Suchergebnisse

The article analyses the historical alternation of the names of Lithuanian sport organizations and clubs as well as presents the results of the research. The problem of the research is characterized by the following question: do numerous names of Lithuanian sport organizations refl ect the development of the history, culture, and sport of the country. The aim of the research is to analyze the historical-chronological changes in the names of Lithuanian sport organizations (1885–2010) and to present the structural-historiological and value analysis. Sport historiography which consisted of Lithuanian sport statistics as well as published scientifi c works on Lithuanian sport history have been chosen as the units of the research. The methods of the research are the following: the study and analysis of scientifi c literature, documents and sources, descriptive, critical-analytical, statistical methods. Having analysed the names of Lithuanian sport organizations of the period under investigation it has been proven that taking the periods of the country development into account, varying political, ideological, value attitudes, the names of sport organizations, clubs, teams, which refl ected their variety and many-layer features, were changing. Some of them are related to the development of Lithuanian ethnic culture, world-view of ancient Aistians, mythology; others are related to the real historical and cultural personalities; moreover, some of them, identifi ed with the national identity, refl ected the particularity of the country and region, they were associated with the locality, landscape and infl uenced by the development and factors of culture, economics, education. The tendencies of the alternation of sport organization names, historical-chronological changes and their structural-historiological and value analysis are presented with the help of the method of regression analysis. It is stated that the bigger determination rate, the brighter tendency.

The object of the work is the English name of Lithuania. The aim of the work is to identify the assumptions of the state name change in the society and to evaluate their legitimacy. The objectives of the work. In order to meet the set aim, the author raises the following objectives: to determine the concept of the brand name and its benefit for an enterprise; to discuss the assumptions and the risks of the change of the brand name; on the basis of analyzed assumptions of the brand name change, identify the assumptions of motivating the change of the state name; to analyze the risk which can be caused by changing the state name; to evaluate the legitimacy of assumptions stimulating the change of the state name in the concrete case. Academic topicality of the work. Lithuania chose the image forming strategy in 2008. The basic idea of the strategy was the slogan "Lithuania – the brave country". This slogan was suggested by the commission responsible for the formation of Lithuania's image. But the concept of Lithuania as the brave country wasn't the only one idea which was suggested by that commission. One of the members of the board, Paulius Senūta, also suggested the idea, that before implementing the new strategy of image formation Lithuania should think about the possibility to change the English word Lithuania. However this brave P. Senūta's idea was not noticed by the media and the members of the Government as it was not based on some concrete facts. So this work is based on P. Senūta's idea to change the English variant of the word Lithuania. The author in the work tries to analyze the idea of this member of the board and to define the validity of this idea with the help of the scientific literature and researches. Results of the work. Several different methods were used in the work: the analysis of documents, the interview of the experts of the English language and the interview of the image experts. The results of the work show that the idea to change the word Lithuania is not validated. Although the English name of Lithuania is a word which is not easily used in the communication: it is difficult to pronounce, to remember and to spell, there is no evidence and researches that the English variant of the word Lithuania is not acceptable for its target group. Besides, the change of the English state name will only partly contribute to Lithuania image formation, so it will not help us to form our country's image. During the research it was also found that changing the word Lithuania can be a risky and complicated process. This risk is connected with the lack of finance, the change of documents, inner and outdoor problems. Other foreign countries and the citizens of Lithuania can object to this new name of Lithuania, because the change of such a name is the intervention into the existing norms of the language, the old language traditions, history and the society itself.

The object of the work is the English name of Lithuania. The aim of the work is to identify the assumptions of the state name change in the society and to evaluate their legitimacy. The objectives of the work. In order to meet the set aim, the author raises the following objectives: to determine the concept of the brand name and its benefit for an enterprise; to discuss the assumptions and the risks of the change of the brand name; on the basis of analyzed assumptions of the brand name change, identify the assumptions of motivating the change of the state name; to analyze the risk which can be caused by changing the state name; to evaluate the legitimacy of assumptions stimulating the change of the state name in the concrete case. Academic topicality of the work. Lithuania chose the image forming strategy in 2008. The basic idea of the strategy was the slogan "Lithuania – the brave country". This slogan was suggested by the commission responsible for the formation of Lithuania's image. But the concept of Lithuania as the brave country wasn't the only one idea which was suggested by that commission. One of the members of the board, Paulius Senūta, also suggested the idea, that before implementing the new strategy of image formation Lithuania should think about the possibility to change the English word Lithuania. However this brave P. Senūta's idea was not noticed by the media and the members of the Government as it was not based on some concrete facts. So this work is based on P. Senūta's idea to change the English variant of the word Lithuania. The author in the work tries to analyze the idea of this member of the board and to define the validity of this idea with the help of the scientific literature and researches. Results of the work. Several different methods were used in the work: the analysis of documents, the interview of the experts of the English language and the interview of the image experts. The results of the work show that the idea to change the word Lithuania is not validated. Although the English name of Lithuania is a word which is not easily used in the communication: it is difficult to pronounce, to remember and to spell, there is no evidence and researches that the English variant of the word Lithuania is not acceptable for its target group. Besides, the change of the English state name will only partly contribute to Lithuania image formation, so it will not help us to form our country's image. During the research it was also found that changing the word Lithuania can be a risky and complicated process. This risk is connected with the lack of finance, the change of documents, inner and outdoor problems. Other foreign countries and the citizens of Lithuania can object to this new name of Lithuania, because the change of such a name is the intervention into the existing norms of the language, the old language traditions, history and the society itself.

The object of the work is the English name of Lithuania. The aim of the work is to identify the assumptions of the state name change in the society and to evaluate their legitimacy. The objectives of the work. In order to meet the set aim, the author raises the following objectives: to determine the concept of the brand name and its benefit for an enterprise; to discuss the assumptions and the risks of the change of the brand name; on the basis of analyzed assumptions of the brand name change, identify the assumptions of motivating the change of the state name; to analyze the risk which can be caused by changing the state name; to evaluate the legitimacy of assumptions stimulating the change of the state name in the concrete case. Academic topicality of the work. Lithuania chose the image forming strategy in 2008. The basic idea of the strategy was the slogan "Lithuania – the brave country". This slogan was suggested by the commission responsible for the formation of Lithuania's image. But the concept of Lithuania as the brave country wasn't the only one idea which was suggested by that commission. One of the members of the board, Paulius Senūta, also suggested the idea, that before implementing the new strategy of image formation Lithuania should think about the possibility to change the English word Lithuania. However this brave P. Senūta's idea was not noticed by the media and the members of the Government as it was not based on some concrete facts. So this work is based on P. Senūta's idea to change the English variant of the word Lithuania. The author in the work tries to analyze the idea of this member of the board and to define the validity of this idea with the help of the scientific literature and researches. Results of the work. Several different methods were used in the work: the analysis of documents, the interview of the experts of the English language and the interview of the image experts. The results of the work show that the idea to change the word Lithuania is not validated. Although the English name of Lithuania is a word which is not easily used in the communication: it is difficult to pronounce, to remember and to spell, there is no evidence and researches that the English variant of the word Lithuania is not acceptable for its target group. Besides, the change of the English state name will only partly contribute to Lithuania image formation, so it will not help us to form our country's image. During the research it was also found that changing the word Lithuania can be a risky and complicated process. This risk is connected with the lack of finance, the change of documents, inner and outdoor problems. Other foreign countries and the citizens of Lithuania can object to this new name of Lithuania, because the change of such a name is the intervention into the existing norms of the language, the old language traditions, history and the society itself.

The object of the work is the English name of Lithuania. The aim of the work is to identify the assumptions of the state name change in the society and to evaluate their legitimacy. The objectives of the work. In order to meet the set aim, the author raises the following objectives: to determine the concept of the brand name and its benefit for an enterprise; to discuss the assumptions and the risks of the change of the brand name; on the basis of analyzed assumptions of the brand name change, identify the assumptions of motivating the change of the state name; to analyze the risk which can be caused by changing the state name; to evaluate the legitimacy of assumptions stimulating the change of the state name in the concrete case. Academic topicality of the work. Lithuania chose the image forming strategy in 2008. The basic idea of the strategy was the slogan "Lithuania – the brave country". This slogan was suggested by the commission responsible for the formation of Lithuania's image. But the concept of Lithuania as the brave country wasn't the only one idea which was suggested by that commission. One of the members of the board, Paulius Senūta, also suggested the idea, that before implementing the new strategy of image formation Lithuania should think about the possibility to change the English word Lithuania. However this brave P. Senūta's idea was not noticed by the media and the members of the Government as it was not based on some concrete facts. So this work is based on P. Senūta's idea to change the English variant of the word Lithuania. The author in the work tries to analyze the idea of this member of the board and to define the validity of this idea with the help of the scientific literature and researches. Results of the work. Several different methods were used in the work: the analysis of documents, the interview of the experts of the English language and the interview of the image experts. The results of the work show that the idea to change the word Lithuania is not validated. Although the English name of Lithuania is a word which is not easily used in the communication: it is difficult to pronounce, to remember and to spell, there is no evidence and researches that the English variant of the word Lithuania is not acceptable for its target group. Besides, the change of the English state name will only partly contribute to Lithuania image formation, so it will not help us to form our country's image. During the research it was also found that changing the word Lithuania can be a risky and complicated process. This risk is connected with the lack of finance, the change of documents, inner and outdoor problems. Other foreign countries and the citizens of Lithuania can object to this new name of Lithuania, because the change of such a name is the intervention into the existing norms of the language, the old language traditions, history and the society itself.

Abbreviations are usually discussed as an orthography level object in the works that provide language norms, but it is understandable from their brief discussion in the orthography sections that such abbreviations of the names are not solely related to an orthographic level. However, they are not discussed more thoroughly in other aspects neither in orthographic chapters nor in the works covering other linguistic levels. The recent growth of abbreviations, including non-Lithuanian abbreviations, the peculiarities of which in their formation, inflection and orthography coincide with the mentioned sections of the Lithuanian language orthography only partially, leads to various uncertainties in use. This article analyses one of them: the issue of a translation of non-Lithuanian abbreviations. It is aimed at clarifying it through translation of EU legal acts into Lithuanian.

Abbreviations are usually discussed as an orthography level object in the works that provide language norms, but it is understandable from their brief discussion in the orthography sections that such abbreviations of the names are not solely related to an orthographic level. However, they are not discussed more thoroughly in other aspects neither in orthographic chapters nor in the works covering other linguistic levels. The recent growth of abbreviations, including non-Lithuanian abbreviations, the peculiarities of which in their formation, inflection and orthography coincide with the mentioned sections of the Lithuanian language orthography only partially, leads to various uncertainties in use. This article analyses one of them: the issue of a translation of non-Lithuanian abbreviations. It is aimed at clarifying it through translation of EU legal acts into Lithuanian.

In the military, patriotism and civil awareness is an integral part of military training and education provided not only through training programs but also through non-formal education, such as celebrations, important events, lectures, meetings with freedom fighters, educational trips and anniversaries of the state and armed forces. The sense of identity with a military unit, community and traditions is very important for strengthening patriotic feelings. Servicemen are united by a common service, uniform, unit name, flag, emblem, slogan, etc [.]

In the military, patriotism and civil awareness is an integral part of military training and education provided not only through training programs but also through non-formal education, such as celebrations, important events, lectures, meetings with freedom fighters, educational trips and anniversaries of the state and armed forces. The sense of identity with a military unit, community and traditions is very important for strengthening patriotic feelings. Servicemen are united by a common service, uniform, unit name, flag, emblem, slogan, etc [.]

In the military, patriotism and civil awareness is an integral part of military training and education provided not only through training programs but also through non-formal education, such as celebrations, important events, lectures, meetings with freedom fighters, educational trips and anniversaries of the state and armed forces. The sense of identity with a military unit, community and traditions is very important for strengthening patriotic feelings. Servicemen are united by a common service, uniform, unit name, flag, emblem, slogan, etc [.]

In the military, patriotism and civil awareness is an integral part of military training and education provided not only through training programs but also through non-formal education, such as celebrations, important events, lectures, meetings with freedom fighters, educational trips and anniversaries of the state and armed forces. The sense of identity with a military unit, community and traditions is very important for strengthening patriotic feelings. Servicemen are united by a common service, uniform, unit name, flag, emblem, slogan, etc [.]

The article deals with the names referring to persons engaged in medicine and related sciences as used in the 1920 issues of Medicina, a medical theory and practice magazine of independent Lithuania. The author identifies their meanings and typical groups, discusses their composition and characteristics, and, to some extent, touches upon the matters of their structure and origin. The names of the actors in the medical field carry a high degree of semantic diversity and fall into four identifiable core groups: (1) the names of persons administering treatment, (2) the names of medical training persons, (3) the names of pharmacy persons, and (4) the names of persons undergoing treatment. Within these groups, names further branch off into subgroups based on a set of different, often individual aspects. Still, there are several frequently occurring aspects that should be distinguished: these are the aspects of college medical education, the connection with the military, and the qualifying degree. Although all names of these actors in the medical field are covered by the overarching seme of medicine, they all vary in differential semes.In terms of word formation, the prevailing names for the actors in the medical field are compound words with their key components mostly deriving from Lithuanian terms. Obviously, the prevalence of compounds is the outcome of the need to name different persons associated with medical science and practice, as well as patients, something that cannot be done with single-word terms.Today, many think of a scientific text as one defined by an abundance of foreign terms. The subject source of the names for the actors in the medical field is a science magazine, yet most of the names are of Lithuanian origin. Many of them are suffixal derivatives: gydytojas 'physician', mokovas 'expert', slaugytojas 'nurse', pribuvėja 'midwife', seselė 'sister', vaistininkas 'pharmacist', ligonis 'a sick person', džiovininkas 'a consumptive', etc. Loanwords are dominated by words of Latin (daktaras 'doctor',medikas 'medic', pacientas 'patient', provizorius 'pharmaceutical chemist', sanitaras 'orderly'), etc.) and Greek (anatomas 'anatomist', chirurgas 'surgeon', fiziologas 'physiologist', terapeutas 'therapist', etc.) origin. Hybrids are not very common and usually have a borrowed root and a Lithuanian suffix (stipendininkas ' s c h o l a r ', farmacininkas'pharmacist', venerininkas 'a male with a venereal disease', kretinaitė 'a female with cretinism', and so on).Conformity with the terminological criterion can mostly be observed in the names of persons administering treatment, whereas a number of the names of persons undergoing treatment are not very terminological due to them being expressed by substantival adjectives and, typically, participles (apsikrėtusysis 'one who has caught a disease', pažeistasis '(the) affected', sergantysis '(the) sick', sveikasis '(the) healthy', etc.), or descriptive word combinations (akių liga sergantysis 'one with an eye disease',grįžtamąja šiltine sergantysis ('one with recurrent typhus', etc.).In addition to linguistic and terminological evidence, the names of actors in the medical field convey a certain amount of subject-related (medical) information. Their meanings provide insight into the medical situation in Lithuania in 1920, practitioners, the most common illnesses of the period, and so on.

The article deals with the names referring to persons engaged in medicine and related sciences as used in the 1920 issues of Medicina, a medical theory and practice magazine of independent Lithuania. The author identifies their meanings and typical groups, discusses their composition and characteristics, and, to some extent, touches upon the matters of their structure and origin. The names of the actors in the medical field carry a high degree of semantic diversity and fall into four identifiable core groups: (1) the names of persons administering treatment, (2) the names of medical training persons, (3) the names of pharmacy persons, and (4) the names of persons undergoing treatment. Within these groups, names further branch off into subgroups based on a set of different, often individual aspects. Still, there are several frequently occurring aspects that should be distinguished: these are the aspects of college medical education, the connection with the military, and the qualifying degree. Although all names of these actors in the medical field are covered by the overarching seme of medicine, they all vary in differential semes.In terms of word formation, the prevailing names for the actors in the medical field are compound words with their key components mostly deriving from Lithuanian terms. Obviously, the prevalence of compounds is the outcome of the need to name different persons associated with medical science and practice, as well as patients, something that cannot be done with single-word terms.Today, many think of a scientific text as one defined by an abundance of foreign terms. The subject source of the names for the actors in the medical field is a science magazine, yet most of the names are of Lithuanian origin. Many of them are suffixal derivatives: gydytojas 'physician', mokovas 'expert', slaugytojas 'nurse', pribuvėja 'midwife', seselė 'sister', vaistininkas 'pharmacist', ligonis 'a sick person', džiovininkas 'a consumptive', etc. Loanwords are dominated by words of Latin (daktaras 'doctor',medikas 'medic', pacientas 'patient', provizorius 'pharmaceutical chemist', sanitaras 'orderly'), etc.) and Greek (anatomas 'anatomist', chirurgas 'surgeon', fiziologas 'physiologist', terapeutas 'therapist', etc.) origin. Hybrids are not very common and usually have a borrowed root and a Lithuanian suffix (stipendininkas ' s c h o l a r ', farmacininkas'pharmacist', venerininkas 'a male with a venereal disease', kretinaitė 'a female with cretinism', and so on).Conformity with the terminological criterion can mostly be observed in the names of persons administering treatment, whereas a number of the names of persons undergoing treatment are not very terminological due to them being expressed by substantival adjectives and, typically, participles (apsikrėtusysis 'one who has caught a disease', pažeistasis '(the) affected', sergantysis '(the) sick', sveikasis '(the) healthy', etc.), or descriptive word combinations (akių liga sergantysis 'one with an eye disease',grįžtamąja šiltine sergantysis ('one with recurrent typhus', etc.).In addition to linguistic and terminological evidence, the names of actors in the medical field convey a certain amount of subject-related (medical) information. Their meanings provide insight into the medical situation in Lithuania in 1920, practitioners, the most common illnesses of the period, and so on.

This master thesis focuses on writing foreigners' surnames and the influence of European Union (EU) law. It analyses the concept, functions and features of name and discusses the place of name within the language system that often becomes a subject of dispute especially when a necessity of legal act in a field of foreigners' surnames arises. Special attention is paid to analyze the right to name. In order to find out the main features of regulation of surnames, analysis of international, EU and national regulation is provided. This thesis analyses a case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in a field of surnames. Particular attention is paid to cases Sayn-Wittgenstein and Runevič-Vardyn recently examined by the CJEU that are not analyzed in the doctrine yet. The main conclusion of this thesis is that there is necessary to adopt legislation at the EU level that would be able to resolve problems of writing foreigners'' surnames in the host member state, because existing differences in this sphere can lead to violations of main freedoms and rights granted to EU citizens.

This master thesis focuses on writing foreigners' surnames and the influence of European Union (EU) law. It analyses the concept, functions and features of name and discusses the place of name within the language system that often becomes a subject of dispute especially when a necessity of legal act in a field of foreigners' surnames arises. Special attention is paid to analyze the right to name. In order to find out the main features of regulation of surnames, analysis of international, EU and national regulation is provided. This thesis analyses a case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in a field of surnames. Particular attention is paid to cases Sayn-Wittgenstein and Runevič-Vardyn recently examined by the CJEU that are not analyzed in the doctrine yet. The main conclusion of this thesis is that there is necessary to adopt legislation at the EU level that would be able to resolve problems of writing foreigners'' surnames in the host member state, because existing differences in this sphere can lead to violations of main freedoms and rights granted to EU citizens.