Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международные организации" ; The European Union experience of the legal regulation of franchising presents particular interest for academic research, and could be applied in practice in the Republic of Belarus. At the EU level the optimal way of the franchise legal regulation was established. The European law provides a general framework of the franchise contracts evaluation in the light of the EC competition law, and only fixes the list of contractual provisions that can not be included in the franchise agreements because of their severe threat to the competition on the relevant market. The author advocates that according to Belarusian legislation franchising is not a means of attracting foreign investments, but it should rather be regarded as a way of attracting national investments. Franchise agreements by their nature will always lead to the restrictions of the competition, and as such can be challenged on the basis of the competition law violation. The problem of the potential breach of the competition law provisions by the franchise contracts shall be taken into account by the Belarusian legislator.
The subject. The article characterizes the role of Russian Constitution, federal laws and bylaws in ensuring tax security.The purpose of the article is to identify legal norms that ensure the tax security of the state, and to confirm the hypothesis that such norms hat such norms are effective in systemic interaction.The methodology. The author uses methods of system analysis of scientific papers devoted to the provision of various types of security. Formal logical and legal interpretation of Russian regulatory legal acts is used also.The main results. Regulatory documents in the field of tax security can be classified into: the Constitution of the Russian Federation at the highest level; program documents (conventions, strategies, charters, concepts, programs, doctrines, standards, directives) as acts of the first level, the legislation of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities is at the second level; departmental regulatory legal acts are at the third level. The law on security should be an act of direct action that determines the content of the management activities of public authorities to ensure security by fixing its goals, principles, the most general forms and means of implementation. The basis of legal provision of tax security at the legislative level should be defined in the federal law on security as well as in the federal law "On Tax Authorities of the Russian Federation" (in intra-governmental relations context because tax authorities are the main subjects of tax administration) and in the Russian Tax Code (concerning relations between public administration bodies and private entities). Any draft legislative acts affecting issues of tax relations and economic management should be examined for compliance with national interests in the field of tax security and the effectiveness of minimizing threats. Each legislative act should take into account the implementation of the goals and principles of ensuring tax security (as well as other types of security) enshrined in the concept document. Such expertise is possible in the process of approving draft laws by the Russian Government as well as when registering relevant bylaws by the Russian Ministry of JusticeConclusions. The Russian Constitution should consolidate a unified approach to the essence of security as a whole. Legislative acts (first of all, the laws on security, on tax authorities, the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) should provide for the main directions of countering threats to tax security arising in the relevant areas of regulation. By-laws and regulations are designed to fix specific managerial ways of dealing with such threats. ; Выявляются и систематизируются правовые нормы, обеспечивающие налоговую безопасность государства. Характеризуется роль Конституции РФ, федеральных законов и подзаконных актов в обеспечении налоговой безопасности. Отмечается, что в системе нормативного обеспечения налоговой безопасности Конституция РФ должна закреплять единый подход к сущности безопасности в целом, законодательные акты (в первую очередь, законы о безопасности, о налоговых органах, Налоговый кодекс РФ) – основные направления противодействия угрозам налоговой безопасности, возникающим в соответствующих сферах регулирования, а подзаконные акты – конкретные управленческие способы борьбы с такими угрозами.
в статье рассматриваются вопросы применения норм международного права на территории отдельных государств и возникающие при этом коллизии в связи с необходимостью соблюдения национальной конституции. Конституционные суды государств-членов вынуждены решать эти коллизии ; исходя из принципов национального права. ; this article discusses the issues of application of rules of international law on the territory of individual states and collisions resulting from this due to the need to comply with the national constitution. The constitutional courts of the member states are forced to solve these collisions on the basis of principles of national law.
This article analyzes the norms of international law and national legislation regarding to the legal nature of "forced labor". The article reveals the features of transformation into national legislation norm of the International Labor Organization on the issue of forced labor.
Many countries of the world have established in the national criminal law and criminal liability for legal entities. Attempts to introduce into the Russian Penal Code criminal liability for legal entities today do not find support from the legislator. In Estonia and Serbia, the information characterizing the identity of the defendant is irrelevant when appointing a criminal punishment. In these countries, equality in the appointment of a criminal punishment precludes the need to take into account the characteristics of the offender's personality. ; Многие страны мира установили в национальном уголовном законодательстве и уголовную ответственность для юридических лиц. Попытки введения в российский уголовный кодекс уголовной ответственности для юридических лиц сегодня не находят поддержки у законодателя. В Эстонии и Сербии при назначении уголовного наказания не имеет значение информация, характеризующая личность подсудимого. В этих странах равенство при назначении уголовного наказания исключает необходимость учета характеристики личности правонарушителя.
This paper discusses the main nuances associated with the implementation and protection of consumer rights to the digital content. In particular, the main regulatory legal acts of the national and, if possible, supranational level will be considered, license agreements with the consumer will also be considered. Within the framework of these legal acts, the basic rights of the consumer, the rights of the campaign and possible ways of resolving disputes will be established. Also in this paper, specific examples of paragraphs of user agreements and their relationship with the legislation of the countries in question will be given. Examples of court decisions regarding consumer protection of digital content will be provided. Also, these decisions will be analyzed, in which cases of violation of consumer rights will be presented, and how the court applied national law to relations containing a foreign element between the consumer and the seller. Also, based on an analysis of the national law, supranational law, paragraphs of user agreements and court decisions, I will provide a list of recommendations for the further development of legal norms in this area and recommendations to administrative bodies and independent organizations. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate two things: the availability of modern law that meets the basic changes of our time is not a guarantee of observing consumer rights in the following cases: when companies engaged in cross-border or transnational activity do not make the necessary modifications of user agreements; administrative bodies and citizens are inactive, as a result of which the courts do not make decisions that would establish justice in this matter.
This paper discusses the main nuances associated with the implementation and protection of consumer rights to the digital content. In particular, the main regulatory legal acts of the national and, if possible, supranational level will be considered, license agreements with the consumer will also be considered. Within the framework of these legal acts, the basic rights of the consumer, the rights of the campaign and possible ways of resolving disputes will be established. Also in this paper, specific examples of paragraphs of user agreements and their relationship with the legislation of the countries in question will be given. Examples of court decisions regarding consumer protection of digital content will be provided. Also, these decisions will be analyzed, in which cases of violation of consumer rights will be presented, and how the court applied national law to relations containing a foreign element between the consumer and the seller. Also, based on an analysis of the national law, supranational law, paragraphs of user agreements and court decisions, I will provide a list of recommendations for the further development of legal norms in this area and recommendations to administrative bodies and independent organizations. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate two things: the availability of modern law that meets the basic changes of our time is not a guarantee of observing consumer rights in the following cases: when companies engaged in cross-border or transnational activity do not make the necessary modifications of user agreements; administrative bodies and citizens are inactive, as a result of which the courts do not make decisions that would establish justice in this matter.
The paper addresses the institutions of direct democracy: referendum, national and public discussions, civil and public initiatives in the law-making as the forms of direct participation of citizens in the process of creating laws and other regulatory legal acts. The aim of the research is revealing the characteristics of these forms, analysis of problems of legal regulation and practical implementation at the Federal, regional and local levels of law-making in modernRussia. ; В данной статье рассматриваются институты прямой демократии: референдум, народные (общественные) обсуждения, народные (гражданские) правотворческие инициативы как формы непосредственного участия граждан в процессе создания законов и иных нормативных правовых актов. Целью работы является раскрытие характерных особенностей указанных форм, анализ проблем их правового регулирования и практической реализации на федеральном, региональном и местном уровнях правотворчества современной России.
The article is devoted to the analysis of international cooperation in the field of attracting foreign investment for economic development of Russia. Carrying out investment activities in developing countries and States with economies in transition with their inherent political and economic instability, foreign investor runs the risk that in the event of a change of law, it may incur financial risks. The problem of free movement of the capitals and repatriation of the gained income from the territory of one state on the territory of another concerns free export of the current income of the investor (dividends, percent, a royalty, etc.); the sums paid in repayment of loans; export of initial capital investments; the money arising at elimination or the termination of investment activity, partial or full sale of capital investments; compensation received by the investor in case of withdrawal of its property; any other payments in connection with capital investments. ; Статья посвящена анализу международного сотрудничества в сфере привлечения иностранных инвестиций для экономического развития России. Осуществляя инвестиционную деятельность в развивающихся странах мира и государствах с переходной экономикой со свойственной им политической и экономической нестабильностью, иностранный инвестор рискует тем, что в случае изменения законодательства он может понести финансовые риски. Проблема свободного перемещения капиталов и репатриации полученных доходов с территории одного государства на территорию другого касается беспрепятственного вывоза текущих доходов инвестора (дивидендов, процентов, роялти и др.); сумм, выплачиваемых в погашение займов; вывоза первоначальных капиталовложений; денежных средств, возникающих при ликвидации или прекращении инвестиционной деятельности, частичной либо полной продаже капиталовложений; компенсации, получаемой инвестором в случае изъятия его собственности; любых других платежей в связи с капиталовложениями.
The article covers the role of the Constitution in the development of the national law system. It shows its nature as the act of system institution that determines organization and interaction of authority structures, the guidelines of improvement of the national legislation. The author specifies the features of the Basic Law, defines the potential that the effective Constitution contains equally in its norms and its principles. = Раскрывается роль Конституции в развитии национальной правовой системы. Показана ее сущность как системообразующего акта, определяющего организацию и взаимодействие властных структур, направления развития национального законодательства. Указаны признаки Основного Закона, отмечен потенциал действующей Конституции, содержащийся как в ее нормах, так и принципах.
General issues of methodology are considered in the article in the frames of international integration concept. The accent is put on the interaction of national and integration systems. The attention is paid to different variations of interaction between the subjects of regional integration and consequently the necessity to percept the methodology in multifaceted format is analyzed. In particular the authors propose not to limit regional integration to standard mechanisms of international cooperation but provide for combination of treaty regulation and method of subordination. This tendency is well founded and its effective realization depends upon the mechanism of implementation. The attention is paid to the analysis of the regime of integration interaction of some regions. In particlar, the analysis of the experience of the European Union let the authors conclude that while integrating there is a gradual transition from traditional interstate method of regulation to the methods of integration, which are characterised by different level of rigidity, prescriptiveness and based upon different mechanisms of balancing of supranational and sovereign in integration community. The experience of Asia in use of special methodology in integration is synthesized. ; Рассматриваются общие проблемы методологии в рамках концепции международной интеграции. Актуализируются вопросы взаимодействия национальной и интеграционной систем. При этом обращается внимание на различные вариации взаимодействия между субъектами региональной интеграции и как следствие — анализируется необходимость восприятия методологии в многоаспектном формате. В частности предлагается в рамках региональной интеграции не ограничиваться классическими механизмами международно-правового сотрудничества, а обеспечить сочетание договорного регулирования и метода субординации. Такая тенденция вполне обусловлена, и ее успешная апробация зависит от механизма имплементации. Уделяется внимание анализу особого режима интеграционного взаимодействия отдельных регионов. Так, анализ практики Европейского союза позволил обозначить, что при интеграции происходит постепенный переход от традиционного межгосударственного метода регулирования к регулированию методами межгосударственной интеграции, обладающими различной степенью жесткости, императивности, построенными на различных механизмах балансировки наднационального и государственного в интеграционном сообществе. Обобщается практика использования специальной методологии при интеграционных процессах в Азии.
The article justifies that the subject of strategic management of education at national level is the state policy in the field of education itself. The national strategies are identified as subject goals, objectives-states adopted by the government in the field of education. The following differences have been formulated: strategic and reforming plans, strategic and administrative planning. The perception of national strategies concerning universities is proposed as a project to grant universities the right of taking strategic decisions regarding potential problems. The typology of national strategies in the field of higher education is provided depending on distribution of powers between the subjects of management of universities in future, on the powers of public bodies. Strategies as part of the strategic project at university level are considered, their specific features as compared to the strategic projects of business organizations are revealed. ; Peer reviewed
The necessity of writing this article is conditioned by the active development of consular law, which, as part of international law, evolves directly under the influence of world political and economic processes. At the beginning of the twentieth century, an impressive number of consulates operated in Europe, North and South America, Asia, the middle East, and partly in Africa.The legal acts regulating the consular sphere of influence, concluded in Russia in the 19th century, had not only national significance, but also international significance. All adopted conventions, treatises, agreements and charters were elements that form the system of public international law as a whole.With the formation of a new state in the former Russian Empire, it became necessary to adopt a new legal framework regulating consular activities.
The article describes the evolution of the concept of national security, which took place in the conditions of the systemic political and socio-economic changes in the post-Soviet Russia. There are characterized the impact of internal and foreign policy of the Federal Government, the extent of corruption in different periods on its effectiveness, on the formation and development of the controversial democratic potential. It is concluded that the success of the fight against corruption is an important factor in strengthening the national security of the country. In connection with this, a particularly urgent need has arisen for the training of specialists in the area of national security in the framework of the State standard of higher education of the third generation. ; В статье рассматривается эволюция концепции национальной безопасности, протекавшая в условиях системных политических и социальноэкономических преобразований в постсоветской России. Характеризуется влияние внутренней и внешней политики федеральной власти, коррупции в разные периоды на ее эффективность, на формирование и противоречивое развитие демократического потенциала страны. Делается вывод о том, что успешная борьба с коррупцией является важным фактором укрепления национальной безопасности страны. В связи с этим особую актуальность приобретает необходимость подготовки специалистов в области национальной безопасности в рамках государственного стандарта высшего образования третьего поколения.
The subject. The article is devoted to different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil, their analyzing, depending on main goal of coercion.The purpose of the paper is to extend constitutional knowledge about measures of constitutional legal enforcement and to demonstrate generic character of constitutional legal enforcement theory for different countries.The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description) and legal methods.The main results and scope of their application. The author describes different measures of constitutional legal enforcement in the constitutional law of Brazil. Constitutions of foreign countries contain various measures of constitutional coercion as the main way to resolve constitutional conflicts.Among the measures of constitutional and legal coercion enshrined in the Brazilian Constitution are: holding the President accountable for abuse of power; temporary termination of the powers of the President of the Republic during the process of bringing him to justice; prohibition of the President and Vice-President of the Republic to leave the territory of the country for a certain period without the approval of the Parliament; recognition by the National Congress of the positions of the President and Vice-President as vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days of taking office;holding new elections when the positions of the President and Vice-President are declared vacant if they fail to exercise their constitutional powers within 10 days from the date of taking office.Conclusions. Depending on the constitutional system, the history of the state, measures of constitutional coercion may be different in content, but it remains possible to classify such measures depending on the main purpose of their application. The system of measures of constitutional legal enforcement, including measures of prevention, suppression, restoration, responsibility and security is applicable not only for the Russian constitutional law, but also for constitutional law of foreign countries, in particular, Brazil. ; Рассматриваются различные меры конституционно-правового принуждения, существующие в конституционном праве Бразилии. Утверждается, что действующая Конституция Бразилии представляет собой подробный и самобытный акт конституционного права, содержащий в себе различные меры по разрешению конституционно-правовых конфликтов, изучение которых расширит научные представления о системе мер конституционно-правового принуждения в целом.
