Suchergebnisse

This essay is a critical reaction to the movement for the revival and constitution of guoxue (national learning), not just as a system of indigenous knowledge and scholarship, but also as an embodiment of Chinese national culture. Situating the conceptualisation of guoxue in the context of the May Fourth new cultural movement, the essay attempts to show: a) that guoxue is a category devoid of substance, not least because its classificatory scope cannot be adequately defined, b) that guoxue was invented in the early twentieth century in response to the pressures created by the influx of Western learning that had begun to unsettle and displace forms of classical learning, and c) that the idea of guoxue is rooted in the conviction of the singularity of national culture. Historically, guoxue has opposed such national projects as national language and national literature. Revisiting a selection of representative views of progressive May Fourth and communist intellectuals on the need to develop and construct a new national language and literature for China's modernisation, the essay argues for the need to develop a historical understanding of the process in which classical learning has been displaced and to recognise the importance of this process for the development of China's intellectual modernity. (China Perspect/GIGA)

This chapter discusses urban developments in two major cities in Serbia, Belgrade and Novi Sad, influenced by the Balkan political crisis of the 1990s. Belgrade is the national capital of Serbia, with a dominantly Serbian population. Novi Sad is the capital of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, and home to a population of more than 20 different ethnicities. The seemingly bipolar relationship between these two cities started to emerge during the fall of Yugoslavia and has intensified during the subsequent shrinkage of the country into the current state of Serbia. The effects of war as well as migration have left their mark on the urban situation of both cities. Both cities are not old by European standards, Belgrade emerging before the rise of the Ottoman Empire and Novi Sad being a product of the eighteenth century and the rise of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. These two cities traditionally vary in size and ethnic make up from almost mono-ethnic Belgrade to multi-ethnic Novi Sad. This paper will explore the idea that national capitals such as Belgrade can give rise to "un-national capitals" such as Novi Sad. This will be viewed through a lens of the role of architecture and design in affecting the realities of both cities. Adapted from the source document.

This chapter discusses urban developments in two major cities in Serbia, Belgrade and Novi Sad, influenced by the Balkan political crisis of the 1990s. Belgrade is the national capital of Serbia, with a dominantly Serbian population. Novi Sad is the capital of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, and home to a population of more than 20 different ethnicities. The seemingly bipolar relationship between these two cities started to emerge during the fall of Yugoslavia and has intensified during the subsequent shrinkage of the country into the current state of Serbia. The effects of war as well as migration have left their mark on the urban situation of both cities. Both cities are not old by European standards, Belgrade emerging before the rise of the Ottoman Empire and Novi Sad being a product of the eighteenth century and the rise of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. These two cities traditionally vary in size and ethnic make up from almost mono-ethnic Belgrade to multi-ethnic Novi Sad. This paper will explore the idea that national capitals such as Belgrade can give rise to "un-national capitals" such as Novi Sad. This will be viewed through a lens of the role of architecture and design in affecting the realities of both cities.

Der Beitrag rekonstruiert zunächst die westliche Geschichte der Verschmelzung von Staat und Nation im 19. Jahrhundert und beschreibt, wie sich die "nationale Konstellation" des modernen Nationalstaats herausbildet. Anschließend wird eine umfassende, aber integrierte Sichtweise der Entwicklung moderner Staatlichkeit vorgestellt. Damit werden einige der Herausforderungen umrissen, denen der Nationalstaat gegenwärtig gegenübersteht. Beschrieben werden die Transformationen des Staates in vier einander ergänzenden Dimensionen: Ressourcen, also die Kontrolle über die Gewaltmittel und die Steuern; Recht, also das Zuständigkeitsgefüge, die Normsetzung und das Gerichtssystem; Legitimität, also die demokratische Akzeptanz politischer Herrschaft durch die Beherrschten; und Wohlfahrt, also die Intervention zur Regelung von Märkten sowie die Umverteilung zum Erreichen sozialer Sicherheit. Im "Goldenen Zeitalter" des Staates war die vorherrschende Konfiguration der demokratischen Rechts- und Interventionsstaat (DRIS). In den vergangenen drei Jahrzehnten haben Globalisierung, Privatisierung und Individualisierung eine neue Dynamik in Gang gesetzt. Die Arbeitshypothese lautet: Die Staatskonstellation des Goldenen Zeitalters löst sich nicht einfach auf, sie zerfasert vielmehr. Vor uns liegt demnach ein Zeitalter der strukturellen Unsicherheit. Wandel mag zwar überall stattfinden, er ist jedoch nicht gleichgerichtet, sondern fällt zentrifugal und asymmetrisch aus. Die strukturellen Veränderungen von Staatlichkeit führen weder zu einem großen europäischen Regionalstaat noch zum Zerfall in viele Kleinstaaten und auch nicht zum Siegeszug des Minimalstaates bei weitgehend unregulierten Marktbeziehungen. (ICA2)

The purpose of the article is to test the relationship between national identities and modernisation. We test the hypotheses that not all forms of identity are equally compatible with modernisation as measured by Human Development Index. The less developed societies are characterised by strong ascribed national identities based on birth, territory and religion, but also by strong voluntarist identities based on civic features selected and/or achieved by an individual. While the former decreases with further modernisation, the latter may either decrease or remain at high levels and coexist with instrumental supranational identifications, typical for the most developed countries. The results, which are also confirmed by multilevel regression models, thus demonstrate that increasing modernisation in terms of development contributes to the shifts from classical, especially ascribed, identities towards instrumental identifications. These findings are particularly relevant in the turbulent times increasingly dominated by the hardly predictable effects of the recent mass migrations.