Suchergebnisse

Résumé L'objectif de cet article est de rechercher la cohérence générale de l'idée fédéraliste, au travers de l'évolution des pensées fédéralistes. Il arrive à la conclusion que le fédéralisme doit rester une idée ou un principe, et non un concept ou une théorie, afin de pouvoir prendre en compte toutes les approches discursives du fédéralisme. En outre, il considère que le développement le plus récent de l'idée fédéraliste est la gouvernance multi-niveau.

Current debates on the future of the European Union tend to privilege statist perspectives according to which geopolitical challenges and internal politicization either spur disintegration, or drive the EU towards more federalist, centralized and externally bounded features. Starting from the EU's multilevel and polycentric architecture, this article investigates how far such federalist dynamics reach out to task-specific, functionalist EU institutions, such as regulatory agencies. Enjoying a certain degree of autonomy from the EU's central, politically encompassing institutions, regulatory agencies have established close ties with third country regulators to tackle interdependence. Based on the comparative analysis of six regulatory agencies representing varying patterns of international interdependence, sectoral politicization and regulatory authority, we show that functionalist pressure for international cooperation indeed sustains fluid boundaries. However, EU central institutions such as the Commission and the Parliament have increasingly claimed control over agencies' external ramifications. The result is enduring functionalist de-bordering, but federally controlled.

Spatial planning is a practice involving actors representing interlinked decision-making levels. The objective of this third part is, on the one hand, to analyse different types of multilevel governance in border planning operations and, on the other hand, to present certain non-political actors that may be involved in cross-border management operations. All the communications in Part Three follow this twofold objective. ; International audience ; Spatial planning is a practice involving actors representing interlinked decision-making levels. The objective of this third part is, on the one hand, to analyse different types of multilevel governance in border planning operations and, on the other hand, to present certain non-political actors that may be involved in cross-border management operations. All the communications in Part Three follow this twofold objective. ; L'aménagement du territoire est une pratique impliquant des acteurs représentant des niveaux de décision emboîtés. L'objectif de cette troisième partie est d'une part d'analyser différents types de gouvernance multi-niveaux dans des opérations d'aménagement du territoire aux frontières, d'autre part de présenter certains acteurs autres que politiques pouvant être impliqués dans les opérations de gestion transfrontalière. L'ensemble des communications de cette troisième partie suivent ce double objectif.

International audience ; The transformations of the Belgian state entailing multiple transfers of competences from the central state to federated entities has had fundamental territorial consequences on the management of 'the social question'. The article proposes to study anti-poverty policies (APP) for homeless people in the Brussels-capital region based on successive transformations in the relationship between public actors and the voluntary sector.This analysis focuses on the way spatial and territorial transformations have rearticulated the management of poverty as well as 'games' of cooperation or eviction among actors dealing with extreme urban poverty, in which they accept the local poor and reject poor people from elsewhere. By combining insights from sociology and urban planning, the aim is to better understand both issues of multi-level governance in metropolitan areas and how to (try to) counter forms of spatial injustice. ; Les transformations de l'État belge à travers ses multiples transferts de compétences entre l'État central et les entités fédérées ont eu des conséquences territoriales fondamentales sur la gestion de la question sociale. L'article propose d'étudier la conduite des politiques de lutte contre la pauvreté (LCP) à destination des personnes sans-abri sur le territoire de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale à partir des transformations successives des rapports entre acteurs publics et secteur associatif.Nous plaçons au cœur de l'analyse la manière dont les transformations spatiales et territoriales ont participé à reconfigurer la gestion de la pauvreté par l'acception du pauvre local et le rejet du pauvre venu d'ailleurs. Pour ce faire, nous nous focalisons sur les jeux de coopération ou d'éviction entre acteurs dans la prise en charge de la très grande précarité urbaine. En croisant les apports de la sociologie et de l'urbanisme, il s'agit à la fois de mieux comprendre les enjeux de gouvernance multi-niveaux dans des espaces métropolitains, et aussi, de mieux saisir et comprendre comment ...

As smart grids' experiments and smart cities are spreading through the world, this doctoral thesis questions the reconfigurations that have been affecting public action about energy issues since the appearance of these technological innovations. Through an analysis of energy policy tools and case studies of the governance of four 'smart communities' demonstration projects in Japan, my goal is to understand how the State redefines its role and its process of interaction with local governments and private actors. My main contribution is to analyze the practice of experimentation as an emerging tool of local policies, in response to major transformation that affect energy policies. Based on a neo-institutionalist approach, I highlight that the introduction of smart grids is based on continuities in terms of policymaking process and cognitive frames, while the policy tools used to implement smart grids are characterized by a 'gradual institutional change'. Through an analysis of the first 'smart communities' demonstration projects that have been implemented by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) between 2010 and 2015 in Yokohama, Toyota, Kyōto Keihanna et Kitakyūshū, I study the influence of experimentations in the implementation of local energy policies and in the interactions between the State and local actors. My case studies show that proactive local actors took over experiment as a way of enhancing the exemplariness of their territory and "best practices". From a strategic point of view, this approach aims at attracting public and private funding, but in an institutional perspective, it also reveals how the State positions itself in order to increase its control over territorialized energy policies by promoting experimentation projects according to its strategies. I use the notion of 'meta-governor' and 'governing by distance' as a way of describing the measures implemented by the METI and other ministries to give room for manoeuvre to local actors and to grant concessions that fits with their ...

This thesis examines the links between governance, social innovation and territories with a disciplinaryoverrun context, in Alpine cross-border margins. Mainly related to geography and secondarily to lawdisciplines, this research explores common thematic such us border and space. It tries to find commonground on the governance before working on relatively new topic: social innovation.The Alpi Marittime-Mercantour and Espace Mont-Blanc cross-border governance has been analyzedwith a comparative approach. These cases are poorly investigated by the literature on governance,although they have interesting special topic and issues like sustainable development. They have to findan acceptable balance between protection measures and socio-economic development. Thefunctionalization of border allows for cross-border cooperation but the topography and the pooraccessibility constraint and affect the agreement the of the governance. The analysis of governance isbased on three different forms: institutional governance (formal and informal), project governance(mainly formal) and Interreg program governance relatively complex. This system is obviously multilevelwith vertical (top-down and bottom-up) and horizontal relations.The thesis reviews the definition of innovation especially social innovation with a critical perspective.The ambition isn't to say "this is an innovation" but to understand and explain how the system ofgovernance implements public policies and finally produces innovations. The goal is also to show andanalyze "almost innovations" and "failed innovation".Finally, this research considers institutionalization and territorialization processes next to each other.Both of them are continuous on long term and they are dependent on project's players, their ambitions,but also on national and European, political and legal framework. ; Cette thèse propose de penser les liens entre gouvernance, innovation sociale et territoire dans des marges transfrontalières des Alpes dans une perspective de dépassement disciplinaire. ...

This thesis examines the links between governance, social innovation and territories with a disciplinaryoverrun context, in Alpine cross-border margins. Mainly related to geography and secondarily to lawdisciplines, this research explores common thematic such us border and space. It tries to find commonground on the governance before working on relatively new topic: social innovation.The Alpi Marittime-Mercantour and Espace Mont-Blanc cross-border governance has been analyzedwith a comparative approach. These cases are poorly investigated by the literature on governance,although they have interesting special topic and issues like sustainable development. They have to findan acceptable balance between protection measures and socio-economic development. Thefunctionalization of border allows for cross-border cooperation but the topography and the pooraccessibility constraint and affect the agreement the of the governance. The analysis of governance isbased on three different forms: institutional governance (formal and informal), project governance(mainly formal) and Interreg program governance relatively complex. This system is obviously multilevelwith vertical (top-down and bottom-up) and horizontal relations.The thesis reviews the definition of innovation especially social innovation with a critical perspective.The ambition isn't to say "this is an innovation" but to understand and explain how the system ofgovernance implements public policies and finally produces innovations. The goal is also to show andanalyze "almost innovations" and "failed innovation".Finally, this research considers institutionalization and territorialization processes next to each other.Both of them are continuous on long term and they are dependent on project's players, their ambitions,but also on national and European, political and legal framework. ; Cette thèse propose de penser les liens entre gouvernance, innovation sociale et territoire dans des marges transfrontalières des Alpes dans une perspective de dépassement disciplinaire. ...

As smart grids' experiments and smart cities are spreading through the world, this doctoral thesis questions the reconfigurations that have been affecting public action about energy issues since the appearance of these technological innovations. Through an analysis of energy policy tools and case studies of the governance of four 'smart communities' demonstration projects in Japan, my goal is to understand how the State redefines its role and its process of interaction with local governments and private actors. My main contribution is to analyze the practice of experimentation as an emerging tool of local policies, in response to major transformation that affect energy policies. Based on a neo-institutionalist approach, I highlight that the introduction of smart grids is based on continuities in terms of policymaking process and cognitive frames, while the policy tools used to implement smart grids are characterized by a 'gradual institutional change'. Through an analysis of the first 'smart communities' demonstration projects that have been implemented by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) between 2010 and 2015 in Yokohama, Toyota, Kyōto Keihanna et Kitakyūshū, I study the influence of experimentations in the implementation of local energy policies and in the interactions between the State and local actors. My case studies show that proactive local actors took over experiment as a way of enhancing the exemplariness of their territory and "best practices". From a strategic point of view, this approach aims at attracting public and private funding, but in an institutional perspective, it also reveals how the State positions itself in order to increase its control over territorialized energy policies by promoting experimentation projects according to its strategies. I use the notion of 'meta-governor' and 'governing by distance' as a way of describing the measures implemented by the METI and other ministries to give room for manoeuvre to local actors and to grant concessions that fits with their strategies, while controlling over this process in order to maintain the general structure of the grid. ; Dans un contexte de multiplication d'expérimentations de « réseaux électriques intelligents » (REI) et de « villes intelligentes » à travers le monde, cette thèse questionne les reconfigurations qui affectent l'action publique liée à l'énergie depuis l'émergence de ces innovations technologiques. À partir d'une analyse de l'instrumentation des politiques énergétiques et de la gouvernance de quatre démonstrateurs de « smart communities » au Japon, nous souhaitons saisir la reformulation du rôle de l'État et de ses modes d'interaction avec les collectivités territoriales et avec les acteurs privés. Nous défendons la thèse que la pratique de l'expérimentation tend à devenir un instrument privilégié de la conduite des politiques locales, en réponse à d'importantes transformations qui affectent les politiques énergétiques. En nous appuyant sur une analyse néo-institutionnaliste, nous montrons que l'introduction des REI est marquée par des permanences dans le processus d'élaboration des politiques publiques et dans les cadres cognitifs mobilisés, mais aussi par un « changement graduel transformateur » dans les instruments déployés. À travers l'étude des quatre premiers démonstrateurs de smart community mis en place entre 2010 et 2015 par le Ministère de l'Économie, du Commerce et de l'Industrie (METI) à Yokohama, Toyota, Kyōto Keihanna et Kitakyūshū, nous procédons à une analyse de l'influence de la pratique expérimentale sur la production de politiques énergétiques locales et sur les modes d'interaction entre l'État et les acteurs locaux. Il apparaît alors que la pratique expérimentale est appropriée par les acteurs locaux volontaristes comme un moyen de valoriser leurs « bonnes pratiques » et d'ériger leur territoire en vitrine de l'exemplarité. Cette démarche s'inscrit dans une perspective stratégique visant à capter les financements privés et publics, mais elle résulte aussi d'un repositionnement de l'appareil étatique visant à renforcer son contrôle au sein de politiques énergétiques territorialisées par la promotion d'expérimentations en phase avec ses stratégies. Nous mobilisons en particulier les notions de « méta-gouvernance » et de « gouvernement à distance » pour qualifier les dispositifs déployés par l'État pour conférer des marges de manœuvre aux acteurs locaux et accorder des concessions ponctuelles qui s'inscrivent dans ses perspectives stratégiques, tout en effectuant un contrôle sur ce processus afin de maintenir la structure du réseau.

As smart grids' experiments and smart cities are spreading through the world, this doctoral thesis questions the reconfigurations that have been affecting public action about energy issues since the appearance of these technological innovations. Through an analysis of energy policy tools and case studies of the governance of four 'smart communities' demonstration projects in Japan, my goal is to understand how the State redefines its role and its process of interaction with local governments and private actors. My main contribution is to analyze the practice of experimentation as an emerging tool of local policies, in response to major transformation that affect energy policies. Based on a neo-institutionalist approach, I highlight that the introduction of smart grids is based on continuities in terms of policymaking process and cognitive frames, while the policy tools used to implement smart grids are characterized by a 'gradual institutional change'. Through an analysis of the first 'smart communities' demonstration projects that have been implemented by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) between 2010 and 2015 in Yokohama, Toyota, Kyōto Keihanna et Kitakyūshū, I study the influence of experimentations in the implementation of local energy policies and in the interactions between the State and local actors. My case studies show that proactive local actors took over experiment as a way of enhancing the exemplariness of their territory and "best practices". From a strategic point of view, this approach aims at attracting public and private funding, but in an institutional perspective, it also reveals how the State positions itself in order to increase its control over territorialized energy policies by promoting experimentation projects according to its strategies. I use the notion of 'meta-governor' and 'governing by distance' as a way of describing the measures implemented by the METI and other ministries to give room for manoeuvre to local actors and to grant concessions that fits with their strategies, while controlling over this process in order to maintain the general structure of the grid. ; Dans un contexte de multiplication d'expérimentations de « réseaux électriques intelligents » (REI) et de « villes intelligentes » à travers le monde, cette thèse questionne les reconfigurations qui affectent l'action publique liée à l'énergie depuis l'émergence de ces innovations technologiques. À partir d'une analyse de l'instrumentation des politiques énergétiques et de la gouvernance de quatre démonstrateurs de « smart communities » au Japon, nous souhaitons saisir la reformulation du rôle de l'État et de ses modes d'interaction avec les collectivités territoriales et avec les acteurs privés. Nous défendons la thèse que la pratique de l'expérimentation tend à devenir un instrument privilégié de la conduite des politiques locales, en réponse à d'importantes transformations qui affectent les politiques énergétiques. En nous appuyant sur une analyse néo-institutionnaliste, nous montrons que l'introduction des REI est marquée par des permanences dans le processus d'élaboration des politiques publiques et dans les cadres cognitifs mobilisés, mais aussi par un « changement graduel transformateur » dans les instruments déployés. À travers l'étude des quatre premiers démonstrateurs de smart community mis en place entre 2010 et 2015 par le Ministère de l'Économie, du Commerce et de l'Industrie (METI) à Yokohama, Toyota, Kyōto Keihanna et Kitakyūshū, nous procédons à une analyse de l'influence de la pratique expérimentale sur la production de politiques énergétiques locales et sur les modes d'interaction entre l'État et les acteurs locaux. Il apparaît alors que la pratique expérimentale est appropriée par les acteurs locaux volontaristes comme un moyen de valoriser leurs « bonnes pratiques » et d'ériger leur territoire en vitrine de l'exemplarité. Cette démarche s'inscrit dans une perspective stratégique visant à capter les financements privés et publics, mais elle résulte aussi d'un repositionnement de l'appareil étatique visant à renforcer son contrôle au sein de politiques énergétiques territorialisées par la promotion d'expérimentations en phase avec ses stratégies. Nous mobilisons en particulier les notions de « méta-gouvernance » et de « gouvernement à distance » pour qualifier les dispositifs déployés par l'État pour conférer des marges de manœuvre aux acteurs locaux et accorder des concessions ponctuelles qui s'inscrivent dans ses perspectives stratégiques, tout en effectuant un contrôle sur ce processus afin de maintenir la structure du réseau.

The institutionalization of culture as a category of metropolitan-scale public action is gaining ground. Having played a key role in the construction of French cities as a political and social actor, culture is now mobilized to serve the same purpose in metropolises. This raises the question of the metropolitan governance of culture. The article explores the uncertain paths multi-level governance has taken in the Lille area. It highlights the success of Lille 2004 European Capital of Culture in initiating the institutionalization of a metropolitan cultural action but hides centripetal and centrifugal mechanisms that question the consequences of the event and explain why the metropolitan culture remains in search of multilevel governance. ; L'institutionnalisation de la culture comme catégorie d'action publique d'échelle métropolitaine fait son chemin. Après avoir joué un rôle clé dans la construction des villes françaises comme acteurs politiques et sociaux, la culture est désormais mobilisée pour servir le même dessein dans le cas des métropoles. Est ainsi posée la question de la gouvernance métropolitaine de la culture. L'article explore les chemins incertains que prend cette gouvernance multiniveau dans l'agglomération lilloise. Il met en évidence que le succès de Lille 2004 Capitale Européenne de la Culture amorce l'institutionnalisation d'une action culturelle métropolitaine mais cache des mécanismes centripètes et centrifuges qui questionnent les conséquences de l'évènement et expliquent pourquoi la culture métropolitaine y reste en quête de gouvernance multiniveau.

International audience ; France has engaged since 2012 in a new legislative process of "modernization of territorial public action and affirmation of metropolises". This communication recalls the European conceptual framework of on-going discussions on the same topic (double evolution towards europeanisation and devolution, territorial capital and place-based cohesion policy, multilevel governance combining institutional and functional approaches), puts the French reform, which mixes the functional approach of " territorial conferences for public action" and an institutional approach for metropolises, in perspective of this European framework, and more specifically of German policies. Finally, it looks at the case of cross-border regions, the way they are addressed by the law, and gives some advice as to their governance. ; La France s'est engagée depuis 2012 dans un nouveau processus législatif de « modernisation de l'action publique territoriale et d'affirmation des métropoles ». Cette communication rappelle le cadre conceptuel européen des discussions en cours sur le sujet (double mouvement d'européanisation et de décentralisation, politique de cohésion basée sur l'approche place-based et le capital territorial, gouvernance multi-niveaux combinant les types institutionnel et fonctionnel). Elle met en perspective de ce cadre européen, et plus particulièrement des politiques menées en Allemagne, la réforme française qui mixe approche fonctionnelle des « conférences territoriales de l'action publique » et approche institutionnelle pour les métropoles. Enfin, elle examine le cas des territoires transfrontaliers, la façon dont ils sont abordés par la loi, et donne quelques préconisations pour leur gouvernance.

The European employment strategy: how the Union's objectives are locally implemented in Belgium and France This paper aims at studying the local implementation of the European employment policy from two points of view: territorialisation and policy paradigm shift. Despite the fact that most of the member states are ongoing a growing territorialisation of their social policies on the one hand, and that the European employment strategy is theoretically ruled by multilevel governance on the other one, this implementation process remains largely submitted to policy compromises build with national administrations. This strategy is also supporting a major shift in labour market policies with growing concerns to activation and flexicurity processes. The comparison of the Belgium and French cases presented here focuses on the role played by two central elements: institutional framework and policy instruments. ; La stratégie européenne pour l'emploi : de l'ambition communautaire à la concrétisation régionale et locale en Belgique et en France Cette communication étudie la mise en œuvre territorialisée des préconisations européennes en matière d'emploi à partir de deux angles d'analyse : la territorialisation croissante de ces politiques et les changements qualitatifs affectant ces politiques publiques. Fondée sur le principe d'une gouvernance multi-niveaux, la mise en œuvre de la Stratégie européenne pour l'emploi (SEE) demeure pourtant largement conditionnée par les compromis institutionnels établis par l'Union avec les administrations nationales alors même que les Etats membres connaissent des processus croissant de territorialisation de la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques qui découlent de l'institutionnalisation de ces compromis. Par ailleurs, la Stratégie européenne pour l'emploi accompagne un changement de paradigme de la politique de lutte contre le chômage qui s'appuie sur des exigences accrues de flexicurité et d'activation. La comparaison des exemples belge et français permet de mettre en valeur le rôle de ...

The aim of this PhD is to analyse the obstacles facing flood risk management as it is integrated into spatial planning policies. Recently, the French and British governments have implemented several policies in order to ensure that flood risk is taken into account at all the stages of the planning process, but there are still misunderstandings and conflicts between national aims and local interests. We focus on urban regeneration, both in Seine-Amont and East London, as these two areas are the focus of new urban projects where stakeholders thus have the opportunity to take flood hazard into account from the beginning. But local stakeholders face difficulty in balancing, on the one hand, their development needs with, on the other, the imperative to control development in flood risk areas. They do not ignore the risk but it is not a priority and floods are not considered as part of place. As a result, regeneration projects significantly increase the vulnerability of both areas. Since urban regeneration areas are often flagship projects in the building of sustainable cities, is it not possible to develop floodplains in a sustainable way ? We can not prevent floods completely but we can try to set up multilevel sustainable planning systems which integrate floods. Our purpose is to focus on planning tools and governance mechanisms that exist in both countries in order to see how they could be improved. More generally, we aim to show that an integrative approach to the strategic planning of floodplains could be a potentially advantageous way to transform vulnerable places into resilient ones. ; L'objet de cette thèse est de réfléchir aux difficultés que pose l'intégration du risque aux stratégies d'aménagement des territoires locaux. Si les politiques mises en place à l'échelle nationale font du risque une véritable question d'aménagement, leur mise en oeuvre à l'échelle locale se traduit souvent par des dysfonctionnements et des conflits. Les projets de renouvellement urbain de Seine-Amont et de l'Est londonien ...

The aim of this PhD is to analyse the obstacles facing flood risk management as it is integrated into spatial planning policies. Recently, the French and British governments have implemented several policies in order to ensure that flood risk is taken into account at all the stages of the planning process, but there are still misunderstandings and conflicts between national aims and local interests. We focus on urban regeneration, both in Seine-Amont and East London, as these two areas are the focus of new urban projects where stakeholders thus have the opportunity to take flood hazard into account from the beginning. But local stakeholders face difficulty in balancing, on the one hand, their development needs with, on the other, the imperative to control development in flood risk areas. They do not ignore the risk but it is not a priority and floods are not considered as part of place. As a result, regeneration projects significantly increase the vulnerability of both areas. Since urban regeneration areas are often flagship projects in the building of sustainable cities, is it not possible to develop floodplains in a sustainable way ? We can not prevent floods completely but we can try to set up multilevel sustainable planning systems which integrate floods. Our purpose is to focus on planning tools and governance mechanisms that exist in both countries in order to see how they could be improved. More generally, we aim to show that an integrative approach to the strategic planning of floodplains could be a potentially advantageous way to transform vulnerable places into resilient ones. ; L'objet de cette thèse est de réfléchir aux difficultés que pose l'intégration du risque aux stratégies d'aménagement des territoires locaux. Si les politiques mises en place à l'échelle nationale font du risque une véritable question d'aménagement, leur mise en oeuvre à l'échelle locale se traduit souvent par des dysfonctionnements et des conflits. Les projets de renouvellement urbain de Seine-Amont et de l'Est londonien ...