Suchergebnisse

In recent years, Kurdish folklore has seen extensive research and significant progress in analysis and classification. However, despite the magnitude and abundance of Kurdish folklore, scientific studies on the definition, differentiation, and determination of literary boundaries in oral literature genres have been inadequate. The most problematic issue in studies on Kurdish folklore has been the identification of specific genres and what to call them. The narrative genres are especially prone to obfuscate definitive genres and literary boundaries. Narrative types are long Kurdish narratives: epos (epic), bayt (with metres), and narrative songs (storytelling). Although the narrative types are divided into plain verse, plain prose, and verse-prose, plain prose is not examined in this article the aim of which is to introduce narrative genres per se, determine their literary boundaries, and reveal their characteristics. For this, the forms of epos, bayt, and narrative songs are compared and their similarities and differences are determined in terms of content, shape, performer, motif, theme, geography, and cultural region.

In this study, the story of the emergence and recording process of my composition that I dedicated to the precious memory of Mehmet Âkif Ersoy is explained. The research has the feature of "personal narrative" within the scope of autobiography, which is one of the "narrative research" types of qualitative research method (Büyüköztürk et al. 2018: 285). Notes were taken during the preparation process of the video clip, which was published on the 100th anniversary of the approval of the National Anthem, and the information obtained through these notes is stated in the "stages and control" table in the findings section of the study. The video clip, contributed by 14 students and 6 artists from 12 provinces, was completed in 5 stages in 20 days and published on March 12, 2021.

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı ve ilgi odağı, görsel anlatı süreçlerinin 2015 genel seçim sürecinde Adelet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP), Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP) ve Halkların Demokratik Partisi (HDP) gibi Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisinde temsil edilen dört siyasi partinin resmi Facebook sayfalarındaki kapak fotoğrafları üzerinden nasıl işlediğini değerlendirmektir. Oy talebi ve desteği çağrısını resimleyen kapak fotoğrafları siyasi rekabet iletişimi kurma ve sosyal,siyasal ve ideolojik yanıtlar temin etme amacındadırlar. Bu dört siyasi partinin Facebook profillerindeki kapak fotoğraflarını örnek olarak kullanarak bu çalışma metinlerarasılı ve çağrı süreçlerini ve bu kavramların, izleyici konumundaki oy verenlerin tekli görsel metinlerce üretilen anlatım sürecinde birer katılımcı ve destekçiye dönüşmesine nasıl katkıda bulunduğunu anlamaya çalışır. Oy ve destek isteme görsel çağrısı sürecinde ne tür anlatı süreçlerinin devreye girdiği ve bu süreçlerin nasıl işlediği ve izleyici özneler olarak oy verenlerin ilgili sisyasi partilerin Facebook kapak fotoğraflarındaki görsel metinlere gore nasıl pozisyon değiştirebildikleri bu çalışmadayanıtları aranan ve tartışılan temel sorular arasındadır. Niteliksel yöntem kullanarak çalışma konuyu genel bir karşılaştırma ile sonuçlandırır. ; The main goal and interest in this paper is to explore how visual narrative processes function through single visual texts as cover photos on official Facebook pages of four major political parties ( Justice and Development Party ( JDP) a.k.a. AKP, Republican People's Party ( RPP) a.k.a. CHP, Nationalist Movement Party (NMP) a.k.a. MHP and Peoples' Democratic Party (PDP) a.k.a. HDP ) represented in the Turkish Grand Assembly during general election campaign of 2015. The cover photos which illustrate appeal for vote and support are intended to communicate political competition and elicit political, ideological support and social responses. Using these cover photos on the Facebook profiles of these political parties as a sample, the paper reflects on intertexuality and interpellation processes and how these concepts contribute to further understanding the ways that engaged voters as viewers become participants and supporters in the narratives generated by these single visual texts. What narrative processes are in action during an encounter with a visual appeal for vote and support and how these processes function and how voters as viewing subjects might be able to exchange positions differently in relation to the visual texts appearing in the Facebook cover photos of the related political parties are the main questions to be answered and discussed in this study . Using a qualitative methodology, the study concludes with an overall comparative evaluation of the subject.

Balkanlardan Doğu Türkistan'a kadar Türk Dünyası adını verdiğimiz bu geniş coğrafyada yaşayan Türk boylarının hemen hemen hepsinde, hatta yine bu coğrafyadaki Türk olmayan bazı milletler arasında anlatılan Köroğlu Destanı'nın ilk derlendiği yer İran'dır. 1830-1841 yıllarında Rusya'nın İran Büyükelçiliği'nde çalışan Alexander Chodzko tarafından yapılan/yaptırılan ilk derlemede kaydedilen Köroğlu Destanı'nın 13 kolu; 1842'de, Londra'da yayımlanmıştır. Bu yayından günümüze kadar Köroğlu Destanı hakkında Türkiye, Azerbaycan, Türkmenistan, Kazakistan, Özbekistan, Kırgızistan ve Doğu Türkistan varyantları hakkında Türkiye'de çeşitli derleme ve inceleme çalışmaları yapılmışken adı geçen destanın İran Türkleri anlatmaları hakkında maalesef herhangi bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Doktora tezimizde kullanmak amacıyla 2011-2018 yılları arasında İran'da Türklerin yaşadığı birçok şehirde derlediğimiz Köroğlu Destanı metinlerinden biri de "Köroğlu'nun İstanbul Seferi" adlı koldur. Tebrizli Âşık Meşi Paşayî tarafından anlatılan bu kol, Köroğlu'nun ilk evliliğini yaptığı Nigar Hanım'ı, onun isteği üzerine İstanbul'dan Çamlıbel'e getirmesini konu almaktadır. Âşık Meşi Paşayî'nin anlattığı bu kolun önemli bir özelliği, belki de Türk destancılık geleneğinde sadece Köroğlu Destanı'na özgü bir anlatım tekniğiyle anlatılmış olmasıdır. Çeşitli kollardan oluştuğunu ve karmaşık bir yapıya sahip olduğunu bildiğimiz Köroğlu Destanı'nın bazı kollarının anlatımında İran'daki anlatıcılar, "ilk kol" dışındaki başka bir kolu anlatacaklarsa anlatacakları kolun olay örgüsüne geçmeden önce ilk kolu "kısaca" anlatırlar. Böylece Köroğlu'nun ortaya çıkışı hakkında dinleyicilerine hem bilgi verir hem de onları dinleyecekleri destanın ortamına hazırlarlar. Bu usul, Âşık Meşi Paşayî'nin adı verilen koldaki anlatımında da uygulanmıştır. İncelememizde; bu anlatım tekniği sebebiyle özellikle kullandığımız kolu, Türkiye'deki destan incelemesi üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda pek fazla denenmeyen farklı bir yapı incelemesiyle "okumak" ve değerlendirmek istiyoruz. Günümüze kadar Köroğlu Destanı üzerine Türkiye'deki yapı incelemelerinde "epizot" ve "motif" temelli inceleme tercih edilmişken göstergebilim alanında V. Propp'un metodunu yeniden yorumlayan P. Larivaille, J. M. Adam ve A. J. Greimas'ın oluşturdukları "Sözdizimsel Model" ya da "Beşli Şema" ve yine Greimas'ın oluşturduğu "Eyleyenler Modeli" ile bu destanın bir incelemesi yapılmamıştır. Bu bağlamda incelememizde söz konusu destanın adı geçen kolunu, hem "Sözdizimsel Model" hem de "Eyleyenler Modeli"ne göre ayrı ayrı ele alıp inceleyeceğiz. Genel olarak söz konusu metnin kısa bir özetini verdikten sonra metni, "Kurgu Aşamaları" başlığı altında "Sözdizimsel Model"e göre değerlendirecek; "Eyleyenler ve Oyuncular" başlığı altında ise kesitlere ayrılan metnin her kesitini, bu modelde kullanılan 6 eyleyene ve bu eyleyenlerin oyuncularına göre inceleyeceğiz. Böylece herhangi bir anlatı unsurunun, metnin yapısını nasıl etkilediğini; bu unsurların anlatıya nasıl dâhil edildiğini veya anlatıdan çıkarıldığını ve son olarak bu unsurların anlatıya eklenip çıkarılırken yaratıcı ya da aktarıcının nasıl bir yol izlediğini göstermeye çalışacağız. ; The epic narratives of Koroglu has been told and known among all the Turkic speaking people who live in the geographical area from the Eastern Turkestan to Balkans that is called Turkic world. Besides the Turkic speaking people, the narratives of Koroglu has also been non-Turkic people in the region. As one of the neighbor country of Turks Iran is the first place where the epic narratives of Koroglu were collected. Alexander Chodzko, who worked as an officer at the Russian Embassy in Iran, in between 1830-1841, and while working at the embassy he had collected or had made collected 13 episodes Koroglu in Iran, and published those text in London, in 1842. Although there has been number of scholarly studies have been carried on the Koroglu epic narratives collected from Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and eastern Turkestan, since A. Chodzko's first publication of Koroglu narratives collected from the Turks living in Iran, there has been no study or publication in Turkey. In order to make use in my PhD thesis, I have carried on number of fieldworks in Iran, in between 2011-2018 and during which I have collected number Koroglu epic narratives from the Turks living in different regions of Iran. One of the Koroglu episodes I had collected during those fieldworks is the episode named "Koroglu's Journey to Istanbul" that was narrated by Ashik Meşi Paşayi. The subject matter of this episode is Koroglu's marriage to Nigar Hanım who had fallen in love with Koroglu and asks him to take her from Istanbul to Chamlibel where Koroglu and his brave man reside. The importance of this episode is to be told in accordance with the narration technique special to the Koroglu narratives among Turkic epic narration traditions. As it has been known that as the whole Koroglu cycle consists of number episodes and a narrator may perform only episode at setting in Iran, and when a narrator of Koroglu is going to perform an episode other than the first episode, the narrator must begin with abstracting the first episode. As a result of summarizing the first episode the narrators both able to provides information on the previous happenings, and prepare their audience to the current episode he is going to narrate. This special Koroglu narration technique of Turkish ashiks living in Iran has also been applied by Ashik Meşi Paşayi while telling the episode of "Koroglu's Journey to Istanbul". In this article, I would like to examine the above mentioned episode in accordance with the "structural reading" which has not been used much by the epic scholars. Most of the epic studies in Turkey based on the "episode" and "motif" analyses, whereas there have been no analyses have made use of the "Syntactical Model" or "Narrative Sequences" which was developed P. Larivaille, J. M. Adams and A.J. Greimas as a new interpretation of the structural analyses developed by V. Propp. Therefore, in my article on the evaluation of the episode of "Koroglu's Journey to Istanbul", I would like to fulfill this lack of the usage on this new method that I will make use of both the "Syntactical Model" or "Narrative Sequences", and the "Actantial Model". In my evaluation, first I would like to provide a summary of narrative, and then I will examine the text in accordance with the "Syntactical Model" under the "Narrative Sequences". Then, under the title "Actants and Players" the episode will be fractured into sequences that in accordance with the model there are six actants and each of them will be evaluated according to the players. In my final part, I would like to reach to the conclusions that I will be able to show how each element in the episode has been effecting the main structure of the episode; how each of those elements being included or excluded from the episode and also the result of those inclusion and exclusion, and also while structuring the episode as a whole what kind of a path the narrator is being implied.

This study is concerned with the deciphering of the mental contacts that the students of the sociology department establish with sociology. The founding assumption of the study is to reach the "ghosts" created by sociology in the mind of the individual who is in contact with sociology. The concept of ghost refers to the shadows that sociology creates in the mind. This reference includes the mental patterns of the person after beginning their sociology education. In the data analysis of the study, the interpretive phenomenology approach was preferred. Research data were collected through semi-structured interviews with the participants. First and second-year sociology students who took the Introduction to Sociology and Applied Sociological Studies courses were selected as the sample in the study. In the study, it was aimed to stimulate the information that the participants learned before. During this stimulation, sociologist candidates' belief in sociological knowledge and experiencing how that knowledge can be used was considered as the stage of preparing the mind to depict the quality they attribute to sociology. The narratives have been produced directly related to the social sphere itself. It is aimed to present the ability of sociological knowledge to produce multiple perspectives inherently in narratives. The main concern in using this inclusion is to reveal the functionality of sociological knowledge in the minds of the participants and what it looks like. In this context, the participants were asked "What does sociology mean to you?". Participants were asked to draw a picture on an A4 paper. The pictures obtained were analyzed with the interpretive phenomenological analysis approach.

The Islamic intellectual thought of the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries has long been represented as an intellectual "decadence" or "sclerosis," due to the discourse of orientalists. In recent decades, however, researchers have sought to challenge the orientalist paradigm by highlighting the scholarly currents and vigorous discussions that characterized the period in question. As a direct critique of the narratives of either "decline" or "ignorance" that persist in Islamic intellectual historiography, Naser Dumairieh's recent book attempts to reveal the situation of rational and theoretical sciences in the Hijāz by focusing on the life and work of al-Kūrānī, the seventeenth-century Shāfi'ī hadith scholar, Sufi, and theologian. Following the footsteps of Khaled el-Roauyheb's influential book Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century, Dumairieh not only examines al-Kūrānī's ideas, but also offers a comprehensive glimpse into the intellectual life in contemporary Hijāz.

In the 1990s, Kurds living in Mardin and the surrounding provinces were subjected to various pressures, forced migration, and negative treatment such as village evacuation. Veysi Altay's documentary "Bir" (The Well) tells the story of the disappearance of seven people, three of whom are children after they were detained in the Dargeçit district of Mardin in 1995, and the search for them by their relatives. The fact that the director, who traces the search, focuses on the struggle of the seven relatives instead of drawing attention by implying the Kurdish problem with popular political references, brought the documentary to an objective point.In this study, based on the documentary The Well; Instead of "documentary-reality", which distances reality from fiction as much as possible, the possibilities of shooting a "real documentary" will be analyzed. In this context, the reasons for avoiding the use of metaphor, the director's limitation of his camera, and the relationship of preference with ethics will be included in the analysis.While "The Well" has strong meanings from literature to visual arts, in the narrative it has been transformed into a setting, character, and plot that can be grasped, seen, and recorded in history by conveying the truth to witnesses; in this state, instead of losing its meaning from its "reality", it gained strength by feeding on the richness of fiction, but also gave up on poetic reality or all kinds of abstract meanings.This study will examine the effects of the director's direct involvement in the narrative on ethical values and its contribution to the reality of the film, as well as investigate the limits of the construction of "truth" in the post-truth period with a documentary film.The fact that the director renounces his power over the film and turns into the eye that is "attracted" and "witnessed" from time to time, rather than "shooting" the film, will be examined ethically with the method of discourse analysis.The aim of the study is to present an example of whether the creation of documentary cinema in search of reality and its way of influencing the masses are in conflict with ethical principles.

pp. 1-543 Turkish translation; pp. 546-614 original English records. In Aleppo, today in the Syrian territory, various relief organizations such as orphanages, hospitals, vocational schools were established for the Armenians coming into the region due to tehcir. The social and economic welfare activities undertaken by the Ottoman administrators in the region were launched and conducted as of the very first days of the World War I. After the war various relief organizations engaged in certain activities in the region as well. One such an organization was the Near East Relief Foundation. The activities launched by the foundation were led by Karen Jeppe, a Danish philanthropist and a commissioner at the League of Nations. Our study embodies the narratives of 1184 people whom the Near East Relief Foundation helped in the period given. (Although Karen Jeppe claims to have had rescued 1700 people, some of the records are not found in the League of Nations Archives in Geneva). The information taking place in the records found at the League of Nations Archives not only contains the names of the people, their parents' names, hometowns, ages, and their acceptance to the relief foundation, but the stories they lived throughout the period after the relocations.

Dinsel ve metafiziksel geleneklerin bütüncül yaklaşımlarının aşılmasıyla, modern toplumlar, bilimsel nesnellik, ahlak ve yasalarda evrensellik ve sanatta özerklik gibi nosyonlar üzerine kurulmuşlardır. Kapitalizm, endüstrileşme, şehirleşme, metalaşma, mekanikleşme, akılcılık, bilimsel ve teknolojik ilerleme, ulus-devlet örgütlenmesi modern toplumun temel nitelikleri olmuştur. Modernizm eleştirilerine dayanan postmodern yaklaşımlarda modernliğe ait düşünceler ve kurumlar eleştirilmiştir. Postmodernistler büyük anlatıların reddine ve farklılık ve çoğulculuğun vurgulanmasına koşut olarak toplumda her türlü bütünlükçü kavramı reddetmişler, bütünlükçü karakteri nedeniyle ulusu ve ulus-devleti eleştirmişler, fakat politik anlamda toplumu ayakta tutacak ilke ve temeller sunmamışlardır. Çoğu postmodernist görüşün aksine, ulus-devletler postmodernitenin siyasal alanının en önemli aktörleri olmaya devam ermektedirler. ; After the transformation of the holistic approaches of religious and metaphysical traditions, modern societies have been grounded on such notions as the scientific objectivity, universality of law and ethic and autonomy of arts. The main characteristics of modern society have been capitalism, industrialization, urbanization, commoditization, mechanization, rationalism, scientific and technological development and nation-sate organization. In postmodernist approaches the ideas and institutions of modernity have been criticized. Parallel to the criticism of the meta narratives and the emphasize on differences and pluralism, postmodernists rejected all holistic concepts including nation and nation-state, but they did not develop principles and grounds providing poltical order in society. It seems that, counter to the most of the postmodernist views, nation-states maintains to be important actors of the political realm of postmodernity.

This study examines the complex dynamics of communication in the changing field of journalism influenced by the use of media. It specifically focuses on how thoughts and perceptions are expressed in this evolving landscape. Information and communication technologies significantly influence journalism by rapidly disseminating news, updates, and societal impacts. Utilizing critical discourse analysis, the study aims to reveal systematic language usages and uncover latent meanings beyond news texts. Focused on the 2023 Turkish Presidential Election, news texts from four prominent international newslets Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, and Euronews are analyzed. The comprehensive analysis of international media coverage investigates the interplay of linguistic and thematic choices in shaping narratives. With a dual focus on macro and micro levels of discourse, the study uncovers diverse approaches among foreign media outlets. Each outlet adopts a distinctive thematic approach at the macro level, emphasizing key figures and sociopolitical contexts. Al Jazeera spotlights competition, BBC underscores post-election polarization, CNN focuses on Erdogan's victory, and Euronews provides insights into national challenges. Visual elements, like photographs, contribute significantly to framing events, offering nuanced political messaging. Micro-level analysis explores linguistic choices, syntax, and rhetoric, emphasizing the active voice to underscore leaders' agency. Deliberate use of the passive voice in presenting election results maintains a neutral tone. The way sentences are structured and the cause-and-effect connections help readers understand political developments by providing context. The study underscores the importance of media literacy in decoding political event representations, emphasizing the multifaceted complexities of media discourse.

This article investigates the life and works of the itinerant philosopher Abū Isḥāq al-Nayrīzī (died after 895/1489). It offers a critical edition and analysis of his Risāla fī taḥqīq ḥaqīqat al-ʿilm, which he presented to Sultan Mehmet II. Nayrīzī's work documents his travels to acquire knowledge, which took him from Shiraz to Istanbul, Istanbul to Tabriz, and Tabriz to Karabakh between 877/1472 and 895/1489. Throughout his travels, Nayrīzī studied in the most important political and scholarly centers of his age. Nayrīzī, however, is best known for his opposition to the famous theologian and philosopher Jalāl al-Dīn al-Dawwānī (d. 908/1503). The analysis of this dispute not only uncovers new information about Nayrīzī's life, but also elucidates his scholarship. The disagreement between Nayrīzī and Dawwānī started with Dawwānī's reply to Nayrīzī's al-Risāla al-ḥarfiyya in Shiraz in 1472, written upon the request of Sultan Khalīl. After arriving in Istanbul from Shiraz, Nayrīzī presented at least two treatises to Sultan Mehmet II, in which he criticized famous scholars of the period, including Mollā Khusraw (d. 885/1480), Sinān Pasha (d. 891/1486), Hocazāde (d. 893/1488), Khaṭībzāde (d. 901/1495), and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn al-Fanārī (d. circa 903/1497). Nayrīzī's second dispute with Dawwānī took place in the presence of Sultan Yaʿqūb, when Nayrīzī returned to Tabriz from Istanbul. Nayrīzī was defeated in the debate and left to Karabakh. His third dispute with Dawwānī took place over Nayrīzī's al-Risāla al-qalamiyya, written in 1489 in Karabakh and dedicated to Sultan Bāyazīd II, which provides a personal and scholarly portrait of Dawwānī with a pen-oriented literary narrative. In response, Dawwānī portrays Nayrīzī in a similar way. In qalamiyya works, there are both bitter and sweet criticisms that go beyond philosophical critiques to include personal ones. Therefore, the double-layered literary and biographical content of the qalamiyya treatises provide new information regarding the scholarly atmosphere of the period.

DOI:10.17336/igusbd.305500 ; 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde Türkiye'de gerçekleştirilen başarısız darbe girişimi, medya yayınlarında AKP (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) ile Gülencilerin güç mücadelesi çerçevesinde geniş bir şekilde tartışılmış olmakla birlikte, konuyla ilgili yeterli akademik çalışma vak'anın yeniliği sebebiyle henüz mevcut değildir. Bu nedenle, akademik çalışmalardaki bu eksikliğin giderilmesine katkıda bulunmak ve "güç mücadelesi" anlatısını aşarak, darbenin esaslarını ortaya koymak önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, anılan darbe girişiminin neden(ler)inin ve amaç(lar)ının, Sivil-Asker İlişkileri teorileri ve Türkiye'deki geçmiş darbeler ışığında açıklanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda; askerin siyasete müdahalesini teşvik eden ulusal ve uluslararası dinamiklerin analizi neticesinde, 15 Temmuz darbe girişimini gerçekleştirenleri cesaretlendiren en belirleyici faktör olarak uluslararası yapının altı çizilmiştir. Bunun yanında, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihindeki benzersizliği açısından darbenin amacı da özellikle vurgulanmıştır. ; Failed coup attempt on July 15, 2016 in Turkey has been largely debated in media releases within the framework of the "power struggle" between the AKP (Justice and Development Party) government and the Gulenists, whereas very few academic studies are available yet on it because of the novelty of the event. Therefore, it is important to make contribution to reduce the lack of academic studies and to identify the bases of the coup by transcending the "power struggle" narrative. This paper aims to explain the reason(s) and aim(s) of the coup attempt in light of the Civil-Military Relations theories and former military interventions in Turkey. In this context, the international structure is highlighted as the most decisive factor encouraging the plotters for the coup on July, 15, after analyzing domestic and international dynamics inciting the military intervention into the politics. Besides, the aim of the coup is emphasized especially in terms of its uniqueness in the history of the Turkish Republic.

Siyasal reklamlar, siyasal kampanya sürecinin en önemli araçlarından biridir. Siyasiler seçmenler üzerinde tutum değişikliği yaratmak için özellikle seçim dönemlerinde siyasal reklamlara sıklıkla başvurmaktadırlar. Dolayısıyla temelinde belli bir görüşü benimsetme amacı olan siyasal reklamların altındaki esas metni çözümlemek önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 23 Haziran'da tekrarlanan İstanbul Belediye Başkanlığı Seçimleri'nde seçim öncesi CHP tarafından yayınlanan "23 Haziran'da Hak Yerini Bulacak" ve AK Parti tarafından yayınlanan "İş Ehlinin, Karar Milletin" adlı siyasal reklam filmleri siyasal reklam çözümlemelerinde sıklıkla kullanılan göstergebilimsel analiz yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. İstanbul seçimlerinin öne çıkan başkan adayları Ekrem İmamoğlu ve Binali Yıldırım'ın siyasal iletişim yöntemi olarak kullandığı reklam filmlerinin öncelikle genel betimlemesi yapılmış ve anlatı yapısı incelenmiştir. Daha sonra anlamlandırma başlığı altında reklamdaki temel karşıtlıklar ortaya konmuş ve reklamın anlamlandırılmasına katkı sağlayan gösteren-gösterilen analizi yapılmıştır. Son olarak ise elde edilen tüm verilerden yola çıkılarak adayların reklamlarda vermek istedikleri mesajlar karşılaştırılmıştır. ; Political advertisements are one of the most important tools of the political campaign process. Politicians frequently use political advertisements, especially during the election period so as to create a change of attitude on voters. Therefore, it is important to analyze the underlying text of political advertising, which has the purpose of adopting a certain view. In this study, political commercial films "The Right Will Be Found on June 23" published by CHP and "Work Belongs to Competent And Decision Belongs to People" published by AK Parti before the İstanbul Mayor Elections repeated on June 23 were analyzed with semiotic analysis method, which is frequently used in political advertising analysis. Primarily, the commercial films, which were used as a political communication method by the prominent presidential candidates. Ekrem İmamoğlu and Binali Yıldırım for İstanbul İstanbul election, were described in general, and the narrative structure was examined. Then, the main contrasts in the advertisement were revealed under the title of explanation and the showing-show analysis, which contributes to the explanation of the advertisement, was made. Finally, based on all the data obtained, the messages that the candidates want to give in the ads were compared.

At every second in any part of the world people are faced with a disaster risk. When we look at statistical data, many people lose their lives and the countries are suffering serious damage in material terms. When we look at the content of losses, we see that lack of education has made serious contributions to disaster catastrophe. As schools are among major places where education services are provided, they are the first institutions to provide awareness of individuals in disaster training. In today's developing world, there is change and development in the field of education as it is the case for all fields of life. Educational institutions, that have a traditional education understanding structured with a passive approach based on rote-learning, have adopted the philosophy of constructivist approach with 2005 program change in Turkey. Scenario-based teaching (STÖ) method is one of the education methods that take the student at the center and see the teacher as a guide. As disaster training issues are related to a lot of social loss and risk, the program of disaster training at the secondary school level is included in social science courses. This study analyzes the effects of scenario-based disaster training on the disaster-related information and attitude level of secondary school students. The characteristics of the scenario-based teaching model are thought to be appropriate in teaching the disaster topics included in the updated social studies curriculum and in achieving the goals to be attained by the students. The research was conducted using quantitative research methods. In the quantitative dimension of the study, "pre and post test pattern with control group pattern" was used from experimental designs. The study group of the research is composed of 46 students who are attending to 6th grade in a randomly selected secondary school in Kocaeli, which is the most affected province from disaster in Turkey. The application phase of the study lasted 6 weeks. In this process, the experimental group were taught disaster training activities formed by scenario-based training while the control group were taught according to the currently applied traditional approach based on narrative and question-answer method. Disaster education achievement test (ABT), Disaster preparedness attitude scale (AHTÖ) were developed and used to collect the data of the study. The ABT achievement test and the AHTÖ attitude scale were administered twice to the experimental and control groups as pre - test and post - test. In the study, t-test for independent groups and t-test for dependent groups in the SPSS 22 statistical package program were performed to determine the effect of the course on the knowledge and attitudes of the students when the course is taught with the scenarios prepared according to the STÖ method. At the end of the study, it was determined that there was a significant difference between students' post-test attitude scores for disaster preparedness attitudes. Finding end result one, it shows that the STÖ method increases the attitudes towards the AHTÖ positively. It was determined that there was a significant difference between students' post-test academic achievement scores. These findings indicate that the STÖ method positively enhances the ABT-oriented academic achievement levels of students. In this context, it was concluded that Scenario-Based Training contributes to Disaster-Related Information and Attitude Levels of Secondary School Students.