Suchergebnisse

The aim of this research is to find a place of the cultural and historical heritage of a certain region in the territory of the Republic of Serbia in the citizens' conscience mental mapping and to detremine the tourist potential of that heritage. The research was conducted in a multidisciplinary way, through consulting legal acts, relevant literature of recent date and through field research through a survey (398 respondents). The territory of the Raška and Rasina administrative districts was chosen for the research for two reasons: it is the territory that represents the core of the Serbian medieval Nemanjić's and Lazarević' state. Also, it is a territory through which the route of the new highway, the Morava Corridor, will pass in the near future, and further research will be able to follow the economic and tourist development of this particular area after its construction. At the end of the paper, the heritage of Raška and Rasina administrative territory is defined and cultural institutions are emphasized as its bearers. Cultural institutions are regarded, not only as bearers of cultural development of local communities, but also as institutions that are main carriers and guardians of national identity and cultural tourism that can contribute to defining and the preservation of that national identity as well as the economic development and branding of a particular region. By processing the survey data and insight into the legal and strategic regulations of the Republic of Serbia, it was concluded that it is necessary, both at the national and local level, to work on the adoption and implementation of necessary, but lacking, strategies, acts, strengthening culture, cultural institutions and related cultural tourism, and in order to define the national identity of the Sernbian citizens through mapping key identity points. Such a national program can be implemented through cultural institutions, ie protection institutions (in the first place museums), which have been proven to continue to enjoy the trust of citizens. In addition, in today's time of instant culture, Instagram and Facebook history lessons, unverified data and mythologizing of certain historical figures and events, there is a need to strengthen cultural institutions that critically interpret history, culture and heritage, in ways that are adapted to the modern citizen of Serbia. Such institutions do not have as a target audience only organized school groups of children who are brought to local museums by their teachers, their target audience can and must be absolutely every citizen, and that means modernization of outdated permanent exhibitions, ie formation of new ones because there are cases of museum institutions which do not have permanent exhibitions. In that sense, considering the ways in which it is possible to bring the desired audience to museums and other cultural institutions, close cooperation of the museum professionals with local tourist administrations is needed, which are certainly interested in increasing the number of tourists and visitors, and for that, tourist attractions are necessary. In this paper, we have shown, through a survey of nearly 400 respondents, that among the citizens of Serbia there is a great interest in culture, history and heritage which have the potential of tourist attractions. In that sense, for the needs of the research, one administrative - geographical unit of the territory of Raska and Rasina administrative districts has been singled out, through which the route of the Moravian Corridor will pass in the near future. In order to place this territory on the Serbian and European market as a unique tourist destination, it is necessary to bind all existing cultural institutions, local and regional tourist administrations and tourist organizations as well as other interested stakeholders (caterers, hotels, private accommodation, small craftsmen…). One of the ways to connect all participants, ie stakeholders, in a certain territory is through the formation of a Destination Management Organization that would coordinate their work and serve as a link between the Ministries operating at the national level and local city and municipal authorities.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan model atau pola kepemimpinan Dayak yang dilaksanakan kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan mutu sekolah di SDN Percobaan Palangka Raya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumentasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Pengecekan keabsahan data dilakukan dengan kredibilitas melalui teknik triangulasi data dan sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan kepala sekolah yang dilakukan dengan menerapkan kepemimpinan demokratis dan transformasional melalui penerapan nilai-nilai budaya Dayak yang direalisasikan melalui program kerja sekolah yang jelas dan terukur dengan mendasarkan pada prinsip MBS dan TQM mampu meningkatkan mutu pendidikan pada SDN Percobaan Palangka Raya. Abstract: This study aims to describe the Dayak leadership model or pattern implemented by the principal to improving the quality of schools at SDN Percobaan Palangka Raya. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation study. The data analysis was performed using a qualitative descriptive method. Data validity checks are carried out with credibility through data and source triangulation techniques. The results showed that the principal's leadership by implementing democratic and transformational leadership through the application of Dayak cultural values realized through clear and measurable school work programs based on the principles of MBS and TQM was able to improve the quality of education at SDN Percobaan Palangka Raya. References: Baharun, H. (2017). Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru Melalui Sistem Kepemimpinan Kepala Madrasah. Jurnal Ilmu Tarbiyah, 6(1). Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (1998). Qualitative Research in Education: an Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Bukhari, A. (2012). Kepemimpinan Transformasional Pendidikan Berbasis Total Quality Management (TQM). Dinamika Ilmu, 12(2). Bungai, J., & Perdana, I. (2017, 19-21 May). Implementation of Dayaknese Educational Philosophy Pintar Harati at Elementary School in Palangka Raya. Paper presented on First Indonesian Communication Forum of Teacher Training and Education Faculty Leaders International Conference on Education 2017 (ICE 2017). Diterima dari https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/ice-17/25893064. Cheng, A. L. F., & Yau, H. K. (2011). Headmasters' and Teachers' Perceptions of Quality Management in Hong Kong Primary Schools. Quality Assurance in Education, 19(2), 170-186. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/09684881111125069. Ehinola, B. G., & Victor, A. A (2018). Total Quality Management (TQM) Practices Adopted by Head Teachers for Sustainable Primary Education in Northern Senatorial District of Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 4(7), 182-188. Fitrah, M. (2017). Peran Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan. Jurnal Penjaminan Mutu, 3(1), 31-42. doi:10.25078/jpm.v3i1.90. Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (1989). Designing Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1992). Analisis Data Kualitatif. Jakarta: Penerbit UI Press. Mulyasa, E. (2017). Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah: Konsep, Strategi, dan Implementasi, Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya. Praptiwi, E. (2019). Model Kepemimpinan Kepala SDIT dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Sekolah (Studi Kasus di SDIT Al-Kautsar Gumpang Kartasura). Tesis tidak dipublikasikan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta: Sekolah Pascasarjana. Diterima dari: http://eprints.ums.ac.id/70637/1/NASKAH%20PUBLIKASI.pdf. Riwut, N. (2003). Maneser Panatau Tatu Hiang Menyelami Kekayaan Leluhur. Palangka Raya: Pusakalima. Rusmawati, V. (2013). Peran Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Disiplin Kerja Guru pada SdN 018 Balikpapan. Journal Administrasi Negara, 1(2), 395-409. Saleh, K., & Aini, A. N. (2014). Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pendidikan (Studi tentang Peran Kepala MTSN Model Samarinda dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Kerja Guru). Fenomena, 6(1), 19-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.21093/fj.v6i1.159. Samino., & Suwardi. (2014). Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah dalam Pengembangan Lembaga Pendidikan Islam Sekolah Kreatif SD Muhammadiyah Kota Madiun. Manajemen Pendidikan, 9(2), 186-195. doi:10.23917/jmp.v9i2.1700. Yin, R. K. (2013). Studi Kasus Desain dan Metode. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.

Object of this thesis is the study of ancient spaces, their organization, function and perception by the people who created and lived them. The focus of this thesis is the architectural evidence from the residential area of theNabataean, Roman and Late Antique periods at the centre of the oasis of Tayma, NW Arabia.Excavated between 2004 and 2015, the rather well-preserved sequence of occupation levels supported their detailed investigation. The main aims of this study were to identify the spatial configuration of the domestic buildings and to understand how political, economic and social dynamics influenced the perception and conception of space in an urban environment. In this research, about space and its use, space syntax plays a key role. Space syntax is a technique used in spatial analysis to capture the set of abstract rules that define the spatial configuration at a defined moment of its period of use and through different occupations. Considering a large set of evidence and performing a multidisciplinary approach, this research shed new light on the spatial configuration of the buildings and on the changes that occurred between 2ndand 6thc. CE at Tayma. The main results of the analyses included: identifying access to individual buildings and movement within them and determining the functional differentiation of living spaces. This research puts Tayma into the large-scale changes attested between the Nabataean and Roman periods by several other archaeological sites in NW Arabia, as the spatial configuration at this site during this period seems to have considerably changed. On the other hand, the transition to the Late Antique period shows clear signs of continuity attested by the buildings which often reuse the spatial configuration from the Roman period. This interpretation might point either to an absence of large investments of resources, or to a continuity in the use of domestic spaces. ; La présente thèse est une étude des espaces anciens, de leur organisation, de leur fonction et de leur perception par les personnes qui les créèrent et y vécurent. Cette thèse se focalise sur les restes architecturaux de la zone résidentielle, située au cœur de l'oasis de Tayma en Arabie du Nord-Ouest, et datant des périodes nabatéenne, romaine et tardo-antique. La séquence des niveaux d'occupation, mise au jour entre 2004 et 2015 et relativement bien préservée, en permet une investigation détaillée. Les principaux objectifs de cette étude consistent en l'identification de la configuration spatiale du bâti domestique et, par ailleurs, en la compréhension du rôle joué dans la perception et la conception de l'espace en environnement urbain par des facteurs politiques, économiques et sociaux. Dans ces recherches sur l'espace et son utilisation, le concept de la syntaxe spatiale –space syntax– joue un rôle essentiel. La syntaxe spatiale est une technique d'analyse spatiale permettant de saisir les règles abstraites qui définissent la configuration d'un espace à un moment donné de son utilisation et lors de différentes occupations. En ayant recours à des données nombreuses et variées ainsi qu'à une approche multi-disciplinaire, cette analyse permet de mieux saisir la configuration spatiale des bâtiments ainsi que les changements qui eurent lieu à Tayma entre les IIème et VIème siècles de notre ère. Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus, on peut citer l'identification des accès aux bâtiments individuels, l'analyse de la circulation à l'intérieur de ces bâtiments ainsi que la caractérisation des différences fonctionnelles observées au sein de ces espaces de vie. À travers cette étude, il a aussi été possible de replacer Tayma, dont l'organisation spatiale a apparemment était notoirement modifiée entre les périodes nabatéenne et romaine, dans le cadre plus large des changements attestés au même moment sur d'autres sites archéologiques de l'Arabie du Nord-Ouest. À l'inverse, la transition vers la période tardo-antique montre des signes évidents de continuité avec la période précédente, les bâtiments réutilisant souvent une configuration spatiale héritée de la période romaine. Par conséquent, ce résultat suggère soit l'absence d'investissements importants en ressources, soit une continuité dans l'utilisation des espaces domestiques.

Object of this thesis is the study of ancient spaces, their organization, function and perception by the people who created and lived them. The focus of this thesis is the architectural evidence from the residential area of theNabataean, Roman and Late Antique periods at the centre of the oasis of Tayma, NW Arabia.Excavated between 2004 and 2015, the rather well-preserved sequence of occupation levels supported their detailed investigation. The main aims of this study were to identify the spatial configuration of the domestic buildings and to understand how political, economic and social dynamics influenced the perception and conception of space in an urban environment. In this research, about space and its use, space syntax plays a key role. Space syntax is a technique used in spatial analysis to capture the set of abstract rules that define the spatial configuration at a defined moment of its period of use and through different occupations. Considering a large set of evidence and performing a multidisciplinary approach, this research shed new light on the spatial configuration of the buildings and on the changes that occurred between 2ndand 6thc. CE at Tayma. The main results of the analyses included: identifying access to individual buildings and movement within them and determining the functional differentiation of living spaces. This research puts Tayma into the large-scale changes attested between the Nabataean and Roman periods by several other archaeological sites in NW Arabia, as the spatial configuration at this site during this period seems to have considerably changed. On the other hand, the transition to the Late Antique period shows clear signs of continuity attested by the buildings which often reuse the spatial configuration from the Roman period. This interpretation might point either to an absence of large investments of resources, or to a continuity in the use of domestic spaces. ; La présente thèse est une étude des espaces anciens, de leur organisation, de leur fonction et de leur perception par les personnes qui les créèrent et y vécurent. Cette thèse se focalise sur les restes architecturaux de la zone résidentielle, située au cœur de l'oasis de Tayma en Arabie du Nord-Ouest, et datant des périodes nabatéenne, romaine et tardo-antique. La séquence des niveaux d'occupation, mise au jour entre 2004 et 2015 et relativement bien préservée, en permet une investigation détaillée. Les principaux objectifs de cette étude consistent en l'identification de la configuration spatiale du bâti domestique et, par ailleurs, en la compréhension du rôle joué dans la perception et la conception de l'espace en environnement urbain par des facteurs politiques, économiques et sociaux. Dans ces recherches sur l'espace et son utilisation, le concept de la syntaxe spatiale –space syntax– joue un rôle essentiel. La syntaxe spatiale est une technique d'analyse spatiale permettant de saisir les règles abstraites qui définissent la configuration d'un espace à un moment donné de son utilisation et lors de différentes occupations. En ayant recours à des données nombreuses et variées ainsi qu'à une approche multi-disciplinaire, cette analyse permet de mieux saisir la configuration spatiale des bâtiments ainsi que les changements qui eurent lieu à Tayma entre les IIème et VIème siècles de notre ère. Parmi les principaux résultats obtenus, on peut citer l'identification des accès aux bâtiments individuels, l'analyse de la circulation à l'intérieur de ces bâtiments ainsi que la caractérisation des différences fonctionnelles observées au sein de ces espaces de vie. À travers cette étude, il a aussi été possible de replacer Tayma, dont l'organisation spatiale a apparemment était notoirement modifiée entre les périodes nabatéenne et romaine, dans le cadre plus large des changements attestés au même moment sur d'autres sites archéologiques de l'Arabie du Nord-Ouest. À l'inverse, la transition vers la période tardo-antique montre des signes évidents de continuité avec la période précédente, les bâtiments réutilisant souvent une configuration spatiale héritée de la période romaine. Par conséquent, ce résultat suggère soit l'absence d'investissements importants en ressources, soit une continuité dans l'utilisation des espaces domestiques.

Background: Population ageing, and the increasing incidence of chronic disease requires a responsive health service and new enabling models of care (Wren et al. 2017, Bridges et al. 2019, Kennedy 2019). Within the dynamics of healthcare engagement, there is recognition of the positive influence of the enabling skills of the health professional on patient enablement encompassing knowledge, confidence, coping and management of health and illness (Howie et al. 1997, 1998). The clinical consultation is a pivotal exchange between the health professional and patient, so it is vital to optimise its quality (Al Momen et al. 2015, Pawlikowska & Marinowicz, 2015). The Consumer Enablement Model (Batterham et al. 2017) acknowledges the diverse contexts in which people seek care and identifies dynamic determinants and key components (cognitive, affective/motivational, physical, and relational) that impact enablement. Little is known about the factors influencing enablement in an older adult population living with chronic health conditions attending an ambulatory care service. Aim: To examine enablement of older people with chronic disease post consultation with a health professional and identify influencing factors for low enablement. Method: A descriptive quantitative, cross-sectional survey was conducted. Data Collection: Data were collected using a 72-item questionnaire. In addition to demographic questions, it contained the validated instruments Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) (Howie et al. 1997), Patient Activation Measure (Hibbard et al. 2005) and Clinical Frailty Scale (Rockwood et al. 2005) and modified Physician Enabling Skills Questionnaire (Hudon et al. 2015). Sample: In total, 300 older people with chronic disease were recruited from an ambulatory care centre (attending nurse, doctor, or therapist). Incomplete questionnaires were omitted, leaving a sample of 273 for analysis. Data Analysis: Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was used. Logistic backward stepwise regression examined the association between the independent variables and the dependent variable low enablement (PEI score ≤ 4). Findings: The study population mean age was 79.7 years (SD 6.8) and 52% were female. Sixty-one per cent of participants had three or more chronic conditions, 35% described their health as fair or poor, and 26% indicated that they were frail (CFS ≥ 5). The population mean PEI score was 4.48 (SD 3.5). In the final multivariate analysis, four variables remained independent predictors of low enablement: female gender (OR 1.96 (CI 1.07- 3.60), clinical frailty (per 1 unit increase) OR 1.26 (95% CI 0.93-1.63), two variables were protective, patient activation OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.99) and health care professional enabling skills (OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.89-0.94). There were an additional eight variables that were significant in the univariate analysis: older age, living alone, three or more chronic diseases, poor self-reported health, psychological morbidity, receipt of home help, visit from a public health nurse and being seen by a single discipline during the clinic visit. Conclusion: This research affirms that older people have the capacity to become more enabled and are responsive to the enabling skills of the health professional and proactive coordinated multidisciplinary engagement. Enablement post-consultation is multi-faceted, with risk and protective factors that influence individual health gains. Quality measures & expectations of health gains should be viewed within this wider context. Implications for practice: Research findings support a person enablement model that provides for a heterogenous population in a state of transition (health, functional, psychological). Modifiable risk factors associated with low enablement, such as frailty and low patient activation require a comprehensive holistic assessment and bespoke interventions beyond a single consultation. The enabling skills of the health professional are important to optimise patient gains and enhance understanding, management and coping with chronic illness. Healthy ageing strategies reinforced by health professionals committed to making every contact count, supports the political and strategic paradigm shift towards sustaining older people in the community.

La ciudad de Medell?n viene aumentando su poblaci?n adulta mayor, pero las condiciones para que esta poblaci?n tenga garant?as de seguridad econ?mica para una vejez digna son confusas debido a que cada vez el desempleo es mayor a pesar de que la ciudad es muy apetecida por el comercio industrial y el de servicios, esto hace que la principal alternativa para la subsistencia de la poblaci?n adulta mayor de los estratos m?s bajos sea laborar en la econom?a informal. El objetivo del presente trabajo, desde el ?rea de la gerontolog?a, es conocer las condiciones laborales de los adultos mayores que realizan su actividad de ventas en el centro de la ciudad de Medell?n. El estudio es descriptivo de corte cuantitativo, con una selecci?n aleatoria de 24 personas adultas mayores de 60 a?os que laboran en la venta informal, situados en sectores aleda?os al parque Berrio de la ciudad de Medell?n; a quienes se les aplic? una encuesta estructurada con 24 preguntas. Los resultados indican que las edades con mayor participaci?n en esta actividad est?n entre los 60-65 y 66-70 a?os y el nivel de escolaridad es bajo con un 25% analfabeta y 50% con estudios hasta 5 de primaria. Las condiciones laborales en las que ejercen sus actividades son inadecuadas e indignas, con jornadas laborales entre 9 y 10 horas y un alto riesgo en su integridad por temas como la delincuencia y el medio ambiente al que est?n expuestos, lo que supone un riesgo para la salud al referir que es frecuente que presenten dolor de espalda, piernas y cabeza. A trav?s de este estudio, se logra tener acercamiento a una realidad que padecen los adultos mayores y que es compleja en su manejo para el gobierno local como es el tema de la informalidad, adem?s algunos de los resultados pueden ser una puerta para futuros estudios multidisciplinarios y de inter?s para programas sociales que buscan mejorar las condiciones de vida de los adultos mayores que laboran en el sector informal. ; The city of Medell?n has been increasing its older adult population, but the conditions for this population to have guarantees of economic security for a dignified old age are confusing because unemployment is increasing even though the city is very much in demand for industrial and service trade, which means that the main alternative for the subsistence of the older population in the lower strata is to work in the informal economy. The objective of the present work, from the area of gerontology, is to know the working conditions of the older adults that carry out their sales activity in the center of the city of Medell?n. The study is descriptive and quantitative, with a random selection of 24 adults over 60 years of age who work in the informal economy, located in areas surrounding the Berrio Park in the city of Medell?n. The results indicate that the ages with the highest participation in this activity are between 60-65 and 66-70 years old and the level of schooling is low with 25% illiterate and 50% with studies up to 5 years of primary school. The working conditions in which they carry out their activities are inadequate and undignified, with working days of between 9 and 10 hours and high risk in their integrity due to issues such as crime and the environment to which they are exposed, which poses a risk to their health as they frequently present back, leg and head pain. Through this study, it is possible to have an approach to a reality that the older adults suffer and that is complex in its management for the local government as it is the subject of the informality, also, some of the results can be a door for future multidisciplinary studies and of interest for social programs that look for to improve the conditions of life of the older adults who work in the informal sector.

Scientific research and shifts in both society and economics have encouraged interest in the topic of addressing challenges in logistics, an essential component of urban functioning. However, institutions have struggled to implement concrete improvements in this area. Remaining issues include a lack of implementation of changes, low sustainability of solutions, and an overall unsatisfactory level of consideration of the challenges of logistics in planning policies.In this thesis, we propose to examine a possible explanation for these findings: the influence of the organization and mechanisms of the politico-administrative sphere. We hypothesize that the implementation of logistical planning in an urban environment cannot be separated beforehand from an internal structuring of the political-administrative organization and from the existence of metropolitan logistical governance. To this end, we mainly base our arguments on the analysis of the evolution of this theme's consideration in planning and transport policies within the Toulouse metropolis. We highlight the related challenges and contradictions. The use of interviews and questionnaires with national authorities validates our hypotheses, allowing us to make certain generalizations but also observe specific Toulouse features. To support our remarks, we are trying to experiment, through the development of the Scheme for Transport of Good, with the possibilities of acting on the observed mechanisms. Our goal is to implement a Scheme for Transport of Good within the Toulouse metropolis through a conventional CIFRE using a multidisciplinary approach. The difficulties of implementing the Scheme for Transport of Good according to a transversal approach, which is considered fundamental for the integration of this theme in territorial issues and development policies, support our approach. These changes could promote the development of a logistical reflex within the host organization, possibly guaranteeing concrete and efficient territorial responses.We demonstrate that changes in the organization and psycho-sociological mechanisms of the politico-administrative sphere could lead to the concrete implementation of related territorial public actions responding to the fundamental transverse nature of the subject. ; Malgré des intérêts et des réponses institutionnels évolutifs, les réflexions relatives aux enjeux de la logistique, composante essentielle du fonctionnement urbain, peinent à se matérialiser par l'action. Il subsiste, de façon généralisée, un défaut de mise en œuvre pérenne des réflexions et solutions liées, une prise en compte insatisfaisante de cette thématique dans les politiques d'aménagement. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons d'examiner une possible explication à ces constats : l'influence de l'organisation et des mécanismes de la sphère politico-administrative. Par conséquent, nous avançons l'hypothèse que la mise en œuvre d'une planification logistique en milieu urbain ne peut se soustraire, au préalable, d'une structuration en interne de l'organisation politico-administrative et de l'existence d'une gouvernance logistique métropolitaine. Pour ce faire, nous basons principalement notre argumentaire sur l'analyse de l'évolution de la prise en compte de cette thématique dans les politiques d'aménagement et de transport, dans les affaires quotidiennes, de la Métropole toulousaine. Nous relevons les antagonismes et contradictions liées. Le recours à des entretiens et des questionnaires auprès de collectivités, principalement nationales, facilite une validation de nos hypothèses, une certaine généralisation mais également l'observation de spécificités toulousaines. Pour appuyer nos propos, nous tentons d'expérimenter, par le biais de l'élaboration du Plan de Déplacement Marchandises (PDM) de la métropole toulousaine, objet de notre mission opérationnelle par le biais d'un contrat de Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE), les possibilités d'agir sur les mécanismes observés pour favoriser le développement d'un réflexe logistique, possiblement garant de réponses territoriales concrètes et efficientes. Les difficultés ressenties relatives à la mise en œuvre du PDM, selon une démarche transversale, que nous considérons comme fondamentale pour l'intégration de cette thématique dans les enjeux territoriaux et les politiques d'aménagement, justifient l'approche pluridisciplinaire défendue dans cette thèse.Nous montrons que des changements dans l'organisation et les mécanismes psychosociologiques de la sphère politico-administrative pourraient avoir des incidences positives sur l'existence et, en relation, la mise en œuvre concrète d'actions publiques territoriales associées et dédiées répondant à la nécessaire transversalité du sujet.

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es: Identificar los factores que determinan el deterioro de los desarrollos de Vivienda de Interés Social (VIS) en México dentro de la relación ciudad-medio ambiente. La metodología se divide en dos apartados: El primero consiste en el análisis del ciclo de gestión de producción de la VIS y su fundamentación teórica. El segundo, es una aproximación empírica a la problemática de este tipo de vivienda a través del pensamiento de diseño con base en las siguientes etapas: 1) Empatía con el usuario, 2) Definición del problema, 3) Abstracción de soluciones, 4) Conceptualización de un modelo y, 5) Evaluación del desempeño. El deterioro ambiental del contexto urbano de la vivienda de interés social en las ciudades mexicanas es el resultado de: por un lado, la disminución de intervención del Estado sobre las políticas que regulan su gestión y la especulación del suelo y, por otro lado, de la dilución de la responsabilidad entre el municipio, urbanizadores, constructores y una normatividad débil en cuestiones de bienestar sobre la calidad de la vivienda y su entorno. Este trabajo es un estudio de caso que aborda la complejidad del problema de la VIS en México. Además, representa una propuesta metodológica para abordar la insostenibilidad urbano-ambiental de la producción de este tipo de infraestructura con bases epistemológicas multidisciplinares, como lo son: el pensamiento de diseño y la gestión de proyectos. ; El principal objectiu d'aquest treball és: Identificar els factors que determinen el deteriorament dels desenvolupaments d'Habitatge d'Interès Social (VIS) a Mèxic dins de la relació ciutat-medi ambient. La metodologia es divideix en dos apartats: El primer consisteix en l'anàlisi del cicle de gestió de producció de la VIS i la seva fonamentació teòrica. El segon, és una aproximació empírica a la problemàtica d'aquest tipus d'habitatge a través de la pensada de disseny amb base en les següents etapes: 1) Empatia amb l'usuari, 2) Definició de el problema, 3) Abstracció de solucions, 4) Conceptualització d'un model i, 5) Avaluació de l'acompliment. El deteriorament ambiental del context urbà de l'habitatge d'interès social a les ciutats mexicanes és el resultat de: d'una banda, la disminució d'intervenció de l'Estat sobre les polítiques que regulen la seva gestió i l'especulació de terra i, d'altra banda, de la dilució de la responsabilitat entre el municipi, urbanitzadors, constructors i una normativitat feble en qüestions de benestar sobre la qualitat de l'habitatge i el seu entorn. Aquest treball és un estudi de cas que aborda la complexitat de el problema de la VIS a Mèxic. A més, representa una proposta metodològica per abordar la insostenibilitat urbà-ambiental de la producció d'aquest tipus d'infraestructura amb bases epistemològiques multidisciplinars, com ho són: el pensament de disseny i la gestió de projectes. ; The main objective of this work is to identify the drivers of deterioration of social housing settlements in México within the city-environment relationship. The methodology is divided into two sections: theoretical foundation and empirical data analysis. First part consists in analyzing the housing production management cycle based on its policies and administrative procedures and second part is an empirical approach to the problematic through design thinking considering the following stages: 1) Empathy with the user, 2) Problem definition, 3) Solution abstraction, 4) Conceptualization of a model and, 5) Performance assessment. Environmental deterioration of urban context of social housing in mexican cities is a result of: on one hand, decrease of State intervention over legislation and policies that regulate land speculation and social housing production and, on the other hand, the dilution over the responsibility of built environment between the municipality, developers, contractors and a weak regulation on welfare issues about the quality of social housing and its environment. This paper is a case study wich addresses the complexity of social housing production. It represents a methodological proposal to study the urban-environmental unsustainability of social housing settlements over multidisciplinary epistemological bases, such as: design thinking and project management. ; Peer Reviewed

The interrelationships between regulatory agencies and judicial courts generally have a high impact on social relations. However, there is little empirical research and a need for greater systematization of knowledge from a multidisciplinary perspective. This essay discusses the main tensions between the executive and judicial branches of government in decisions about the regulatory activity. The discussion is facilitated through the main theoretical lenses and previous studies on the application to the phenomena. The relationship between agencies and courts is marked by divisions, and the institutional approach to the regulatory space and reflections stimulated by law and economics theory, among other theoretical approaches, are very useful for interpreting institutional tensions in this relationship. The literature on judicial review of regulatory agency decisions points to factors that explain judicial deference or motivate a more prominent role of courts, as well as on topics related to: a) court involvement with technical and scientific issues; b) efficiency and performance; c) calculated behaviors; d) transaction costs; and e) cost-benefit analysis. A research agenda is suggested to explore the perceptions of key players about regulatory disputes, and factors and conditions that explain judicial deference in different contexts. ; Las interrelaciones entre las agencias reguladoras y los tribunales judiciales son un tema de alto impacto en las relaciones sociales en general, pero aún carecen de investigación empírica y una mayor sistematización del conocimiento desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria. En esta línea, este ensayo tiene como objetivo llevar a cabo una discusión articulada de las principales tensiones entre el Poder Ejecutivo y el Judicial en las decisiones inherentes a la actividad reguladora, con el apoyo de las principales lentes teóricas y el estado de la cuestión aplicable al fenómeno. La relación entre agencias y tribunales se caracteriza por las dicotomías y el enfoque institucional del espacio regulatorio, y las reflexiones aportadas por el análisis económico del derecho, entre otras lentes de análisis, son muy útiles para interpretar las tensiones institucionales existentes en esta relación. La literatura sobre la revisión judicial de las decisiones de las agencias reguladoras apunta a la investigación de factores que explican la deferencia judicial o motivan un papel más prominente de los tribunales, así como de temas relacionados con: a) participación de los tribunales en cuestiones técnicas y científicas; b) eficiencia y performance; c) comportamientos calculados; d) costos de transacción; y e) análisis de costo-beneficio. Se propone una agenda de investigación que explore las percepciones de los actores clave sobre disputas regulatorias, así como estudios sobre factores y condicionantes que expliquen la deferencia judicial en diferentes contextos. ; As inter-relações entre agências reguladoras e tribunais judiciais constituem tema de alto impacto nas relações sociais em geral, porém, ainda carecem de pesquisas empíricas e maior sistematização do conhecimento, sob uma perspectiva multidisciplinar. Nessa linha, este ensaio tem por objetivo realizar uma discussão articulada das principais tensões entre o Poder Executivo e o Poder Judiciário em decisões inerentes à atividade regulatória, apoiada nas principais lentes teóricas e no estado da arte aplicáveis ao fenômeno. O relacionamento entre agências e tribunais é marcado por dicotomias e a abordagem institucional do espaço regulatório e as reflexões trazidas pela Análise Econômica do Direito, dentre outras lentes de análise, revelam-se bastante úteis para a interpretação das tensões institucionais existentes em tal relacionamento. A literatura sobre revisão judicial de decisões de agências reguladoras aponta pesquisas sobre fatores que explicam a deferência judicial ou motivam um papel mais proeminente dos tribunais, passando também por temas relativos a: a) envolvimento de tribunais com questões técnicas e científicas; b) eficiência e desempenho; c) comportamentos calculados; d) custos de transação; e e) análises de custo-benefício. Propõe-se uma agenda de pesquisa que explore percepções de atores-chave desse ambiente acerca de litígios regulatórios, bem como estudos sobre fatores e condicionantes que explicam a deferência judicial em diferentes contextos.

Obesity is a public health issue with growing prevalence worldwide, which leads to morbi-mortality and has given rise to its recognition as an independent nosological entity. Colombia reports a prevalence of obese adults of 51.2% in 2010. Several elements influence the epidemiology of overweight and obesity including genetic, ethnic, metabolic, environmental, political, and social aspects, amongst many others. The association of obesity with multiple pathologies is more evident as time goes by, not only because it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, but because it also causes pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and osteoarticular disorders. To date, body mass index is the parameter used to determine and classify overweight and obesity. Alternative measurements, such as waist circumference, have been proposed as independent predictors of morbility. Considering the high prevalence of obesity and the poor precision of the classification methods to estimate cardiovascular risk, it is an important clinical decision to identify the patient who is candidate for treatment. The therapeutic approach in obese patients should focus on correcting the modifiable risk factors, and is fundamentally based on making changes in life style, which may be complemented with medication and surgery in certain patients. However, only multidisciplinary prevention will effectively avert obesity from becoming pandemic. ; La obesidad es un problema de salud pública, con prevalencia creciente en todo el mundo, que acarrea una importante morbimortalidad, lo cual ha llevado a su reconocimiento como entidad nosológica independiente. Colombia no escapa a esta situación y reporta una prevalencia de adultos obesos del 51.2% en 2010. Varios elementos influyen en el comportamiento epidemiológico del sobrepeso y la obesidad: aspectos genéticos, étnicos, metabólicos, ambientales, políticos y rasgos socioculturales, entre otros. La asociación de la obesidad con múltiples patologías es cada vez más evidente, no sólo porque aumenta de forma considerable el riesgo cardiovascular, sino, también, porque causa afecciones pulmonares, gastrointestinales y osteoarticulares. A la fecha, el índice de masa corporal es el parámetro que permiten la definición y clasificación del sobrepeso y la obesidad. Medidas alternas, como la circunferencia abdominal, se han planteado como predictores de morbilidad independientes. Teniendo en cuenta la alta prevalencia de la obesidad y la imprecisión de los métodos clasificatorios para estimar el riesgo cardiovascular e identificar el paciente candidato a tratamiento, es una decisión clínica importante. El enfoque terapéutico del paciente con obesidad debe dirigirse a la intervención de los factores de riesgo modificables y está basado fundamentalmente en los cambios en el estilo de vida, complementado con la farmacoterapia en algunos pacientes, sin desconocer la opción quirúrgica en pacientes que cumplan ciertos criterios. Sin embargo, sólo será la prevención multidimensional lo que combatirá la conversión de la obesidad en una verdadera pandemia. ; A obesidade é um problema de saúde pública, com prevalência crescente em todo mundo, que arca uma importante morbimortalidade, o qual levou a seu reconhecimento como entidade nosológica independente. A Colômbia não escapa a esta situação e reporta uma prevalência de adultos obesos de 51.2% em 2010. Vários elementos influem no comportamento epidemiológico do sobrepeso e a obesidade: aspectos genéticos, étnicos, metabólicos, ambientais, políticos e rasgos socioculturais, entre outros. A associação da obesidade com múltiplas patologias é cada vez mais evidente, não só porque aumenta de forma considerável o risco cardiovascular, senão, também, porque causa afecções pulmonares, gastrointestinais e osteoarticulares. À data, o índice de massa corporal é o parâmetro que permitem a definição e classificação do sobrepeso e a obesidade. Medidas alternas, como a circunferência abdominal, propuseram-se como preditores de morbilidade independentes. Tendo em conta a alta prevalência da obesidade e a imprecisão dos métodos classificatórios para estimar o risco cardiovascular e identificar o paciente candidato a tratamento, é uma decisão clínica importante. O enfoque terapêutico do paciente com obesidade deve dirigir-se à intervenção dos fatores de risco modificáveis e está baseado fundamentalmente nas mudanças no estilo de vida, complementado com a fármaco-terapia em alguns pacientes, sem desconhecer a opção cirúrgica em pacientes que cumpram certos critérios. No entanto, só será a prevenção multidimensional o que combaterá a conversão da obesidade numa verdadeira pandemia.

La cinta muraria di Cagliari costituisce un importante esempio di architettura militare, tutelata per il suo valore storico-ambientale e paesaggistico, della quale conserva la forma impostata dagli Spagnoli nella metà del Cinquecento e le opere volute dai Piemontesi nel corso del Settecento. In particolare la sequenza di opere "alla moderna", che dal bastione Santa Croce si susseguono lungo l'asse nord-sud in direzione del bastione Balice, e gli ampliamenti situati nel settore nord e nel settore orientale costituiscono il risultato di una serie di trasformazioni che hanno ridisegnato e ampliato la linea difensiva sostenendo logiche insediative, religiose e militari. L'attuale conformazione di sito pluristratificato custodisce le testimonianze dei diversi passaggi che hanno " ridisegnato e scolpito" le forme dei luoghi e creato un paesaggio che connota fortemente il quartiere Castello e la città stessa. Una tutela consapevole di un patrimonio storico caratterizzato da valori e criticità richiede una conoscenza approfondita delle trasformazioni avvenute e un'analisi delle dinamiche in atto, affidata ad indagini multidisciplinari. Lo studio dei diversi aspetti utili a garantire una consapevole gestione del patrimonio storico è tuttavia nelle mani degli specialisti, padroni di un linguaggio -a volte di difficile comprensione per i profani- che necessita di mezzi di rappresentazione appropriati al fine di favorire una più ampia diffusione e una maggiore consapevolezza dei valori. Una rappresentazione che fino all'Ottocento è stata principalmente finalizzata alla descrizione del progetto architettonico oltre che alla documentazione dei luoghi, come nei taccuini dei viaggiatori. Tuttavia, la complessità della stratificazione storica della città contemporanea richiede l'utilizzo di un linguaggio strettamente tecnico e di un'illustrazione scientifica che a volte sacrifica gli aspetti legati alla divulgazione. Il passaggio dal modello puramente tecnico a un modello di facile lettura diviene uno degli obiettivi di una più ampia ricerca -presentare e illustrare le trasformazioni urbane- che trova nella piazzaforte di Cagliari un'opportunità per esplorare le diverse modalità di analisi grafica e di linguaggi affidati a strumenti tradizionali e digitali, anche integrati. ; The city walls of Cagliari are an important example of military architecture protected for its historical-environmental and landscape value. The actual conformation of a multi-layered site preserves the signs of the different changes that have "redefined and sculpted" the shapes of the places creating a landscape that strongly characterize the Castello district and the city itself. The sequence of bastions located in the north and in the western sector of Castello, in particular, is the result of a series of urban transformations that have redesigned and expanded the defensive line by supporting settlement, religious and military reasons. A conscious protection of a landscape characterized by values and criticalities requires an in-depth knowledge of the transformations happened and an analysis of the dynamics in progress, entrusted to multidisciplinary investigations. However, the knowledge of the many aspects useful to guarantee a mindful management of the historical heritage is in the hands of specialists, masters of a language -sometimes difficult to understand for the layman- that needs appropriate means of representation to support a wider dissemination aimed to a bigger awareness of values. A representation that until the nineteenth century was mainly aimed to describe the architectural project as well as the documentation of the places in travelers' notebooks. However, the complexity of the historical stratification of the contemporary city requires the use of a strictly technical language and a scientific illustration that sometimes sacrifices the aspects related to disclosure. The transition from the pure technical model to a model easy to read is one of the objectives of a broader research -representing and illustrating urban transformations- which finds in the stronghold of Cagliari an opportunity to explore the different ways of graphic analysis and languages entrusted to traditional and IT tools, including integrated ones.

El abordaje de la problemática ambiental desde la reflexión bioética, ha sido complejo en la medida en que la metodología utilizada genera acciones y soluciones dicotómicas, lo que genera un obstáculo para lograr acuerdos en los que la totalidad de los actores del problema encuentren posibilidad de expresión, aceptación de sus posturas y que satisfaga de alguna manera las múltiples necesidades que cada uno plantea. La ética convergente propuesta por Ricardo Maliandi, permite abordar este tipo de problemas como conflictos, a partir de los cuales es posible dar una mirada más completa e incluyente al "dilema" tradicionalmente trabajado en bioética, ya que permite dar voz a las distintas posturas contrapuestas y observar las diversas aristas de la problemática, facilitando la transformación del conflicto a partir del metaprincipio de convergencia que se corresponde con la armonización. El presente trabajo aborda la problemática ambiental desde el pensamiento de Jorge Riechmann, planteado en cinco libros por él denominados su "pentalogía", esta problemática que es amplia y compleja y que incluye lo social, lo ambiental, lo económico, lo político, entre otras muchas disciplinas, se analiza desde la ética convergente, ya que permite la inclusión de los actores en conflicto, el análisis del mismo, desde los plexos y nexos, que corresponde a las múltiples relaciones entre los contrapuestos, haciendo del problema ambiental un conflicto que es susceptible de armonizar; entendiendo la armonización como el acercamiento cada vez mayor de posturas antagónicas, en donde prima la necesidad de buscar acuerdos mínimos en la construcción de soluciones a los conflictos. Producto del análisis se obtiene un método de trabajo que se puede aplicar a la reflexión sobre los conflictos ambientales desde la perspectiva bioética, como una propuesta que facilita la comprensión de este tipo de conflictos para generar propuestas de armonización aplicando los principios bioéticos, dando voz a los actores en conflicto, a partir del análisis de las complejas relaciones que existen entre los contrapuestos, en concordancia con el carácter complejo, incluyente y mutidisciplinario de la bioética. ; Doctor en Bioética ; Doctorado ; The approach to the environmental problem from bioethical reflection has been complex to the extent that the methodology used generates dichotomous actions and solutions, which creates an obstacle to reaching agreements in which all the actors of the problem find the possibility of expression , acceptance of their positions and to satisfy in some way the multiple needs that each one poses. The convergent ethics proposed by Ricardo Maliandi, allows addressing this type of problems as conflicts, from which it is possible to give a more complete and inclusive look at the "dilemma" traditionally worked on in bioethics, since it allows giving voice to the different opposing positions and observe the various edges of the problem, facilitating the transformation of the conflict based on the meta-principle of convergence that corresponds to harmonization. The present work addresses the environmental problem from the thought of Jorge Riechmann, raised in five books by him called his "pentalogy", this problem that is broad and complex and that includes the social, the environmental, the economic, the political, among others In many disciplines, it is analyzed from the convergent ethics, since it allows the inclusion of the actors in conflict, the analysis of the same, from the plexuses and links, which corresponds to the multiple relationships between the opposites, making the environmental problem a conflict that is capable of harmonizing; understanding harmonization as the increasing approach of antagonistic positions, where the need to seek minimum agreements in the construction of solutions to conflicts prevails. As a result of the analysis, a working method is obtained that can be applied to the reflection on environmental conflicts from the bioethical perspective, as a proposal that facilitates the understanding of this type of conflicts to generate harmonization proposals applying bioethical principles, giving voice to the actors in conflict, based on the analysis of the complex relationships that exist between the opposites, in accordance with the complex, inclusive and multidisciplinary nature of bioethics.

One of the central challenges for the healthcare system today is how to manage care for patients with complex needs. This patient group is not well-defined but covers patients with serious diseases and comorbidities, or with a limited ability to perform basic daily functions due to physical, mental or psychosocial challenges. This group has a high service and resource utilisation resulting in high costs for the healthcare system and, typically, poor health outcomes. To improve care for these patients, it is necessary to implement strategies to manage the differentiated care needs, the additional support needs, the uncertainty in care delivery, and the coordination needs of the involved providers and the patient. Care pathways are increasingly used internationally to make care more patient-centred and to structure and design care processes for individual patient groups. Important elements in care pathways include structuring care activities, by defining their content and sequence; coordinating between providers and professionals; and involving patients in their care process. In this thesis, care pathways are proposed as the overall strategy for managing care for patients with complex care needs. The purpose of this thesis is thus to contribute with knowledge on how care pathways can be managed for patients with complex care needs. This is achieved by analysing how the practices coordination, standardisation, customisation and personalisation can support management of care pathways and by discussing how these practices influence quality of care. The quality of care dimensions discussed are accessible, timely, equitable, and patient-centred care. The empirical context in this thesis is the Standardised Cancer Care Pathways (CCPs) which were implemented in Sweden from 2015 to 2018. CCPs is the umbrella term for the national initiative to shorten waiting times, decrease regional differences and reduce fragmentation in care processes. CCPs include elements such as diagnosis-specific pathways and guidelines, introduction of CPP coordinators, and mandatory reporting of waiting times. Focus has been on implementing care pathways for 31 cancer diagnoses in all Swedish healthcare regions. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods have been used. A case study was conducted to examine standardised and customised care pathways, and coordination and multidisciplinary work in care pathways. A document study of regional reports on CCPs was analysed to study effects of care pathways on accessibility, timeliness and equitability. Finally, a national survey was conducted to deepen the understanding of the role of coordination, as performed by coordinators, in care pathways. This thesis argues that standardised and customised care pathways should be combined to manage care for patients with complex care needs. The customised pathway in particular benefits patients with serious unspecific symptoms, unknown primary tumour or more complex care needs, while patients with care needs that can be treated independently of the main diagnosis benefit from following a standardised care pathway. Coordinators are an important means to manage coordination, customisation and personalisation in the care pathway. The coordinators' role is twofold: the first role is to manage care pathways by customising the care pathway and coordinating involved providers; the second role is to support and guide patients through the care pathway. This can be achieved by adapting interpersonal communication with patients through personalisation. This thesis further argues that care pathways have most potential to positively influence accessibility, timeliness, equitability, and patient-centredness. Accessibility has been positively influenced, especially for patients with ambiguous symptoms where symptoms indicating cancer have improved their chances of accessing cancer diagnostics. A negative aspect of prioritising patients who follow CCPs has been the potentially longer waiting times for other patient groups in equal need of urgent care. Notwithstanding, prioritised access to care is perceived to positively influence timeliness for patients following CCPs. Care pathways are perceived to have positively influenced patient-centredness by shifting the focus from what to deliver to how to deliver it.

This paper highlights the fact that sustainable development can be considered as a new paradigm of the social sciences insofar as it seeks to integrate - in a holistic way - knowledge of multidisciplinary origin, that is, coming from both the social sciences and the natural sciences, given that in order for development processes to be sustainable in the long term it is necessary to take into consideration both the technical and economic factors that affect it as well as social dynamics and government action - public policies - that must be concerned with the preservation of natural ecosystems in order to give sustainability to the process. It also criticizes the dominant economic paradigm - which has hitherto hindered sustainable development throughout the world - on the basis that the new geological era of the Anthropocene requires a new cultural model of democratic governance in order to mitigate the devastating effects of climate change and better adapt to new environmental conditions. A democratic and cosmopolitan thinking (which is concerned about what happens in the whole planet) is indispensable for international cooperation to be better coordinated and effective, facilitating the fulfillment of the obligations of each State in the matter of economic, social and cultural rights, all within the framework of Agenda 2030 and the realization of the commitments of sustainable development (ODS). ; En esta ponencia se destaca el hecho que el desarrollo sostenible puede considerarse como un nuevo paradigma de las ciencias sociales en la medida que el mismo busca integrar – de manera holística – conocimientos de origen multidisciplinario, es decir, provenientes tanto de las ciencias sociales como de las ciencias naturales, dado para que los procesos de desarrollo sean sostenibles en el largo plazo se requiere tomar en consideración tanto los factores técnicos y económicos que inciden en el mismo como la dinámica social y la acción de gobierno – las políticas públicas – que deben preocuparse por la preservación de los ecosistemas naturales a fin de darle sustentabilidad al proceso. Además se hace una crítica del paradigma económico dominante – que hasta ahora ha puesto obstáculos al desarrollo sostenible en todo el mundo – sobre la base que la nueva época geológica del Antropoceno requiere de un nuevo modelo cultural de gobernanza democrática para poder mitigar los devastadores efectos del cambio climático y adaptarse mejor a las nuevas condiciones medio ambientales. Un pensamiento democrático y cosmopolita (que se preocupa por lo que ocurre en el planeta entero) es indispensable para que la cooperación internacional sea mejor coordinada y efectiva facilitando el cumplimiento de las obligaciones de cada Estado en materia de derechos económicos, sociales y culturales todo ello en el marco de la Agenda 2030 y la realización de los compromisos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS). ; Neste artigo, destaca-se o fato que o desenvolvimento sustentável pode ser considerado como um novo paradigma das ciências sociais na medida que o mesmo busca integrar – de maneira holística – conhecimentos de origem multidisciplinar, isto é, provenientes tanto das ciências sociais como das ciências naturais, dado para que os processos de desenvolvimento sejam sustentáveis no longo prazo se requer tomar em consideração tanto os fatores técnicos e econômicos que incidem no mesmo como a dinâmica social e a ação do governo – as políticas públicas – que deve-se preocupar pela preservação dos ecossistemas naturais a fim de dar-lhe sustentabilidade ao processo. Ademais, faz-se uma crítica ao paradigma econômico dominante – que até agora tem posto obstáculos ao desenvolvimento sustentável em todo mundo – sobre a base que a nova época geológica do Antropoceno requer de um novo modelo cultural de governo democrático para poder mitigar os devastadores efeitos da mudança climática e se adaptar melhor às novas condiciones meio ambientais. Um pensamento democrático e cosmopolita (que se preocupa pelo que acontece no planeta inteiro) é indispensável para que a cooperação internacional seja melhor coordenada e efetiva facilitando o cumprimento das obrigações de cada Estado em matéria de direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais todo isso no marco da Agenda 2030 e a realização dos compromissos de desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS).

La tenaz amenaza a la salud, la calidad de vida y el deseo porque el medioambiente se proteja a largo plazo, hace constante la acción social colectiva, que exige a los gobiernos a actuar frente a los flagelos con prontitud. Sectores productivos, industriales y comerciales, equipos multidisciplinarios entre científicos y técnicos trabajan en función de una progresiva toma de conciencia para conjuntar ecología, biología, economía, contaduría, sociología, arquitectura, derecho y muchas otras disciplinas y así involucrarse en la protección y estabilidad del medioambiente del planeta. Es un deseo apremiante en el que todos requerimos respuestas a tantas exigencias ambientales, para disminuir la fricción y la tensión que genera la preocupación, por lo que, de manera especial auditores, contadores y, revisores de la información social, financiera y ambiental, utilizan cualquier medio metodológico para captar, evaluar e interpretar y luego difundir de manera profesional la información socioeconómica ambiental adecuada. Con base en lo expuesto, en este documento se estudian tres componentes para analizar los resultados de una Contabilidad Ambiental: El Sistema de Información Financiera REA (Recursos, Eventos y Agentes) porque maneja los datos contables en forma vinculante, por eventos; las Directrices GRI implementadas por la Global Reporting Iniciative y las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera NIIF. Es un estudio a seguir para conformar una metodología, para que, en lo inmediato, sobre la base de los hallazgos, se definan las políticas y estrategias para que las organizaciones reorienten y/o definan sus cuestiones medioambientales y los interesados tomen las decisiones pertinentes a mejor convenir. Se elabora una metodología para la investigación y presentación de informe al estudiarse el componente ambiental de cualquier entidad, se realiza un desarrollo metodológico, se brindan conclusiones y propuestas. Se concluye que si bien la información estudiada deviene del Sistema de Información Financiero REA, estudiar las Directrices GRI de la Global Reporting Initiative ayuda al profesional, al investigador, auditor, revisor medioambiental a adquirir y a complementar sus conocimientos junto con el tercer componente de este trabajo como lo son las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera cuyo Marco Conceptual despeja la viabilidad para la materia ambiental. ; The tenacious threat to health, quality of life and desire because the environment is protected in the long term, makes collective social action constant, which requires governments to act quickly against scourges. Productive, industrial and commercial sectors, multidisciplinary teams between scientists and technicians work based on a progressive awareness to combine ecology, biology, economics, accounting, sociology, architecture, law and many other disciplines and thus get involved in the protection and stability of the planet's environment. It is a urgent desire in which we all require responses to so many environmental requirements, to reduce the friction and tension generated by the concern, so, especially auditors, accountants and, social, financial and environmental information reviewers, use any methodological means to capture, evaluate and interpret and then professionally disseminate the appropriate environmental socio-economic information. Based on the exposed, in this paper three components are studied to analyze the results of an Environmental Accounting: The REA Financial Information System (Resources, Events and Agents) because it handles the accounting data in a binding manner, by events; the GRI Guidelines implemented by the Global Reporting Initiative and the International Financial Reporting Standards IFRS. It is a study to follow to shape a methodology, so that, immediately, based on the findings, the policies and strategies are defined so that the organizations reorient and / or define their environmental issues and the interested parties make the pertinent decisions to better convenience. A methodology for research and reporting is developed when studying the environmental component of any entity, a methodological development is carried out, conclusions and proposals are provided. It is concluded that although the information studied comes from the REA Financial Information System, studying the GRI Guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative helps the professional, the researcher, auditor, environmental reviewer to acquire and complement their knowledge together with the third component of this work as are the International Financial Reporting Standards whose Conceptual Framework clears the viability for environmental matters. ; Instituto de Investigaciones y Estudios Contables