstract: This article analyses the design process of official multidimensional poverty measures in Colombia, Chile, El Salvador and Mexico, and discusses the extent to which such processes have been able to reflect the priorities of people living in poverty. We argue that although these countries have faced limitations in conducting a "pure participatory-driven" strategy, they have advanced towards measuring poverty in a way that better reflects what disadvantaged people consider to be an impoverished life. We propose guidelines to continue improving the design of official multidimensional poverty measures and make them more open to information on what people value and more sensitive to public reasoning. ; Resumen: Este artículo analiza los procesos de diseño de medidas oficiales de pobreza multidimensional en Colombia, Chile, El Salvador y México, y discute en qué medida dichos procesos han sido capaces de reflejar las prioridades de las personas en situación de pobreza. Sostenemos que, si bien dichos países han enfrentado limitaciones para implementar "estrategias participativas puras", han progresado hacia una medición de pobreza que refleja mejor lo que las personas en situación de desventaja consideran una vida empobrecida. Además, proponemos elementos para mejorar el diseño de dichas medidas y hacerlas más abiertas a lo que las personas valoran y más sensibles al razonamiento público.

Se percibe una relación directa en la evolución del concepto de ciudadanía y el desarrollo de las políticas públicas de familia en Colombia enmarcadas en un proceso socio histórico, el cual parte de prácticas caritativas, pasa por posturas asistenciales y llega a enfoques más gerenciales determinados por el modelo de desarrollo económico. Sin embargo, la atención en cuanto a políticas públicas en Colombia no logra trascender con un verdadero enfoque donde se perciba a la familia como un sujeto colectivo de derechos. La institucionalidad para la atención de las familias en Colombia presenta serias debilidades en la implementación de un enfoque y accionar sistémico perpetuando las prácticas asistenciales y generando incluso programas que favorecen el populismo político. ; A direct relation between the citizenship notion evolution and the development of family public Colombian politics, delimited in a sociohistorical process, is perceived; this process starts from charitable practices, passes through assistance positions and reaches more management approaches defined by the economic development model. However, the attention to the Colombian public politics is not able to move on with a real perspective, where the family is perceived as a collective rights subject. The family assistance institutional framework presents serious weaknesses in the implementation of a systemic approach and action, perpetuating the assistance practice and even creating programs who favor the political populism. ; 58-69 ; amihedure@gmail.com ; Anual

The main scope of the paper is to adopt a fuzzy sets approach for the measurement of multidimensional poverty over a period of eight years, from 2007 to 2015, which takes into account the effect of the 2008 economic and financial crisis. In particular, the focus is on the financial dimension of poverty, and its effects on citizens in the EU Mediterranean Area. The empirical analysis, based on the European Union - Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (EU-SILC), covers eight Mediterranean Countries.

The successful integration of immigrants into a host country's society, economy, and polity has become a major issue for policymakers in recent decades. Scientific progress in the study of immigrant integration has been hampered by the lack of a common measure of integration, which would allow for the accumulation of knowledge through comparison across studies, countries, and time. To address this fundamental problem, we propose the IPL Integration Index as a pragmatic and multidimensional measure of immigrant integration. The measure, both in the 24-item long form (IPL-24) and the 12-item short form (IPL-12), captures six dimensions of integration: psychological, economic, political, social, linguistic, and navigational. The measure can be employed across countries, over time, and across different immigrant groups, and can be administered through short questionnaires available in different modes. We report on four surveys we conducted to evaluate the empirical performance of our measure. The tests reveal that the measure distinguishes among immigrant groups with different expected levels of integration and also correlates with well-established predictors of integration.

Motivation: The study of poverty is extremely important because of the negative impact it can have on the economy. Improving the situation of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion is one of the most important objectives of the social policy both in Poland and in the European Union. The aim is consistent with such official Polish documents as: Strategy for the Development of Human Capital 2020 National Development Strategy 2020.Aim: The aim of the article is to assess the risk of poverty and social exclusion in Poland in the period 2006–2015, and to compare the degree of risk of poverty in Poland and other European Union countries.Results: The study shows that the risk of poverty in Poland decreased in the analyzed period. In comparison to the EU countries, Poland made the greatest progress in reducing the risk of poverty. Dynamics of changes in reducing the risk of poverty in Poland was the highest among the EU countries. The scale of the risk of poverty in Poland in 2006 was one of the highest (with a higher risk noted only in Latvia). The situation in Poland in 2015 indicated that in 2015 the degree of risk of poverty was lower in Poland than in many EU countries: Portugal, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Greece, Ireland, Estonia. In addition, the world economic crisis of 2008–2010 did not affect the risk of poverty in Poland. In most EU countries during the crisis the risk of poverty increased, however in Poland it declined. This undoubtedly allowed for improving the situation in Poland to a higher extent than in other EU countries.

Motivation: The study of poverty is extremely important because of the negative impact it can have on the economy. Improving the situation of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion is one of the most important objectives of the social policy both in Poland and in the European Union. The aim is consistent with such official Polish documents as: Strategy for the Development of Human Capital 2020 National Development Strategy 2020.Aim: The aim of the article is to assess the risk of poverty and social exclusion in Poland in the period 2006–2015, and to compare the degree of risk of poverty in Poland and other European Union countries.Results: The study shows that the risk of poverty in Poland decreased in the analyzed period. In comparison to the EU countries, Poland made the greatest progress in reducing the risk of poverty. Dynamics of changes in reducing the risk of poverty in Poland was the highest among the EU countries. The scale of the risk of poverty in Poland in 2006 was one of the highest (with a higher risk noted only in Latvia). The situation in Poland in 2015 indicated that in 2015 the degree of risk of poverty was lower in Poland than in many EU countries: Portugal, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Greece, Ireland, Estonia. In addition, the world economic crisis of 2008–2010 did not affect the risk of poverty in Poland. In most EU countries during the crisis the risk of poverty increased, however in Poland it declined. This undoubtedly allowed for improving the situation in Poland to a higher extent than in other EU countries.

In this paper we develop a multidimensional poverty measure that attempts to capture absolute poverty in the functioning space. As suggested by Sen, if the measure aims to be absolute in the functioning space, it needs to be relative in the resource space. To generate a relative measure, this measure adapts the poverty cut-off in resource-related indicators in a multidimensional poverty measure to prevailing standards in a region. As illustration, this poverty measure utilizes the Indian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and is based on UNDP's global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Similar to the global MPI, we apply the Alkire-Foster dual cut-off approach (Alkire and Foster, 2011a) and broadly follow the global MPI in the choice of indicators, weights, and overall cut-off. However, adaptable indicator thresholds are considered when appropriate. We argue that global MPI indicators in the health dimension are not open to a relative assessment, as they reflect specific health functionings (i.e. being free from premature mortality and being well nourished). In the education and standard of living dimensions, we set indicator thresholds at the median of the reference population, while experimenting with different reference populations. Empirically we find that the overall ranking of poverty in India does not change using our relative MPI, but the differentials in poverty are substantially smaller between states and rural and urban areas, also depending on the choice of the reference population.

The ability to access affordable, reliable and modern energy services presents a pathway to social and economic development. Yet, the lack of access to modern energy services is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia. Following the declaration to achieve universal access to energy by 2030 in the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals – several tools have emerged tracking and monitoring energy access and energy poverty. Earlier efforts have focused on measuring energy poverty from a unidimensional perspective while recent efforts have focused on a multidimensional measurement. However, the growing trend in tracking and monitoring energy poverty using multidimensional indicators has been applied limitedly in the context of South Africa. Part of this has been associated with the lack of detailed and reliable survey data. With access to detailed survey data, this study aimed to evaluate household energy poverty in South Africa by using both unidimensional and multidimensional measures. This study constructed the energy budget share, also known as Tenth-Percentile Rule (TPR) (unidimensional) and the multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI) using data from wave 1 (2008) and wave 4 (2014-2015) of the National Income Dynamic Study (NIDS) of South Africa. A 10 percent threshold was used for the energy-budget share while a 0.3 cutoff point was used for the MEPI. This study first computed national-level estimates of household energy poverty, and subsequently decomposed these estimates by province, household income poverty status and household location (urban versus rural). A sensitivity analysis was performed to test for the stability in ranking of provinces when the energy poverty threshold of the TPR was varied from 7 to 13 percent, and the energy poverty cutoff k of the MEPI was changed from 0.2 to 0.4. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was determined for each pair of ranking of provinces to establish the strength of correlation. Based on the TPR measure, results show that 21 and 13 percent of South African households lived in energy poverty in 2008 and 2014-2015, respectively. The MEPI measure indicates that 37 and 19 percent of the households lived in energy poverty in 2008 and 2014- 2015, respectively. Limpopo province had the highest rates of energy poverty in 2014-2015 with values of 25 percent (using TPR) and 52 percent (using MEPI). This study also found that by 2014-2015, only 23 percent (using the TPR) and 46 percent (using the MEPI) of energy poor households lived below the food poverty line of R430. Further, this study found that household energy poverty has reduced in rural areas and by 2014-2015, only 18 percent (using TPR) and 49 percent (using MEPI) of households located in rural areas lived in energy poverty. The lowest observed value of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was 0.90. It is concluded that the overall household energy poverty has reduced in South Africa between 2008 and 2014-2015. The TPR gives lower estimates of energy poverty than the corresponding values obtained from the MEPI measure. There is negligible effect of varying the threshold values (within the studied range) of the TPR and k.