Suchergebnisse

The primary purpose of the extension of the territorial sea has been to preserve the ichthyologic riches, that is, a protectionist aim of the national resources. In Latin America, in the face of political and economic changes, technological advances, and political organizations, a broad channel has been opened in defense of their national assets. This collective conscience being formed to defend its basic wealth and national sovereignty in solidarity has had a practical expression in the united position favoring the extension of the territorial sea. ; La finalidad primordial de la extensión del mar territorial ha sido la de preservar las riquezas ictiológicas, esto es, un fin proteccionista de las riquezas nacionales. En América Latina, frente a los cambios políticos y económicos, a los avances tecnológicos, a sus organizaciones políticas, se ha abierto amplio cauce una línea en defensa de sus bienes nacionales. De esta conciencia colectiva americana que se está formando de defender en forma solidaria sus riquezas básicas y su soberanía nacional, ha tenido su expresión práctica en la posición unida frente a la extensión del mar territorial.

Since the work of the United Nations began to develop an international regime for the exploration and exploitation of the mineral resources of the seabed located outside the national jurisdiction, a controversy arose regarding what are the rules of International Law applicable to that space and the way in which they affect the activity of the States that seek to make use of it. This paper examines the current state of International Law regarding the case of the seabed, and on this basis, the situation of a possible unilateral legislation on the matter is discussed. For this, it is necessary to focus on some features of the historical evolution of the law of the sea, the work of the United Nations and the scope of the unilateral legislation enacted in other matters. ; Desde que se iniciaron los trabajos de Naciones Unidas destinados a elaborar un régimen internacional para la exploración y explotación de los recursos minerales de los fondos marinos situados fuera de la jurisdicción nacional, nació una polémica en torno a cuáles son las normas del Derecho Internacional aplicables a ese espacio y la manera como ellas inciden en la actividad de los Estados que procuran hacer uso del mismo. En este artículo se examina el estado actual del Derecho International en lo que se refiere al caso de los fondos marinos, y sobre tal base, se discute la situación de una eventual legislación unilateral en la materia. Para ello se hace necesario enfocar algunos rasgos de Ia evolución histórica del derecho del mar, Ia labor de Naciones Unidas y el alcance que tiene la legislación unilateral dictada en otras materias.

El documento describe las normas relacionadas con las instancias de control y describe el papel que ejerce el Departamento Nacional de Cooperativas Dancop en las operaciones de una cooperativa. ; The document describes the rules related to control instances and describes the role played by the National Department of Cooperatives Dancop in the operations of a cooperative. ; Normas sobre control de la cooperativa -- El departamento administrativo Nacional de cooperativas Dancop

A brief history of the development of higher education in Cuba, from the inception of Havana University in 1728, is followed by a discussion of its present state, focusing on its basic concepts, function, direction, & research activities. In 1962, soon after the socialist revolution, the University system was restructured to accommodate a greater number of students & to serve the needs of a rapidly industrializing national economy. The success of the former measure is evidenced by the fact that in 1975/76 there were 111 students per 1,000 population aged 20-24. The concept of career was rejected in favor of specialization, which can be more easily adapted to serve the changing needs of the economy. A 1976 law created four types of higher education institutions: the University, a center for the formation of specialists; the Higher Polytechnical Institute, which trains specialists in the technical sciences; the Higher Institute, which trains specialists in a specific sector of the national economy (eg, agriculture, forestry); & the University Center, conceived as an embryonic institution whose development may lead to the establishment of any of the preceding three types. In addition to perfecting teaching techniques, the educational system has as its permanent task the planning & control of scientific research activities. The total number of cases of higher education graduates is expected to grow from 84,000 in 1975/76 to 141,000 in 1980/81. 7 Tables. S. Karganovic.

SUMMARY: I. INTRODUCTION. - II. CHARACTER OF THE BASIC GENERAL EDUCATION SERVICE. - III. PROPERTY OF NATIONAL SCHOOLS: 1. BACKGROUND. 2. DECREE OF JUNE 15, 1934. 3. PRIMARY INSTRUCTION ACT OF JULY 17, 1945. 4. ACT OF DECEMBER 22, 1953. 5. ACT OF DECEMBER 16, 1964. 6. ACT OF DECEMBER 21. OF 1965. 7. DECREE OF FEBRUARY 2, 1967. - IV. LEGAL ORIGIN AND CURRENT STATUS OF MUNICIPAL PUBLIC SCHOOLS. - V. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF STATE CHARGES. - VI. LEGAL ORIGIN AND LEGAL NATURE OF MUNICIPAL OBLIGATIONS WITH REGARD TO BASIC GENERAL EDUCATION: 1. LISTING OF OBLIGATIONS. 2. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION. 3. ASSURANCE OF COMPLIANCE WITH OBLIGATIONS. 4. LEGAL NATURE OF MUNICIPAL OBLIGATIONS. - VII. CURRENT LEGISLATION ON STATE CHARGES: 1. DEROGATORY PROVISION OF THE GENERAL LAW OF EDUCATION. 2. LAW OF BASES OF THE STATUTE OF LOCAL REGIME. 3. ARTICULATED TEXT OF OCTOBER 6, 1977. - VIII. CONCLUSIONS. ; SUMARIO: I. INTRODUCCIÓN. — II. CARÁCTER DEL SERVICIO DE EDUCACIÓN GENERAL BÁSICA. — III. PROPIEDAD DE LOS COLEGIOS NACIONALES: 1. ANTECEDENTES. 2. DECRETO DE 15 DE JUNIO DE 1934. 3. LEY DE INSTRUCCIÓN PRIMARIA DE 17 DE JULIO DE 1945. 4. LEY DE 22 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1953. 5. LEY DE 16 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1964. 6. LEY DE 21 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1965. 7. DECRETO DE 2 DE FEBRERO DE 1967. — IV. ORIGEN LEGAL Y ESTADO ACTUAL DE LAS ESCUELAS PÚBLICAS MUNICIPALES. — V. EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LAS CARGAS ESTATALES. — VI. ORIGEN LEGAL Y NATURALEZA JURÍDICA DE LAS OBLIGACIONES MUNICIPALES EN MATERIA DE EDUCACIÓN GENERAL BÁSICA: 1. ENUMERACIÓN DE OBLIGACIONES. 2. EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA. 3. ASEGURAMIENTO DEL CUMPLIMIENTO DE OBLIGACIONES. 4. NATURALEZA JURÍDICA DE LAS OBLIGACIONES MUNICIPALES. — VII. LEGISLACIÓN ACTUAL SOBRE CARGAS ESTATALES: 1. DISPOSICIÓN DEROGATORIA DE LA LEY GENERAL DE EDUCACIÓN. 2. LEY DE BASES DEL ESTATUTO DE RÉGIMEN LOCAL. 3. TEXTO ARTICULADO DE 6 DE OCTUBRE DE 1977. — VIII. CONCLUSIONES.

There are a series of conflictive aspects linked to the growing importance that the Antarctic continent has recently acquired; these are manifested in several dimensions: a) the global international system; b) the regional and Latin American subsystem and c) the Antarctic subsystem itself. In this context, issues related to security and strategy aspects; the exploration, exploitation and conservation of oceanic and continental resources and the question of sovereignty claims over vast portions of the territory are issues that attract more and more attention from national, international and transnational actors. This paper aims to provide some considerations on the problems related to the emergence and characteristics of a "New Antarctic Order" that gives rise to the interaction of political, strategic, economic, scientific and technological factors that are already acting intensely within and outside the framework of the Antarctic Treaty. ; Hay una serie de aspectos conflictivos vinculados a la creciente importancia que últimamente ha adquirido el continente antártico, estos se manifiestan en varias dimensiones: a) el sistema internacional global; b) el subsistema regional latinoamericano y c) el subsistema antártico propiamente dicho. En este contexto, los problemas relativos a los aspectos de seguridad y estrategia; la exploración, explotación y conservación de los recursos oceánicos y continentales y la cuestión de los reclamos de soberanía sobre vastas porciones del territorio constituyen temas que atraen cada día mayor atención por parte de actores nacionales, internacionales y transnacionales. El presente trabajo pretende aportar algunas consideraciones sobre los problemas relacionados con el surgimiento y las características de un "Nuevo Orden Antártico" a que da lugar a la interacción de factores políticos, estratégicos, económicos, científicos y tecnológicos que ya se hallan actuando intensamente dentro y fuera del marco del Tratado Antártico.

Se presentan tres disposiciones legales de permanente vigencia y actualidad y otras complementarias, con el propósito de facilitar su divulgación, comprensión y estudio y, que a la vez, sirva de elemento válido de consulta en el trabajo. Pero de manera especial, se propone crear conciencia en todos los estamentos del SERVICIO NACIONAL DE APRENDIZAJE sobre la necesidad de su práctica y estricta observancia, por constituir los principios legales básicos de la moral administrativa. ; There are three legal provisions of permanent validity and topicality and other complementary ones, in order to facilitate their dissemination, understanding and study and, at the same time, serve as a valid element of consultation at work. But in a special way, it is proposed to raise awareness in all levels of the NATIONAL LEARNING SERVICE about the need for its practice and strict observance, as it constitutes the basic legal principles of administrative morality. ; Decreto ley 222 de 1983 -- Ley 11 de 1973 -- Decreto ley No. 128 de 1976 -- Estatuto de personal Decreto 2464 de 1970 -- Delitos contra la administración pública. ; na ; Documento sin fecha, se aproxima fecha a la década ; 28 páginas

1. The present paper draws attention to an important question concerning Information Law: the granting of an adequate juridical regime -through the application of just criteria relating to information- in the case of the diffusing activity of foreign agencies operating on national soil. More precisely, the author examines the monopoly with regard to foreign information which is contemplated in Article 49 of the Spanish Ley de Prensa e Imprenta of 1966, still in force today. The study of the antecedents in relation to the elaboration of the legal precept praves, without a shadow of a doubt, that the configuration of the monopoly was, aboye all, a political decision and not so much a juridical ponderation. 2. The most important problem related to the monopoly is to be found in the determination of its object. The author undertakes this task in agreement with two separate criteria: with regard to the source and with reqard to the subject matter. In this manner, the conclusion is reached that the object of the monopoly is limited by boundaries from the starting point of the technical notion of news in its most restricted meaning whenever the news bears a strong measure of foreign creation. 3. The monopoly, according to the author, is conceived within the Ley de Prensa as a power that genuinely pertains to the State. This fact situates the Public Administration in the position of holding titular rights over the distribution on national soil of any news stemming from foreign sources; this power as exercised by the Public Administration can either be reserved or delegated to others. According to the manner in which the monopoly presents itself, the Public Administration disposes of the faculty to choose either formula; in any case, if the delegation of exercise ceases for any reason, the right reverts wholly to the Administration. 4. In order to justify the monopoly, two types of reasons have usually been put forth. Some derive from the concept of the so-called -informative sovereignty», others from the principie of nationality which in relation with the previous concepts informs the entire Spanish law regulating the press. The author examines the scope and consistency of these fundaments from the critical perspective offered by either the supranational freedom of information or the doctrine of the right to information. He then arrives at the conclusion -among other points- that informative sovereignty does not correspond to the State as organizatiun but rather to the State as community. Nor can it be understood as a feudal power over information, nor as a constituent source of the rights which correspond to individuals within the field of information. Neither can it be understood as the title holding of an exclusive and excluding right with the maximum faculties of disposal. of the State to set up guidelines and to ordain the matter within an adequate

Estudio dirigido a funcionarios del SENA en el que se describe la declaración de Leticia del 25 al 27 de abril de 1984 en donde aparecen las reflexiones y acuerdos alcanzados por las instituciones de formación profesional de Brasil (SENAC, SENAI. CENAFOR ), Colombia (SENA), Costa Rica (INA) y Venezuela (INCE), se presenta la "Declaración de Cartagena" (14-18 mayo de 1984) y se presenta un documento titulado " La Gestión Sistémica, instrumento de una formación profesional para el desarrollo" en el cual se han estructurado los lineamientos básicos de gestión para el Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SENA ; Study addressed to SENA officials in which Leticia's declaration is described from April 25 to 27, 1984, where the reflections and agreements reached by the vocational training institutions of Brazil (SENAC, SENAI, CENAFOR), Colombia (SENA), Costa Rica (INA) and Venezuela (INCE), the "Declaration of Cartagena" (May 14-18, 1984) is presented and a document entitled "Systemic Management, instrument of professional training for development" is presented. which have structured the basic management guidelines for the National Service of Learning SENA ; Presentación -- Primera parte declaración de Leticia -- Segunda parte declaración de Cartagena -- Tercera parte la gestión sistémica -- Hacia una concepción sistémica de las organizaciones -- Hacia una concepción sistémica en el SENA -- Gestión doctrinaria o filosófica -- Gestión organizacional -- El SENA y su medio ambiente externo -- El SENA y su contexto interno -- El SENA y la relación sistémica entre el contexto interno y su medio ambiente externo: el concepto de modalidades de acción -- Eficiencia, eficacia y calidad: imperativos de la formación profesional ; 70 páginas

SUMMARY: I. INTRODUCTION. - II. POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION AS A CONTEMPORARY PHENOMENON AND DEMAND: 1. THE CRISIS OF THE CENTRALIZED NATIONAL STATE. 2. THE CRISIS OF CLASSIC FORMS OF STATE AND THE OVERCOMING OF DICOTOMY: UNITARY STATE / FEDERAL STATE. 3. THE CENTRALISM OF THE OLD FEDERATIONS. 4. THE NEW FEDERALISMS. 5. THE DECENTRALIZATION OF THE UNITARY STATES. - III. THE REGIONAL STATE FORMULA: 1. BACKGROUND. 2. THE ITALIAN REGIONAL STATE. 3. T HE STATE OF COMMUNITIES AND REGIONS OF BELGIUM. 4. T HE STATE OF AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES SPANISH. 5. THE POLITICAL REGIONALIZATION OF FRANCE AND THE REGIONAL STATE. 6. OTHER EXPERIENCES OF POLITICAL REGIONALIZATION. - IV. CONCLUSION. ; SUMARIO: I. INTRODUCCIÓN. — II. LA DESCENTRALIZACIÓN POLÍTICA COMO FENÓMENO Y EXIGENCIA CONTEMPORÁNEOS: 1. LA CRISIS DEL ESTADO NACIONAL CENTRALIZADO. 2. LA CRISIS DE LAS CLÁSICAS FORMAS DE ESTADO Y LA SUPERACIÓN DE LA DICOTOMÍA: ESTADO UNITARIO/ESTADO FEDERAL. 3. EL CENTRALISMO DE LAS VIEJAS FEDERACIONES. 4. LOS NUEVOS FEDERALISMOS. 5. LA DESCENTRALIZACIÓN DE LOS ESTADOS UNITARIOS. — III. LA FORMULA DEL ESTADO REGIONAL: 1. ANTECEDENTES. 2. EL ESTADO REGIONAL ITALIANO. 3. E L ESTADO DE COMUNIDADES Y REGIONES DE BÉLGICA. 4. E L ESTADO DE COMUNIDADES AUTÓNOMAS ESPAÑOL. 5. LA REGIONALIZACIÓN POLÍTICA DE FRANCIA Y EL ESTADO REGIONAL. 6. OTRAS EXPERIENCIAS DE REGIONALIZACIÓN POLÍTICA. — IV. CONCLUSIÓN.

On analyzing the housing situation in Peru, we shall find problems that are common to all Latin American countries but which are dramatically enlightening here due to their grave nature: the mushrooming slum areas, serious shortage of housing and even more serious shortage of services. Whole districts of houses put up by the inhabitants themselves, half-completed and lacking drinking water. The shortage continues to worsen and the solutions escape our limited capacity for investment, which is more and more restricted by the tremendous burden created by the foreign debt. The state carries out building works substituting private initiative; it has set about constructing housing estates, which, due to the creation of subsidized competition and the absorption of resources, have practically paralysed private contributions, which used to be greater; and work to lay on drinking water infrastructure, which only the state has the capacity and duty to solve, is being neglected. We have a Rent Act which, by imposing limits and controls on rent, has created a situation of virtual standstill in this field. And inspite of the fact that only by means of an adequate law could important investment be attracted, we lack the maturity and political authority to do this. We shall analyze these and other problems related to housing in Peru and we shall look at some original proposals for their solution, such as a Materials Bank, which is enjoying great success only four years after being set up, or the Mutual Benefit Societies for Leaseholders, designed to increase the number of owners and so provide the system with the necessary political guarantee. We shall see how in order to be able to attend to one of the most deeply-felt needs of the population, within our limited capacity for investment and our political limitations, the scope of the State would need to be clarly defined and private investment propitiated by means of a comprehensive, coherent national plan for housing on a long-term basis. ; Al analizar la situación de la ...