Suchergebnisse

security of the American homeland; recapitalizing America's strengths in science and education; redesigning key institutions of the Executive Branch; overhauling the U.S. government's military and civilian personnel systems; and reorganizing Congress's role in national security affairs"--P. xiii. ; "After our examination of the new strategic environment of the next quarter century (Phase I) and of a strategy to address it (Phase II), this Commission concludes that significant changes must be made in the structures and processes of the U.S. national security apparatus. Our institutional base is in decline and must be rebuilt. Otherwise, the United States risks losing its global influence and critical leadership role. We offer recommendations for organizational change in five key areas: ensuring the ; "March 15, 2001." ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; security of the American homeland; recapitalizing America's strengths in science and education; redesigning key institutions of the Executive Branch; overhauling the U.S. government's military and civilian personnel systems; and reorganizing Congress's role in national security affairs"--P. xiii. ; "After our examination of the new strategic environment of the next quarter century (Phase I) and of a strategy to address it (Phase II), this Commission concludes that significant changes must be made in the structures and processes of the U.S. national security apparatus. Our institutional base is in decline and must be rebuilt. Otherwise, the United States risks losing its global influence and critical leadership role. We offer recommendations for organizational change in five key areas: ensuring the ; Mode of access: Internet.

Italy does not have a National Security Strategy (NSS) in the strict sense of the word, ie, a single governmental document for the medium-to-long term identifying the main security threats and response guidelines at a strategic level. Instead, it has several documents on the institutional responsibilities for the external (military) and internal (civil) dimensions of security.

Economic relations present in the production and distribution process are considered the most important relations in a society for they determine social and political order in a country, the quality of life, level of development of the national security system, and country's economic and political influence on international relations. This is what makes them an important factor of the national security. National economic system is evidently dependant of all the other state resources and areas of social life. Its development and protection are vital national priorities and interests of every modern state that strives for economic stability, independence and security. Therefore, national economy protects from disfunction, stagnation and regression and all other threats aimed at disbalancing social relations in the production and distribution process. This is achieved by the means of national economic policy and penal legislation which are practiced by specialized state organs, being integral components of national security policy. At the same time, the protection of personal possession, business activities and companies' employees is in charge of the specialized state and other security subjects that comprise the so-called corporate security. The work touches upon the development of theory and practice in economic security area, as well as the relationship between economic, corporate and national security. Special attention is paid to the risks of and threats to corporate security, as well as their effect on national security. Finally, potential measures for enhancing economic and corporate security are listed. .

The cyber- and biological sciences are converging rapidly, creating benefits, new and advantageous applications, and increasing risks to all nations. The parts of the public and private sectors that should be responsible for cyberbiosecurity are not yet sufficiently organized or supported financially. This article addresses the need to ensure that national security policy: (1) assesses cyberbiological risk and incorporates deterrent and enforcement measures; (2) sets forth clear consequences for those individuals and countries that conduct cyberbiological attacks or otherwise compromise cyberbiosecurity, without imperiling the legitimate sharing of scientific data and information; (3) establishes voluntary cyberbiosecurity standards in partnership with the private sector; (4) identifies cyberbiosecurity threats, vulnerabilities, consequences, and solutions; and (5) results from the combined efforts of all branches of government and the private sector.

National security law scholarship tends to focus on the balancing of security and liberty, and the overwhelming bulk of that scholarship is about such balancing on the horizontal axis among branches at the federal level. This Article challenges that standard focus by supplementing it with an account of the vertical axis and the emergent, post-9/11 role of state and local government in American national security law and policy. It argues for a federalism frame that emphasizes vertical intergovernmental arrangements for promoting and mediating a dense array of policy values over the long term. This federalism frame helps in understanding the cooperation and tension between the federal and local governments with respect to counterterrorism and national security intelligence, and also yields insights to guide reform of those relationships. The Article emphasizes two important values that have been neglected in the sparse scholarship on local government and national security functions: (1) accountability and the ways vertical intergovernmental arrangements enhance or degrade it, and (2) efficiency and the ways those arrangements promote public policy effectiveness. This Article reveals the important policy benefits of our shared federal-local national security system, and it suggests ways to better capture these benefits, especially if terrorism threats evolve to include a greater domestic component.

Conference on Constitution and Human Rights last year in the same place highlighted the importance of national security laws in certain countries in Asia. Although for Indonesia this law was not the issue discussed in last years conference, development in international politics since 11 September 2001 brought about deeper discourse on this type of law in the country. Terrorist attack on the United States (US) has started war against terrorism. Though not admitted, this war has been broadened to a war against Islamic community across the globe. This issue is important for Asia, as many of the Asian countries are the population. Many measures have been taken to deal with war against terrorism in the international level. One important measure is the imposition to initiate a set of legal instruments to smoothen legal procedures against international terrorist organisations through, among others, the establishment of new national security laws related to international terrorist and multilateral and bilateral agreement on the investigation of international terrorist organisations. Indonesia is not an exception in this development, especially because it is a country with the biggest Moslem population in the world and the socio-political instability across the country. The US stated its allegation of the existence of Al Qaeda-related terrorist organisation in Indonesia. An Indonesian citizen was also investigated by the US for the allegation of being a member of Al Qaeda. The draft law on Anti-Terrorism is discussed in Indonesia at this moment and shortly will be presented before the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR, Indonesian parliament) by the government. This draft law contains special measures on terrorism as is underscored after 11 September 2001, different with national security law which Indonesia does not have until now due to the protest against the draft law on the State of Emergency (Undang-Undang tentang Penanggulangan Keadaan Bahaya, UU PKB) in 1999. As indicated in the program of this workshop, the aim of the workshop is to compare changes in security laws in several countries of the region and to discuss the implications of these changes for constitutions and human rights. Therefore, this paper will not only discuss the draft law on Anti-Terrorism, but also will briefly discuss the previous laws related to national security in order to observe the special measures which put aside human rights under the name of national security, as a basis to further discuss the issue in the workshop.

Few aspects of modern warfare and statecraft are as alien to American thinking as psychological warfare and psychological operations (PSYOPS). Confusion surrounding the concept of psychological operations in this country begins with the terminology itself inasmuch as we as a nation have dealt with propaganda, information (and its uncomfortable ally-culture), political warfare, psychological warfare, and psychological operations without really thinking of each as interrelated and dependent for its -success upon a coordinated whole.

On March 29-31, 2007, the Strategic Studies Institute and the Triangle Institute for Security Studies conducted a colloquium on "Global Climate Change: National Security Implications" held in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. This volume is based on the proceedings of this conference. Chapter 1 addresses the growing historical awareness of the threat and outlines the science of climate-change. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on how climate change might affect human societies and the degree to which it might cause or exacerbate violence and conflict. Particular attention is paid to the implications for the security of the United States. Chapters 4 and 5 consider a variety of potential solutions, ranging from international diplomacy to the development of efficient technologies. Chapters 6 and 7 focus on the role of the U.S. Armed Forces. What can they do and what should they do to mitigate climate change or prepare to meet the threat? Chapter 8 summarizes and concludes. Contributors to this volume agree that climate change is a threat deserving of serious attention. They stress the need for greater planning and coordination and for further research as well as the utility of engagement—military to military and state to state—on environmental issues. They differ as to whether the Armed Forces should play a leading or supporting role, but agree that they can—and already do—make a valuable contribution. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1064/thumbnail.jpg

On March 29-31, 2007, the Strategic Studies Institute and the Triangle Institute for Security Studies conducted a colloquium on "Global Climate Change: National Security Implications" held in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. This volume is based on the proceedings of this conference. Chapter 1 addresses the growing historical awareness of the threat and outlines the science of climate-change. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on how climate change might affect human societies and the degree to which it might cause or exacerbate violence and conflict. Particular attention is paid to the implications for the security of the United States. Chapters 4 and 5 consider a variety of potential solutions, ranging from international diplomacy to the development of efficient technologies. Chapters 6 and 7 focus on the role of the U.S. Armed Forces. What can they do and what should they do to mitigate climate change or prepare to meet the threat? Chapter 8 summarizes and concludes. Contributors to this volume agree that climate change is a threat deserving of serious attention. They stress the need for greater planning and coordination and for further research as well as the utility of engagement—military to military and state to state—on environmental issues. They differ as to whether the Armed Forces should play a leading or supporting role, but agree that they can—and already do—make a valuable contribution. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1014/thumbnail.jpg

U.S. national security is a subject that has been under intense scrutiny since the end of the Cold War. What constitutes such security for the United States as this country approaches the new century? Are the ends, ways, and means of our national security and national military strategies sufficient to provide for the nation's future? And above all, as this country celebrates the 50th anniversary of the National Security Act of 1947, are the institutions that resulted from that act still sufficient for the post-Cold War era? With these questions in mind, the Strategic Studies Institute and Dickinson College's Clarke Center co-sponsored the series of lectures on American national security after the Cold War which are contained in this volume. The lectures take four different, yet complementary, perspectives. Professor Ronald Steel reminds us of the intellectual revolution embodied in the act that moved America from the concept of "defense" to one of "national security" and relates this concept to our attempts to define post-Cold War national security interests. Dr. Lawrence Korb reviews the evolution in our national security establishment since the 1947 act. Dr. Morton Halperin's focus is the continuing tension between secrecy in the name of national security and the openness required in a democratic society, with a commentary on continuing threats to civil liberties. In the concluding essay, Ambassador Robert Ellsworth surveys the key strategic challenges facing the United States as we enter the 21st century. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1183/thumbnail.jpg

National security law scholarship tends to focus on the balancing of security and liberty, and the overwhelming bulk of that scholarship is about such balancing on the horizontal axis among branches at the federal level. This Article challenges that standard focus by supplementing it with an account of the vertical axis and the emergent, post-9/11 role of state and local government in American national security law and policy. It argues for a federalism frame that emphasizes vertical intergovernmental arrangements for promoting and mediating a dense array of policy values over the long term. This federalism frame helps in understanding the cooperation and tension between the federal and local governments with respect to counterterrorism and national security intelligence, and also yields insights to guide reform of those relationships. The Article emphasizes two important values that have been neglected in the sparse scholarship on local government and national security functions: (1) accountability and the ways vertical intergovernmental arrangements enhance or degrade it, and (2) efficiency and the ways those arrangements promote public policy effectiveness. This Article reveals the important policy benefits of our shared federal-local national security system, and it suggests ways to better capture these benefits, especially if terrorism threats evolve to include a greater domestic component.

Nigeria is battling its worst level of insecurity since the civil war which ended in 1970. The need to reform and reposition the Nigeria Police Force has been topical in debates to improve security in the country. In fact, several high-powered committees have been set up and dozens of reports churned out on this subject. These efforts have been geared towards developing a formidable police force that will perform its constitutional duties of maintaining law and order and securing the lives and properties of all Nigerians. However, results have shown that the efforts of government have not delivered the desired results. The objective of this study therefore was to highlight the urgency in the need to establish a state police that will be capable of tackling the current challenge of gross insecurity in Nigeria. The study relied on secondary data in evaluating the feasibility of state policing in Nigeria. The analysis centred on variables like the reorientation of the force, insufficient budgetary allocation and judicious use of security vote, the practice of true federalism, the creation of employment opportunities and so on, in drawing its conclusions. Findings revealed that the current centralised system of administering the police force may not be tenable in adequately curbing the menace of insecurity in Nigeria. Recommendations proffered include the need to decentralize the police force forthwith. It is expected that the adoption and implementation of this among other suggested strategies will boost the operative capacity of the Nigerian Police Force to effectively carry out its designated roles and bring the mounting insecurity in the country under control. It is hoped that the results from this study will encourage Nigerian policy makers in formulating the right policies for national security. Besides, the results from this study will be useful to other researchers and students of public policy. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1s1p412

In Washington, DC, on June 24, 2009, the Bush School of Government and Public Service, the Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs at Texas A&M University, and the U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute conducted a conference on Leadership and Government Reform. Two panels discussed "Leader Development in Schools of Public Affairs" and "Leadership, National Security, and 'Whole of Government' Reforms." The theme focused on the need for significant changes in leader development and government reform to improve the alignment, coordination, integration, and interoperability among largely autonomous U.S. Government agencies. The two conference panels were challenged to discuss leadership in a broader sense rather than focusing solely at the top, or on presidential leadership. The aim was to think more generally about reform-minded leadership from the top, middle, and entry levels, in order to better prepare the nation for the new security challenges of this still-young 21st century.

The region of the South Caucasus has long served as an arena for competing regionalpowers and, for much of the past two centuries, has been hostage to thecompeting interests of much larger regional powers, as neighboring Russia, Turkeyand Iran which have jockeyed for power and influence. And those very historicpowers – Russia, Turkey and Iran – continue to exert influence today as thedominant actors in the region.This competition has not only continued in the wake of the collapse of theSoviet Union, but has only intensified with the onset of new opportunities forengagement and energy-based interests. For the three infant states of the region,Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, the combination of a lack of political legitimacy,fragile economies and several unresolved or "frozen" conflicts, have preventedthem from resisting the powerful sway of their larger neighboring regionalpowers.But most significantly, this combination of historical legacies and currentrealities has constituted a rapid shift in regional security. This shift in securityincorporates not only several general elements, ranging from the challenges ofenergy security to the constraints from unresolved or "frozen" conflicts, but alsomore specific trends, including a recent resurgence in tension between Russia andthe West.Against the backdrop of a dynamic shift in security, the three states of theSouth Caucasus region each face a difficult course of economic and political reform,systemic transition and nation building. The region also continues to strugglein overcoming the legacy of constraints and challenges stemming from sevendecades of the Soviet rule.

This report assesses recent international developments as the leaders from a number of nations work to reach a consensus on an informal set of best practices regarding national restrictions on foreign investment for national security purposes.