In an international environment where the threats are increasingly global, the idea of national defence is not what it used to be. A notion of defence that is meant to be increasingly vague and wider is today overshadowed by the idea of national security, and one talks of the 'defence-security continuum'. The highly compartmentalised 'French Capharnaum' of government departments must adapt to this new notion of defence as a component of security itself. However, far from changing the traditional function of defence, the renewal of the idea of national power can only reinforce the importance of the Armed Forces' defence mission. Adapted from the source document.
International audience ; This article focuses on America's use of sports for diplomatic purposes in the course of the Second World War. From 1941, sport contributed to advancing America's military power by the support given to the war effort on the home front. Drawing on America's experience in past conflicts and military incursions, the US military called on athletes to sign up, not only to serve in national defence but also to promote recruitment. Athletes in the military were showcased in the press as symbols of patriotic virtue. While this domestic media construction was ongoing, the United States also developed the use of basketball in its foreign policy. ; Cet article s'intéresse à l'utilisation des sports américains à des fins diplomatiques lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. À partir de 1941, le sport contribue au développement de la puissance militaire américaine en soutenant l'effort de guerre sur le home front. S'appuyant sur son expérience dans les conflits et incursions militaires passés, l'armée américaine en appelle aux sportifs pour s'engager sous les drapeaux et protéger la sécurité nationale, mais aussi pour soigner la vitrine de recrutement de l'armée à l'intérieur des Etats-Unis. Dans les médias, les sportifs militaires deviennent les parangons des vertus patriotiques. En parallèle de cette construction médiatique intérieure se développe une politique de diffusion extérieure reposant plus spécialement sur le basketball.
In this article its author wanted to treat the history and presence of the system constitutional institutions competent for the area of conception, execution and control of security and defence policy of the Czech Republic and also addresses in short the function and content of the main security documents of the country. The author tried to sketch the institutional and documentary framework of the Czech security policy and to explain roles, relations and obligations of the highest-level constitutional bodies in the process of creation and carrying out of this policy (especially positions of the President, the Parliament, the Government and its so called power ministries and other important institutions). This text does not take a lot all this theme in detail, but it is more aimed at basic information and its target is to expound these problems to those interested, especially to foreign students. ; In this article its author wanted to treat the history and presence of the system constitutional institutions competent for the area of conception, execution and control of security and defence policy of the Czech Republic and also addresses in short the function and content of the main security documents of the country. The author tried to sketch the institutional and documentary framework of the Czech security policy and to explain roles, relations and obligations of the highest-level constitutional bodies in the process of creation and carrying out of this policy (especially positions of the President, the Parliament, the Government and its so called power ministries and other important institutions). This text does not take a lot all this theme in detail, but it is more aimed at basic information and its target is to expound these problems to those interested, especially to foreign students.
Where "national security" comes from? From the origins of this extraordinarily ambiguous concept, we do not know much, if not what historical literature has long established, i.e. it is an American product of the early Cold War, inspired by the experience of the global conflict and dictated by confrontation with the Soviet Union, accompanying the integration of what was precisely called the "national security apparatus". Without denying the importance of this pivotal moment, this article aims to open a new track, looking at what is happening discreetly, a quarter of a century earlier, in the two smaller armed forces intelligence services, the Military Intelligence Division (MID) and the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI). On the basis of specific lessons learned from the experience of 'modern war', there is a definitive, theoretical and practical break, with four central distinctions in military thinking: war and peace, military and civilian, interior and outside, friend and enemy. Our assumption is that, in doing so, the intelligence services are silently but concretely paving the way for this form of government rationality that will soon be referred to by the concept of 'national security'. ; International audience ; Where "national security" comes from? From the origins of this extraordinarily ambiguous concept, we do not know much, if not what historical literature has long established, i.e. it is an American product of the early Cold War, inspired by the experience of the global conflict and dictated by confrontation with the Soviet Union, accompanying the integration of what was precisely called the "national security apparatus". Without denying the importance of this pivotal moment, this article aims to open a new track, looking at what is happening discreetly, a quarter of a century earlier, in the two smaller armed forces intelligence services, the Military Intelligence Division (MID) and the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI). On the basis of specific lessons learned from the experience of 'modern ...
The White Paper on defense & national security highlighted the need to have a way to respond to internal crises, & to reinforce the resilience of the population. The creation of a National Guard would reinforce French security, particularly in the eventuality of a major catastrophe. It would be formed from citizens who had been trained as part of either an obligatory or a voluntary civil emergency organization; it would also reinforce national solidarity & promote the fundamental values of the Republic.
The structure of European security has within it some highly original aspects, the twenty-year-old Weimar Triangle being one of them. At Polish instigation, it could possibly find renewed relevance today through being extended to Moscow. Were this to be so, a new and broad pan-European security structure could be created.
Résumé.Comment expliquer la politique de sécurité nationale américaine, notamment l'évolution de certaines décisions en matière de politique étrangère et de sécurité intérieure ? Quels acteurs et quels facteurs rendent compte des résultats pour le moins controversés de celles-ci ? Au-delà des discours, des institutions et des énoncés, les choix de sécurité ont été l'œuvre de ceux que nous surnommons les « entrepreneurs » de la prise de décision. La question à laquelle cet article veut répondre est précisément de savoir qui sont ces « entrepreneurs » et comment ils ont réalisé cet objectif de transformation des politiques de sécurité des États-Unis. Trois prises de décision de la première administration Bush sont abordées : la guerre préventive en Irak, la redéfinition légale de la notion de torture, et l'institutionnalisation plus grande de la sécurité intérieure.Abstract.How are we to explain U.S. foreign policy, particularly policymaking on national security and homeland security, under the first administration of G. W. Bush? Who were the actors and what were the factors that produced what were, to say the least, controversial results? Looking beyond the speeches, statements and institutions, the security decisions can be seen as the work of "policy entrepreneurs." This article considers who those entrepreneurs were and how they achieved their goal of transforming U.S. security policy. Three decisions are discussed: the pre-emptive war in Iraq, the legal redefinition of torture by the Bush administration, and the institutionalization of homeland security, in particular thePatriot Act.
The wide consensus on the need for a new White Paper on defence and national security reflects growing awareness of the many dangers darkening the horizon of the coming decades and underlines how urgent it is to adapt our policies in these areas. To meet its objective, the debate that has begun must be deepened and thus broadly open and free of any preconditions. It will provide the politicians with the elements they need to draw up and implement a defence and security policy that meets our country's present and future requirements. Adapted from the source document.
