Suchergebnisse

Во введении рассмотрены основные характеристики политических мифов и показано, что в отношении нашей страны они базируются на поверхностных исторических и культурных взглядах на политическое прошлое России и тенденциозных идеологических и психологических оценках современных политических процессов. В качестве основных методов авторами используются культурологический, социально-философский и дискурсивный анализ публичных практик. Рассматриваются основные темы, поднимаемые в западной научной литературе и прессе: отсталость нашей страны, авторитарность режима, репрессивный характер государства, коррупция, национализм, нарушения прав и свобод личности, агрессивная внешняя политика и т. д. В ходе анализа отмечено, что сама российская действительность дает некоторые основания для подобных заключений. В то же время, используя конкретные данные, авторы корректируют критические суждения и опровергают многие из них. Главной претензией наших оппонентов является утверждение о неспособности или сознательном нежелании России стать органической частью западной цивилизации. Тем самым нашей стране отказывается в праве на историческую самобытность и поиски альтернативных путей развития. Результатом исследования является общий вывод о том, что в большинстве западных мифов проявляется неприятие России как самостоятельной державы и ее независимого политического курса и содержатся попытки навязать ей собственные представления и интересы. Встречаются и объективнысуждения о нашей стране. Авторы считают, что процесс отказа от взаимных обвинений и стереотипов будет длительным и сложным, но он необходим для установления равноправных партнерских отношений. Для этого Россия должна преодолеть собственные трудности и добиться идейного консенсуса и консолидации всего общества.

Настоящее исследование посвящено проблеме репрезентации мифа об иммунитете, который является частью обыденной языковой картины мира и основан на наивных представлениях о мире, формирующихся в ходе обыденного восприятия действительности. Цель исследования - описать метафорические модели, репрезентирующие миф об иммунитете, на примере научно-популярной работы об иммунной системе Мэтта Риктела «Элегантная защита: новые знания об иммунной системе», которая отражает стремления людей исследовать причины возникновения болезней, а также способы укрепления иммунитета. В работе приводятся толкования понятий «миф» и «иммунитет». Методологическую базу исследования составила семиологическая концепция Ф. де Соссюра, с помощью которой описывается механизм иммунного ответа организма при заболевании. Актуальность исследования определяется тем, что миф об иммунитете рассматривается как представление о защитных свойствах организма, которое характеризуется фантастичностью, стихийностью. Именно стереотипы о защитных свойствах организма создают индивидуально-личностную картину мира представителя лингвокультурного сообщества. Предметом исследования послужили мифы об иммунитете, которые являются составляющей обыденной картины мира и отражают ценностно-мировоззренческие представления о здоровье, работе защитных механизмов организма и иммунной системы. Исследование проводилось с использованием специализированных лингвистических методов когнитивно-дискурсивного анализа и контент-анализа. Как показал анализ, миф об иммунитете имеет аксиологическую составляющую и репрезентирован с помощью метафорических моделей, таких как иммунная система как деятельность человека, иммунная система как война и военные действия, иммунная система как механизм, иммунная система как животное и иммунная система как растение.
The given study dwells upon the problem of the representation of the myth about the immunity which is a component of the everyday linguistic worldview and is based on naive ideas about the world that are formed in the process of everyday perception of the reality. The aim of the study is to describe the metaphorical models that represent the myth about the immunity on the example of the popular science work on the immune system "An Elegant Defense: The Extraordinary New Science of the Immune System" by Matt Richtel, which reflects the aspiration of people to investigate the causes of diseases, as well as ways to strengthen immunity. The work provides the interpretation of the notions "myth" and "immunity". The semiological conception of Ferdinand de Saussure which serves as the methodological basis of the study helps to describe the mechanism of the body's immune response to the disease. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the myth about the immunity is considered to be an idea about the protective properties of the body, which is characterized by fantastic nature, spontaneity. It is the stereotypes about the protective properties of the organism that create an individual worldview of a representative of the linguocultural community. The subject of the research was the myths about the immunity, which are a component of the everyday worldview and reflect value and worldview concepts about health, work of the body's defense mechanisms and immune system. The research was carried out by employing specific linguistic methods of cognitive-discourse analysis and content analysis. The analysis showed that the myth about the immunity has an axiological component and is represented by metaphorical models such as the immune system as a human activity, the immune system as a war and military actions, the immune system as a mechanism, the immune system as an animal and the immune system as a plant.

The article examines the 1952 "Book of Tasty and Healthy Food" in the context of the development of mass agitation and propaganda in the USSR. This colorful and richly illustrated publication was not only a guide to cooking, but also set the task of planting the idea of the achievements of socialist construction in people's mind. The book proclaimed the triumph of the Soviet food industry and housing construction development. It was the first to describe such a social space as the kitchen, a place for cooking, and it dealt with a personal kitchen, and the appearance of gas stoves and refrigerators. The author shows that the guide, not least of all set the goal of stimulating the buying activity of citizens in order to replenish the state budget. The recipes presented in the book were aimed at different income strata of the society and people of various occupations. The book advertised delicatessen products: black caviar, artichokes, champagne, sturgeon, etc. At the same time, some of the recipes were targeted at working women, and the book featured a wide selection of convenience foods produced by the food industry. However, turning to the actual living conditions of citizens in this period allows us to conclude that for many readers the book was just a myth of a blissful life. The analysis of appeals made by citizens to the executive bodies shows that many of them did not even entertain the hope for the change for the better, and the process of modernization of the housing stock continued in violation of the norms of social justice. The abundance of food that was demonstrated in the book existed solely on paper. Even in large cities the distribution of food supplies to regular grocery stores was uneven. The situation in the provinces was even more patchy. In a planned economy, some foodstuffs were shipped over long distances. All this created the prerequisites for food shortage, and the "Book of Tasty and Healthy Food" was intended to fulfill, above all, an ideological mission.

: The article analyzes the features of Byronism and Georgesandism as
sociocultural myths that arose in the post-revolutionary era and embodied the totality of socio-aesthetic gender representations. On the basis of the historical-typological approach, taking into account the trends of modern comparative studies, the
origins of the gender opposition of male and female — the Hero and the Heroine —
are regarded in the poetics of personified myths — Byronism and Georgesandism,
which acquired an all-European scale in European culture of the first half of the 19th
century.
At the Enlightenment stage of mastering the specifics of the intimate and the
public, the development of the ideas of civil society, the destruction of the paradigms
of mental and universal laws of aesthetics, in public life and literature of the 18th
century there was an increase in the gender consciousness of society. In the article
it is correlated with the French tradition — the sentimentalist novel by J.-J. Rousseau
Julia, or the new Eloise and the romantic concepts of the hero and the heroine in the
works of Germain de Stael, where the conflict, antithesis, dichotomy of the feminine
and the masculine began to be artistically meaningful from the standpoint of social
and psychological egalitarianism.
It is proved that Byronism and Georgesandism were complementary and oppositional to each other as socio-aesthetic currents, systems, paradigms, myths, in
which variously interpreted skepticism and the individualistic concept of the Hero,
the poet, are opposed to optimism and utopia, the feminine myth of the Heroine —
in the works and biography of George Sand. The gender originality of typologically
related romantic value ideas is considered: aspiration for the absolute, spiritual
maximalism with a clear priority of the male myth in the image of Byron and his
work — and the female, socialistically marked in George Sand.
Biographical and biographically related material, the work of each in the first
half of the century formed the basis of sociocultural and romantic symbolizations
that characterize and form the gender specificity of the text of romantic culture.

This review presents an analysis of the new edition of the classic book on Dostoevsky written by the Russian modernist poet and thinker Vyacheslav Ivanov, who was the last representative of an entire era of Dostoevsky's interpreters. At first, a brief description of each of the three sections of Ivanov's book is offered. In these sections, Dostoevsky is interpreted as a tragic poet, a myth-maker, and a religious thinker. Along with it, some features concerning M.Yu. Koreneva's new translation from German are also analyzed. Special attention is then paid to a number of extensive comments on Ivanov's book, which often become separate studies concerning Ivanov's most significant ideas, symbols and mythologies (for example, Ahriman, Lucifer, Psyche, transcensus, "You are"). Furthermore, an overview of the appendices included in the publication is given. Among these, the most significant are: the transcript of a text that S.N. Bulgakov discussed in the Moscow Religious and Philosophical Society "Russian tragedy"; some notes concerning the lectures on Dostoevsky Ivanov gave at the Baku University in 1921–1923; the text on Dostoevsky and Nietzsche which A. Kruchenykh discussed at the Baku University in 1921; some reviews in German on Ivanov's book; the chronicle "Dostoevsky in the Life and Thoughts of V.I. Ivanov (1883–1949)" compiled by A.B. Shishkin and A.L. Sobolev. In conclusion, a review of a number of articles written by modern Ivanov scholars (A. B. Shishkin, M.B. Plyukhanova), which are also included in the appendices to the book, is presented.

Der Altai bleibt auch an der Schwelle des 21. Jahrhunderts eigenständiger Mikrokosmos. Die Attribute des modernen Lebens verflechten sich mit Mythen und Aberglauben

Der Verfasser skizziert eingangs das generelle Verhältnis der Amerikaner zu den Russen und kritisiert in diesem Zusammenhang einige weit verbreitete Mythen. Daran anschließend untersucht er, wie heute in US-amerikanischen Publikationen das Problem der "russischen Gefahr" dargestellt wird. Seiner Ansicht nach kann von einem angeblichen Plan der Amerikaner, Rußland systematisch zu schwächen, nicht die Rede sein. Der Westen hat vielmehr erkannt, daß ein instabiles Rußland einen potentiellen Gefahrenherd bildet. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden einige Szenarien der weiteren Entwicklung Rußlands aus US- amerikanischer Sicht diskutiert. (BIOst-Mrk)

Der Beitrag gibt die Ergebnisse einer von der Siftung "Rußländisches gesellschaftlich-politisches Zentrum" (ROPC) im Mai 1998 in Novgorod veranstalteten internationalen Konferenz wieder. Auf dieser Tagung wurden folgende Themenkomplexe diskutiert: (1) der Annäherungsprozeß der baltischen Länder an Europa und seine Folgen für Demokratie und nationale Identität; (2) Öffnung als notwendige Vorassetzung für die Errichtung eines neuen Systems der regionalen Sicherheit und (3) gegenwärtiger Stand und Perspektiven der grenzüberschreitenden Zusammenarbeit. Insbesondere im Hinblick auf die von den baltischen Staaten angestrebte Integration in die Nato und in bezug auf die Lage der russischsprachigen Minderheiten in diesen Ländern kamen die Konferenzteilnehmer zu kontroversen Ansichten. In diesem Zusammenhang arbeitet der Autor fünf "Mythen" heraus, die seiner Ansicht nach den realen Blick auf die jeweils andere Seite verstellen. (BIOst-Mrk)

This article examines two poetic translations of Dante Alighieri's "Vita Nuova" by V.S. Solovyov. At the present time, Solovyov's specific experiments of translation are merely considered in the field of literary studies, although a general assessment of them has been given in the past by scholars such as A.F. Losev, Z.G. Mints, T.F. Teperik, A.A. Asoyan and others. The logic underlying the selection of the translated materials might indicate a special attitude of Solovyov in choosing names and works, which are significant for the understanding and realization of the poetry tasks. The author of this article demonstrates that such was the name of Dante Alighieri, which embodied a special myth concerning the spiritual transformation of man through one's love for a woman. This myth was in harmony with the concept of art, as the latter is reflected in many works of the philosopher. The author also proves that Solovyov, who knew Italian language quite well, translates Dante's sonnets rather freely: in this way, he is able to keep the ideological content of the original text while also offering a different Russian translation. The specific character of Solovyov's translations is here considered in comparison with the three other translations of the same sonnets made by the professional linguists and translators: M.I. Liverovskaya, A.M. Efros, and I.N. Golenischev-Kutuzov. The author maintains that the distinctive "Italian" canon of the sonnet genre is preserved in Solovyov's translation: this fact would demonstrate the philosopher's adherence to the European poetic tradition. The article finally analyzes V. Solovyov's translations from the point of view of their connection with his corpus of lyrical poems. In conclusion, the author sums up the basic principles of V.S. Solovyov's translation work and clarifies the nature of the dialogical connection between his poetic heritage and Dante's lyrics.

This response emphasizes the need to consider the problem of the mismatch of demographic interests of individuals and society as a special case of the problem of social order that has long been known and studied by sociologists. The idea that socialized individuals can behave as they please when participating in the life of society is sociologically naive. The author of the reply proceeds while bearing in mind the notion that society is a self-organizing system, and interprets the demographic transition as a classic example of such self-organization, a spontaneous historically determined response to the imbalance in fertility and mortality. He considers the threat of global depopulation to be a myth, but at the same time recognizes the seriousness of the problem of population decline for many post-transition countries. For them the only solution to this problem may be immigration.