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Black nationalism has been one of the most mili tant and strident protest movements in the Afro-American com munity since the early nineteenth century. In its earliest mani festations, political nationalism sought to separate black people from the United States; economic nationalism sought to break down racial barriers through developing economic strength in the black community; while cultural nationalism sought the same goal through the development of racial solidarity and black consciousness. The various strands were brought to gether into an integral form of nationalism by Marcus Garvey after World War I. The Nation of Islam continued the empha sis on integral nationalism under the leadership of Elijah Mu hammad but added a significant religious component. Con temporary trends in black nationalism reflect the profound influence of the late El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. Political na tionalism has been expanded to include a new and unique em phasis upon land, as well as emphasis upon self-determination for black communities and accountability of black leaders. The growing strength of cultural nationalism is seen in the new manifestations of black consciousness. The nature of the cur rent trends indicate that black people see themselves as part of the American society even though they feel very much sepa rated from it. Future trends in black nationalism may be sig nificantly affected by the most persistent racial barrier in America—the color line.

An analysis & historical view of black nat'lism in the US are presented. It is seen that black nat'list thought is a consequence of the duality of the experience of Afro-Amer's. In its earliest manifestations, during the late 19th cent, pol'al nat'lism sought to separate black people from the US, econ nat'lism sought to break down racial barriers through developing econ strength in the black community, while cultural nat'lism tried to develop racial solidarity & black consciousness. Black nat'lism as a mass movement did not exist until Marcus Garvey after WWI brought the various strands together through the establishment of the Universal Negro Improvement Assoc & African Communities League in New York City. His strongest appeal was to the Southern blacks who were seeking employment in the industr centers of the North. Garvey drew upon the Booker T. Washington philosophy of econ independence & established various commercial enterprises. He exalted everything black. In the early 1920's, Garvey's followers numbered perhaps 500,000. After Garvey's imprisonment in 1925, the movement declined, but the integral form of black nat'lism continued in the Nation of Islam, established in the early 1930's in Detroit. It was led by Elijah Muhammad, who added a signif religious component. Contemporary trends in black nat'lism reflect the profound influence of the late El-Hajj Malik ElShabazz, who broke with the Nation of Islam & linked the struggle of Afro-Amer's with that of oppressed peoples throughout the world, & esp in Africa. He also emphasized human rights rather than civil rights. Pol'al nat'lism has been expanded to include a new & unique emphasis upon land & upon self-determination for black communities & the accountability of black leaders. Attention is also given to a reform of Amer values & behavior. In recent yrs, black consciousness has received added impetus in terms of racial solidarity & a positive selfimage. Cultural nat'lism is growing, though there are indications that black people see themselves as part of US society. Future trends may be signif'ly affected by the most persistent racial barrier in the US: the color line. Modified HA.

- Religiöse Sekten + - Die Häretiker + - Katholizismus + - Nationale Kämpfe im 19.Jh. + Selektiv aus dem Inhalt: + - Sozialismus und die Rolle der Kirche + - Nationalismus + - Geschichte des Nationalismus