Suchergebnisse

Security policy in different time periods was differently regarded. Security was initially seen as the matter of military field, but the development of the public security threats and the fields which they affect, expanded the field of application of the notion of security. Another important aspect is that the security threats often affect not only national public level but as well they start to influence the regional and the international level. These processes therefore augmented the need to develop ecosecurity sector, because many accidents nowadays occur in large strategic objects (such as in the nuclear power-stations) which touch the interests of a large number of countries. Furthermore, there are global problems such as climate change affecting all countries the solution of which is possible only by the cooperation of international community. In order to make a decision of ecological security the states develop appropriate policy. Moreover, the majority of states ensure a high level of ecosafety by joining regional and international agreements. The sphere of eco-security is expanding and includes a growing number of sectors, not only the protection of the environment, but also criminal issues and other fields. The Article discusses the peculiarities of national security and regulatory context, and reviews the questions of eco-security regulated in the legal acts of Lithuanian Republic. The main provisions of the Lithuanian eco-security are enshrined in the National Security Act the Framework Programme of Eco-security, the Environmental Protection Act of Lithuanian Republic and other legal acts regarding the protection of ecosystem and environment. ; Saugumo politika skirtingais laikotarpiais buvo vertinama skirtingai. Pradžioje saugumas buvo suprantamas kaip karinis, tačiau vystantis visuomenei saugumo grėsmių ratas plėtėsi. Dar vienas svarbus aspektas – grėsmės saugumui neretai pereina iš valstybės lygmens į regioninį bei tarptautinį. Labai dažnai avarijos dideliuose objektuose (pvz. atominėje elektrinėje) paliečia ne vienos šalies interesus, o keleto, be to, yra globalių problemų, tokių kaip klimato kaita, kurių sprendimui reikalingos tarptautinės bendruomenės pastangos. Šie procesai sąlygojo poreikį išskirti ekologinio saugumo sektorių. Ekologinio saugumo problemų sprendimui valstybės suformuoja atitinkamą politiką, be to, dauguma valstybių renkasi didesnio saugumo lygio užtikrinimą prisijungiant prie regioninių ir tarptautinių susitarimų. Pats ekologinio saugumo objektas plečiasi ir apima vis daugiau sektorių, ne vien tik aplinkos apsaugos, bet sutinkami ir kiti (pvz. kriminaliai klausimai). Straipsnyje aptarta ekologinio saugumo raida ir reguliavimo ypatumai nacionalinio saugumo kontekste, apžvelgtos Lietuvos ekologinio saugumo teisinio reglamentavimo gairės.

Stephen Blank. L 'après-Primakov. Évolution dans la politique de sécurité nationale en Russie. L'article traite des dangers qui menacent la sécurité nationale russe depuis la deuxième moitié de 1999. À cette époque, la Russie connut de graves crises internes dues au limogeage du premier ministre, Evgenij Primakov, et aux tentatives de la Douma de destituer Boris El'cin. L'auteur maintient que la menace principale sur la sécurité de la Russie, contrairement à ce que portent à penser les réactions courroucées à la campagne du Kosovo, sont d'ordre interne et proviennent de l'incapacité à construire un État efficace, à contrôler l'armée, à résoudre la question du projet fédéral de façon adéquate, ou à ranimer l'économie. Tous ces facteurs favorisent un processus de privatisation de l'État dans lequel des individus ne voient dans celui-ci qu'un moyen de servir leurs intérêts personnels au détriment de tout intérêt national. En fait, la Russie éprouve des difficultés à définir un intérêt national cohérent et ne peut faire face ni aux menaces classiques ni aux nouvelles menaces transnationales. Bien que la Russie, ou plutôt l'armée et l'élite politique, se sentent menacées par la campagne de l'OTAN au Kosovo, elles sont en fait menacées de l'intérieur, et leur obsession de la deržavnosť et du statut naturel de la Russie comme grande puissance ne peut qu'entraver tout effort de gestion des dangers effectifs et exacerber ses crises interminables.

Structure: introduction, four chapters with sub-chapters and conclusions. Chapter one reviews the theoretical aspects of the subject analysis, discussing in a coherent way the concept of national security, the reasons determining the complexity of national security, as well as the economic security and its projections. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the economic security characteristics reflected in the National Security Strategy, comparing the importance of economic security within the context of the National Security Strategy transformation, including the analysis of evolving threats, dangers and risks. The third chapter analyzes economic security issues from the EU perspective in order to identify the economic security related challenges and threats the EU is facing. Within the overall security context, NATO cannot be underestimated. Consequently, the role of NATO mechanisms in ensuring the economic security of the Euro-Atlantic area is analyzed. The final fourth chapter distinguishes and analyzes three types of economic security, which are covered in the Lithuanian National Security Strategy. They are as follows: export and investment diversification, energy security as a factor of economic security, development and competitiveness of the transportation system. The conclusion states that economic security depends on global factors and cannot be continuously controlled by the community or the state. The conclusions also highlights NATO's role in strengthening not only military but also economic sphere of security. The guarantee of economic security is directly related to the attraction of foreign direct investment, while energy security can be singled out as the most important factor of economic security. Looking at the importance attached to the economic security in Lithuania's national security strategy, it can be stated that Lithuania is no exception from the majority of world countries and is perceived as one of the key segments in the national security strategy.

Structure: introduction, four chapters with sub-chapters and conclusions. Chapter one reviews the theoretical aspects of the subject analysis, discussing in a coherent way the concept of national security, the reasons determining the complexity of national security, as well as the economic security and its projections. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the economic security characteristics reflected in the National Security Strategy, comparing the importance of economic security within the context of the National Security Strategy transformation, including the analysis of evolving threats, dangers and risks. The third chapter analyzes economic security issues from the EU perspective in order to identify the economic security related challenges and threats the EU is facing. Within the overall security context, NATO cannot be underestimated. Consequently, the role of NATO mechanisms in ensuring the economic security of the Euro-Atlantic area is analyzed. The final fourth chapter distinguishes and analyzes three types of economic security, which are covered in the Lithuanian National Security Strategy. They are as follows: export and investment diversification, energy security as a factor of economic security, development and competitiveness of the transportation system. The conclusion states that economic security depends on global factors and cannot be continuously controlled by the community or the state. The conclusions also highlights NATO's role in strengthening not only military but also economic sphere of security. The guarantee of economic security is directly related to the attraction of foreign direct investment, while energy security can be singled out as the most important factor of economic security. Looking at the importance attached to the economic security in Lithuania's national security strategy, it can be stated that Lithuania is no exception from the majority of world countries and is perceived as one of the key segments in the national security strategy.

Structure: introduction, four chapters with sub-chapters and conclusions. Chapter one reviews the theoretical aspects of the subject analysis, discussing in a coherent way the concept of national security, the reasons determining the complexity of national security, as well as the economic security and its projections. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the economic security characteristics reflected in the National Security Strategy, comparing the importance of economic security within the context of the National Security Strategy transformation, including the analysis of evolving threats, dangers and risks. The third chapter analyzes economic security issues from the EU perspective in order to identify the economic security related challenges and threats the EU is facing. Within the overall security context, NATO cannot be underestimated. Consequently, the role of NATO mechanisms in ensuring the economic security of the Euro-Atlantic area is analyzed. The final fourth chapter distinguishes and analyzes three types of economic security, which are covered in the Lithuanian National Security Strategy. They are as follows: export and investment diversification, energy security as a factor of economic security, development and competitiveness of the transportation system. The conclusion states that economic security depends on global factors and cannot be continuously controlled by the community or the state. The conclusions also highlights NATO's role in strengthening not only military but also economic sphere of security. The guarantee of economic security is directly related to the attraction of foreign direct investment, while energy security can be singled out as the most important factor of economic security. Looking at the importance attached to the economic security in Lithuania's national security strategy, it can be stated that Lithuania is no exception from the majority of world countries and is perceived as one of the key segments in the national security strategy.

Structure: introduction, four chapters with sub-chapters and conclusions. Chapter one reviews the theoretical aspects of the subject analysis, discussing in a coherent way the concept of national security, the reasons determining the complexity of national security, as well as the economic security and its projections. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the economic security characteristics reflected in the National Security Strategy, comparing the importance of economic security within the context of the National Security Strategy transformation, including the analysis of evolving threats, dangers and risks. The third chapter analyzes economic security issues from the EU perspective in order to identify the economic security related challenges and threats the EU is facing. Within the overall security context, NATO cannot be underestimated. Consequently, the role of NATO mechanisms in ensuring the economic security of the Euro-Atlantic area is analyzed. The final fourth chapter distinguishes and analyzes three types of economic security, which are covered in the Lithuanian National Security Strategy. They are as follows: export and investment diversification, energy security as a factor of economic security, development and competitiveness of the transportation system. The conclusion states that economic security depends on global factors and cannot be continuously controlled by the community or the state. The conclusions also highlights NATO's role in strengthening not only military but also economic sphere of security. The guarantee of economic security is directly related to the attraction of foreign direct investment, while energy security can be singled out as the most important factor of economic security. Looking at the importance attached to the economic security in Lithuania's national security strategy, it can be stated that Lithuania is no exception from the majority of world countries and is perceived as one of the key segments in the national security strategy.

Research object. Hybrid War Threats Impact on National Security The aim of this paper is to evaluate NATO, EU and Lithuania's preparedness to respond to hybrid threats in correlation with the lessons identified and learned in the course of hybrid conflict in Ukraine. In order to achieve this aim, the following tasks were determined: 1. overview genesis and key features of hybrid war in the light of post-Cold War geopolitical processes; 2. identify and evaluate key aspects of hybrid conflict in Ukraine; 3. evaluate impact of hybrid conflict in Ukraine on security safeguarding processes within EU, NATO and Lithuania; 4. analyze features of shaping response to hybrid threats from the EU, NATO and Lithuania's national perspective; 5. compile lessons learned and based on it provide proposals. Research methods. Analytical and comparative approaches are used in order to conduct comprehensive analysis of hybrid threats impact on national security. Analytical method is applied for the analysis of research literature, publications, documents and legal acts. Comparative method is applied for identifying differences and similarities related to developing of NATO, EU and Lithuania's response to hybrid threat. Post Cold War geopolitical situation created illusion of non-conflict world based on universal liberal values. This illusion influenced Western nations, including Lithuania, decisions to pay insufficient attention to defence and security. Aggressive Russia's posture and hybrid war in Ukraine in particular forced to radically review such approach. It is concluded that hybrid threats influenced NATO and EU accepting active role shaping response to those threats by applying comprehensive approach principles. Also, defence cooperation between those organizations has increased. Evaluating Lithuania's selected strategy of responding to hybrid threats, it was identified that significant attention is paid to interinstitutional cooperation and developing comprehensive response. Within relatively short timeframe, important decisions related to security and defence, such as re-introduction of compulsory military service and establishment of rapid reaction forces had been made.

Research object. Hybrid War Threats Impact on National Security The aim of this paper is to evaluate NATO, EU and Lithuania's preparedness to respond to hybrid threats in correlation with the lessons identified and learned in the course of hybrid conflict in Ukraine. In order to achieve this aim, the following tasks were determined: 1. overview genesis and key features of hybrid war in the light of post-Cold War geopolitical processes; 2. identify and evaluate key aspects of hybrid conflict in Ukraine; 3. evaluate impact of hybrid conflict in Ukraine on security safeguarding processes within EU, NATO and Lithuania; 4. analyze features of shaping response to hybrid threats from the EU, NATO and Lithuania's national perspective; 5. compile lessons learned and based on it provide proposals. Research methods. Analytical and comparative approaches are used in order to conduct comprehensive analysis of hybrid threats impact on national security. Analytical method is applied for the analysis of research literature, publications, documents and legal acts. Comparative method is applied for identifying differences and similarities related to developing of NATO, EU and Lithuania's response to hybrid threat. Post Cold War geopolitical situation created illusion of non-conflict world based on universal liberal values. This illusion influenced Western nations, including Lithuania, decisions to pay insufficient attention to defence and security. Aggressive Russia's posture and hybrid war in Ukraine in particular forced to radically review such approach. It is concluded that hybrid threats influenced NATO and EU accepting active role shaping response to those threats by applying comprehensive approach principles. Also, defence cooperation between those organizations has increased. Evaluating Lithuania's selected strategy of responding to hybrid threats, it was identified that significant attention is paid to interinstitutional cooperation and developing comprehensive response. Within relatively short timeframe, important decisions related to security and defence, such as re-introduction of compulsory military service and establishment of rapid reaction forces had been made.

Research object. Hybrid War Threats Impact on National Security The aim of this paper is to evaluate NATO, EU and Lithuania's preparedness to respond to hybrid threats in correlation with the lessons identified and learned in the course of hybrid conflict in Ukraine. In order to achieve this aim, the following tasks were determined: 1. overview genesis and key features of hybrid war in the light of post-Cold War geopolitical processes; 2. identify and evaluate key aspects of hybrid conflict in Ukraine; 3. evaluate impact of hybrid conflict in Ukraine on security safeguarding processes within EU, NATO and Lithuania; 4. analyze features of shaping response to hybrid threats from the EU, NATO and Lithuania's national perspective; 5. compile lessons learned and based on it provide proposals. Research methods. Analytical and comparative approaches are used in order to conduct comprehensive analysis of hybrid threats impact on national security. Analytical method is applied for the analysis of research literature, publications, documents and legal acts. Comparative method is applied for identifying differences and similarities related to developing of NATO, EU and Lithuania's response to hybrid threat. Post Cold War geopolitical situation created illusion of non-conflict world based on universal liberal values. This illusion influenced Western nations, including Lithuania, decisions to pay insufficient attention to defence and security. Aggressive Russia's posture and hybrid war in Ukraine in particular forced to radically review such approach. It is concluded that hybrid threats influenced NATO and EU accepting active role shaping response to those threats by applying comprehensive approach principles. Also, defence cooperation between those organizations has increased. Evaluating Lithuania's selected strategy of responding to hybrid threats, it was identified that significant attention is paid to interinstitutional cooperation and developing comprehensive response. Within relatively short timeframe, important decisions related to security and defence, such as re-introduction of compulsory military service and establishment of rapid reaction forces had been made.