Suchergebnisse

AbstractMusic became a marker of national identity in nineteenth‐century Europe. Western art music consists of tonal systems that are universally intelligible, but certain rhythms and musical idioms have been associated with national styles. How, when, and why does a musical phrase or piece become national? What political and cultural circumstances contributed to the development of national styles and facilitated the emergence of resonant topographies? What was the relationship between music as cultural practice and nineteenth‐century national thought as discursive space? These questions are addressed with a particular focus on verbunkos, which came to be characteristic of Hungarian national style, and on the Rákóczy March which became famous thanks to Berlioz's Faust. This essay traces the complex process of cultural transfer through which these martial tunes of mixed ethnic origins have become emblematic of Hungarian music.

Stereotypes in sports coverage depict national teams as individual subjects with a firm 'character,' which remains constant over a long period of time. In so doing, it is assumed that the attributed national characters can be 'recognised' in every individual of a nation and, ultimately, all of their (not only footballing) actions. This article about the coverage of the football World Cups and European Championships since 2002 examines such attributions. At first, it is shown that such national stereotypes form a system that is based on distinct positions. On this basis, confusions of the system of national stereotypes relating to football, which, for example, arise out of the fact that a national team temporarily adopts another team's playing style, are examined. However, such confusions are mostly revised during and at the end of international tournaments, with the result that the system of national stereotypes recently can rather be understood as a construction kit of elements which can be combined in various ways frequently without endangering the system.

Since 1948 UNESCO has initiated several studies of common ideas about people in other countries. The project reported here is an attempt to identify & examine the national stereotypes of the Germans & the French as held by other peoples & by themselves. It is the 1956-1957 follow-up of a somewhat similar study done in 1948 by UNESCO in Australia, Britain, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, Mexico, Norway & the US. More important than the identification of stereotype traits, this study lends support to the idea that stereotypes tend to be modi. fied through educ & through foreign contact & acquaintance. Foreign contact & educ seem to be interrelated, yet each factor is autonomous as well. The educ factor is the weaker of the two. Moreover, the educ factor seems to be ambivalent. Thus negative as well as positive att's may increase or diminish for either R's of higher educ or those of lower educ. This means that educ may be more closely integrated than foreign contact with the cultural controls of the country or locality. One surprising outcome of this study is that it seems to make little diff whether the foreign acquaintance & contact was gained before or since 1945. Foreign contact before WWII, during WWII, or since 1945 in similar degree tends to encourage a favorable opinion of another people & more critical opinion of one's own people. This is true even in the present instance, where the self-images & the national stereotypes being examined are those of the French & the Germans. IPSA.

Stereotypes represent a simplified & typified construct of reality, often applied to ethnic, national, & gender groups. National stereotyping, media reporting, & everyday culture are interconnected. External influences from the educational, political, & economic systems act on this interrelation of stereotypes & media. The case of Central & Eastern Europe illustrates the dominant influence of the economic system on the development of stereotypical attitudes. The evaluation of peoples in the European Union is considerably more positive than that of peoples in Central-Eastern Europe, primarily because of the economic development level of the respective peoples. 2 Tables, 2 Figures, 7 Maps. Adapted from the source document.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Chapter 1: La Mamma: Italian Mothers Past and Present -- Mammismo -- Stereotypes -- The "Birth of Mammismo" -- Mammismo Abroad -- Beyond the Stereotype -- The Stereotype Today -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Mammismo/Momism: On the History and Uses of a Stereotype, c.1940s to the Present -- Blaming Women: Mothers as Scapegoats During and After the Second World War -- "Great Mothers" and "Civiltà Materna": Italian Society in the Light of (Pop-) Psychology -- The Uses of a Stereotype: Mammismo at the Movies and in Political Discourse -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Archival Documents -- Published Sources -- Chapter 3: Mothers, Workers, Citizens: Teresa Noce and the Parliamentary Politics of Motherhood -- Women's Citizenship and Postwar Projects of Reconstruction -- The Resistance as "Maternage di Massa": How Women Became Key to Democratization and Defascistization -- Motherhood as a Balm for Catholic and Cold War Anxieties -- The Right to Work and Mothering as Social Labour -- The Proposal in Debate and Legislation -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Problems and Prescriptions: Motherhood and Mammismo in Postwar Italian Advice Columns and Fiction -- Magazines and Advice Columns in Postwar Italy -- Signora Quickly and Donna Letizia in Grazia -- Padre Atanasio in Famiglia cristiana -- Renata Viganò and Giuliana dal Pozzo in Noi donne -- Alba de Céspedes and "Dalla parte di lei" in Epoca -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: Conceptualizing the Maternal: Representations, Reflections and Refractions in Women's Literary Writings -- Introductory Reflections -- The Challenge of Sibilla Aleramo -- Before the 1970s: Vivanti, Deledda, Banti, Ginzburg -- The 1970s to the 1990s: Ginzburg, Fallaci, Ravera, Maraini -- Concluding Considerations -- Bibliography

"The idea of the "mamma italiana" is one of the most widespread and recognizable stereotypes in perceptions of Italian national character both within and beyond Italy. This figure makes frequent appearances in jokes and other forms of popular culture, but it has also been seen as shaping the lived experience of modern-day Italians of both sexes, as well as influencing perceptions of Italy in the wider world. This interdisciplinary collection examines the invented tradition of mammismo but also contextualizes it by discussing other, often contrasting, ways in which the role of mothers, and the mother-son relationship, have been understood and represented in culture and society over the last century and a half, both in Italy and in its diaspora."--