Doctoral dissertation \"Succession of States, Illegal Territorial Changes and Nationality of Natural Persons\" focuses on a complex analysis of citizenship in the context of legal and illegal territorial jurisdictional changes. General questions related to succession of states (concept and scope, date of succession, difference between succession of states and continuity of states, as well as the position of continuator state in the context of succession of states) having impact upon the nationality of natural persons are analysed. While discussing on theoretical questions of international legal regulation of nationality in relation to succession of states, certain newest practice of states (namely that of XXI century) is analysed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of such regulation. Practice of Lithuania and other Baltic States and relevant legislation of Russian Federation in relation to regulating nationality issues after collapse of the USSR is also addressed. The issue of continuous nationality as one of the main criteria of diplomatic protection is addressed in the context of succession of states. The doctoral dissertation also covers problematic of nationality in the context of states lacking universal recognition (Kosovo) and illegal territorial changes (cases of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Crimea and Sevastopol). Focus is also made on the issue of persons' will in attribution of nationality in the context of territorial changes.
Doctoral dissertation \"Succession of States, Illegal Territorial Changes and Nationality of Natural Persons\" focuses on a complex analysis of citizenship in the context of legal and illegal territorial jurisdictional changes. General questions related to succession of states (concept and scope, date of succession, difference between succession of states and continuity of states, as well as the position of continuator state in the context of succession of states) having impact upon the nationality of natural persons are analysed. While discussing on theoretical questions of international legal regulation of nationality in relation to succession of states, certain newest practice of states (namely that of XXI century) is analysed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of such regulation. Practice of Lithuania and other Baltic States and relevant legislation of Russian Federation in relation to regulating nationality issues after collapse of the USSR is also addressed. The issue of continuous nationality as one of the main criteria of diplomatic protection is addressed in the context of succession of states. The doctoral dissertation also covers problematic of nationality in the context of states lacking universal recognition (Kosovo) and illegal territorial changes (cases of South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Crimea and Sevastopol). Focus is also made on the issue of persons' will in attribution of nationality in the context of territorial changes.
The paper aims to analyse various aspects of interdependence between the nationality and the citizenship of the residents of Klaipeda region by restricting the analysis to the political and economic factors of the 20th с The analysis was carried out on the basis of little known archival materials. The article seeks to prove that nationality and citizenship, as the principal forms of the identity expression, have not always been a matter of free self-determination; they would frequently change depending on the external political and ideological pressure.
The paper aims to analyse various aspects of interdependence between the nationality and the citizenship of the residents of Klaipeda region by restricting the analysis to the political and economic factors of the 20th с The analysis was carried out on the basis of little known archival materials. The article seeks to prove that nationality and citizenship, as the principal forms of the identity expression, have not always been a matter of free self-determination; they would frequently change depending on the external political and ideological pressure.
The work was made by Irma Kruckaite, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The subject of the work is young attitude towards national identity as a value and its conservation opportunities of globalization (Druskininkai town case). The director of the work is Dr. V. Senkus. The work size is 60 pages. The aim of work: explore what young people view about nationalism like value, what are the main factors affecting the formation of such an approach. For this purpose there were tasks raised: • Summarize the theoretical aspects of the concept of values. • An overview of the various sociological authors' interpretations about nationality. • To analyze the challenges of globalization for nationality. • Based on research results to establish how nationality is expressed and its preservation ways. Hypotheses of the research: 1. Nationality for young people today, is not a priority value – was proved. Young people understand what is nationality, but the general answer is perception that young people represent not emigration if feel safe in Lithuania. Young people need motivation, that nationality wasn't a burden but an asset to be transferred to their future generations. Nationality invaded the consciousness of people, the recovery of Lithuania's independence in 1990. But now it has spread dangerously overshadow people's material poverty, social vulnerability. Young people are a passive observer; they have simply run out of determination, as each election, promising a better life remains just promises. The talented youth gather foreign universities and to a career high in Lithuania. Frequent claims gladly stay at home. Unfortunately, our country is unable to detain them. 2. Youth opinion preservation of national identity is linked with wellbeing rise – was proved. Thus one can assume that those who can afford just to live people are concerned about the spirit of much less than affluent people. Responses felt that young families and young people today not emigration if feel safe in Lithuania. Based on data of Statistic Department for 2010 January – September emigrated 67.7 thousand countries population is 51.4 thousand more than last year same period. The main reason for this increase - immigrants to legalize their desire for the departure of the Republic of Lithuania Law on Health Insurance obligations lay down in permanent residents of the country to pay the mandatory health insurance premiums. The main purpose of immigration - work. 2009 more than 85 percent of the emigrants went to work abroad (2008 - 70 percent). Young people need motivation, that nationality wasn't a burden but an asset to be able to transfer their future generations. 3. Effective ways of promoting nationality is the psychological and economic. – was proved. It can be assumed that Lithuania, in particular, should ensure its citizens material well-being, to protect the rights of citizens, only to build a mature society cherishing national identity as an asset. The work consists of an introduction, theoretical part, which considers: the concept of values, judgments and interpretations of nationality and the challenges of globalization. The practical part presents a research and data analysis. Then there are represented final conclusions, a summary and the list of literature. In summary the theoretical part, globalization significantly changes the whole social context in structuring the personality, beliefs and values scale. On a global cultural universality is the possible merger into a single structure with specific tolerance individuality, diversity and other humanitarian values, to form a democratic political system. Collaborate and ethnic identity of the other one works, but does not eliminate far. National survival, they become the guarantor of the continuity of traditional ethnic culture is not alone, but by the state. It is the state's strength. It follows that it is the national character is the key link between the nation states. Therefore, we note that the community is based on nationalism. Nation history and people of self-concept and collective identity this is foundation of the nation cultural. Supranational integration into the structures, it is necessary to preserve and promote national culture, because this is only way to preserve national unity. It was formed by culture and fostering national and emotional ties connecting the community and the spiritual basis of life. Therefore, the state must maintain order, to enable citizens to prosperity, to ensure their safety, freedoms and rights. Thus, people of all age's qualitative interviews showed that nationality is perceived as the love of homeland, the Lithuanian language, culture and traditions. Nationality associated with the history of Lithuania and is closely associated with patriotism. Many of the respondents expressed concern about the future of nationality values in globalization situation. Worry about the displacement of the Lithuanian language, because this is one of the most important components of nationality. Interviews revealed the optimistic views of the Lithuanian national identity perspective. The Lithuanians are scattered around the world made available to other nations, to know where Lithuania is. However, it is noted that many respondents believe that as nationality like a values depends on the welfare state. Most of the respondents have a responsibility put to the government. How much less promising put citizens in public organizations. The prevailing opinion is that the state must take care of the nation in economic and spiritual well-being, secure environment, while motivate young people and their children proud of their country.
The work was made by Irma Kruckaite, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The subject of the work is young attitude towards national identity as a value and its conservation opportunities of globalization (Druskininkai town case). The director of the work is Dr. V. Senkus. The work size is 60 pages. The aim of work: explore what young people view about nationalism like value, what are the main factors affecting the formation of such an approach. For this purpose there were tasks raised: • Summarize the theoretical aspects of the concept of values. • An overview of the various sociological authors' interpretations about nationality. • To analyze the challenges of globalization for nationality. • Based on research results to establish how nationality is expressed and its preservation ways. Hypotheses of the research: 1. Nationality for young people today, is not a priority value – was proved. Young people understand what is nationality, but the general answer is perception that young people represent not emigration if feel safe in Lithuania. Young people need motivation, that nationality wasn't a burden but an asset to be transferred to their future generations. Nationality invaded the consciousness of people, the recovery of Lithuania's independence in 1990. But now it has spread dangerously overshadow people's material poverty, social vulnerability. Young people are a passive observer; they have simply run out of determination, as each election, promising a better life remains just promises. The talented youth gather foreign universities and to a career high in Lithuania. Frequent claims gladly stay at home. Unfortunately, our country is unable to detain them. 2. Youth opinion preservation of national identity is linked with wellbeing rise – was proved. Thus one can assume that those who can afford just to live people are concerned about the spirit of much less than affluent people. Responses felt that young families and young people today not emigration if feel safe in Lithuania. Based on data of Statistic Department for 2010 January – September emigrated 67.7 thousand countries population is 51.4 thousand more than last year same period. The main reason for this increase - immigrants to legalize their desire for the departure of the Republic of Lithuania Law on Health Insurance obligations lay down in permanent residents of the country to pay the mandatory health insurance premiums. The main purpose of immigration - work. 2009 more than 85 percent of the emigrants went to work abroad (2008 - 70 percent). Young people need motivation, that nationality wasn't a burden but an asset to be able to transfer their future generations. 3. Effective ways of promoting nationality is the psychological and economic. – was proved. It can be assumed that Lithuania, in particular, should ensure its citizens material well-being, to protect the rights of citizens, only to build a mature society cherishing national identity as an asset. The work consists of an introduction, theoretical part, which considers: the concept of values, judgments and interpretations of nationality and the challenges of globalization. The practical part presents a research and data analysis. Then there are represented final conclusions, a summary and the list of literature. In summary the theoretical part, globalization significantly changes the whole social context in structuring the personality, beliefs and values scale. On a global cultural universality is the possible merger into a single structure with specific tolerance individuality, diversity and other humanitarian values, to form a democratic political system. Collaborate and ethnic identity of the other one works, but does not eliminate far. National survival, they become the guarantor of the continuity of traditional ethnic culture is not alone, but by the state. It is the state's strength. It follows that it is the national character is the key link between the nation states. Therefore, we note that the community is based on nationalism. Nation history and people of self-concept and collective identity this is foundation of the nation cultural. Supranational integration into the structures, it is necessary to preserve and promote national culture, because this is only way to preserve national unity. It was formed by culture and fostering national and emotional ties connecting the community and the spiritual basis of life. Therefore, the state must maintain order, to enable citizens to prosperity, to ensure their safety, freedoms and rights. Thus, people of all age's qualitative interviews showed that nationality is perceived as the love of homeland, the Lithuanian language, culture and traditions. Nationality associated with the history of Lithuania and is closely associated with patriotism. Many of the respondents expressed concern about the future of nationality values in globalization situation. Worry about the displacement of the Lithuanian language, because this is one of the most important components of nationality. Interviews revealed the optimistic views of the Lithuanian national identity perspective. The Lithuanians are scattered around the world made available to other nations, to know where Lithuania is. However, it is noted that many respondents believe that as nationality like a values depends on the welfare state. Most of the respondents have a responsibility put to the government. How much less promising put citizens in public organizations. The prevailing opinion is that the state must take care of the nation in economic and spiritual well-being, secure environment, while motivate young people and their children proud of their country.
Today nation education problem is pretty urgent thing. More and more spreading cosmopolitical ideas, because of that family starts to forget her national culture. When nations is shuffling nation loses speech and national identity. Heute ist das Problem der Nationalerziehung ganz aktuell. Kosmopolitische Ideen verbreiten sich immer mehr, und die Familie verliert allmählich ihre Nationalität, die Völker vermischen sich und verlieren ihre nationale Identität. Ungeachtet dessen, dass die Nationalerziehung in den bildungsreglamentierenden Dokumenten als eine Prioritätsrichtung erklärt wird, formiert jedoch die sogenannte "Bürgerlichkeit" entgegengesetzte Vorurteile den Nationalideen, die in Litauen der Zwischenkriegszeit gepflegt oder in den ersten Jahren der nationalen Unabhängigkeit erklärt wurden. Deswegen ist es wichtig, im Kindergarten von klein an das Gefühl des nationalen Bewusstseins, Ethnosittlichkeit, Traditionenrespekt zu erziehen. Das muss sich im Bildungsinhalt wiederspiegeln, während die Ethnokultur in alle Bildungsbereiche integriert wird. Ziel der Forschung: Perspektive der Nationalerziehung in der Vorschlbildung zu erforschen. Aufgaben: Erklärung der passenden Bedingungen für die Nationalerziehung. Erklärung der Aspekte der Nationalerziehung der Kinder während verschiedener Tätigkeit. Erklärung der wichtigsten Faktoren, die die Erziehung der nationalen Persönlichket im Kindergarten und in der Familie beeinflussen. Erklärung der Meinung der Pädagogen und Eltern über die Nationalerziehung und die Perspektive. Das Problem der Forschung – Faktoren, die für den Erfolg und Perspektiven der Nationalerziehung entscheidungsgebend sind. Forschungsmethoden: Fragebogen, Vergleichsanalyse der statistischen Angaben. Forschungsteilnehmer: 50 Pädagogen und 50 Eltern der X Kinderkrippen und – gärten des Bezirks Marijampole. Forschungsangaben wurden mit Microsoft Excel Progrmm bearbeitet. Die Forschung hat gezeigt, dass die Umgebung im Kindergarten und in der Familie, die Bildungsbasis, das Mikroklima der Gemeinschaft, die Beziehungen zwischen dem Kind und der Erzieherin, die Bildungs- und Spieltätigkeit, die Erneuerung der Position des Vorschulpädagogen für den Erfolg und Perspektiven der Nationalerziehung entscheidend sein können. Die Resultate der Forschung werden in der pädagogischen Bildung der Vorschulpädagogen des Bezirks Marijampole verwertet werden. Das Thema der Arbeit ist mit der Voraussicht der Perspektiven der Nationalerziehung, mit der Vervollkommnung der beruflichen Kompetenz und mit der Vorbereitung für die Arbeit im Kindergarten direkt verbunden.
Today nation education problem is pretty urgent thing. More and more spreading cosmopolitical ideas, because of that family starts to forget her national culture. When nations is shuffling nation loses speech and national identity. Heute ist das Problem der Nationalerziehung ganz aktuell. Kosmopolitische Ideen verbreiten sich immer mehr, und die Familie verliert allmählich ihre Nationalität, die Völker vermischen sich und verlieren ihre nationale Identität. Ungeachtet dessen, dass die Nationalerziehung in den bildungsreglamentierenden Dokumenten als eine Prioritätsrichtung erklärt wird, formiert jedoch die sogenannte "Bürgerlichkeit" entgegengesetzte Vorurteile den Nationalideen, die in Litauen der Zwischenkriegszeit gepflegt oder in den ersten Jahren der nationalen Unabhängigkeit erklärt wurden. Deswegen ist es wichtig, im Kindergarten von klein an das Gefühl des nationalen Bewusstseins, Ethnosittlichkeit, Traditionenrespekt zu erziehen. Das muss sich im Bildungsinhalt wiederspiegeln, während die Ethnokultur in alle Bildungsbereiche integriert wird. Ziel der Forschung: Perspektive der Nationalerziehung in der Vorschlbildung zu erforschen. Aufgaben: Erklärung der passenden Bedingungen für die Nationalerziehung. Erklärung der Aspekte der Nationalerziehung der Kinder während verschiedener Tätigkeit. Erklärung der wichtigsten Faktoren, die die Erziehung der nationalen Persönlichket im Kindergarten und in der Familie beeinflussen. Erklärung der Meinung der Pädagogen und Eltern über die Nationalerziehung und die Perspektive. Das Problem der Forschung – Faktoren, die für den Erfolg und Perspektiven der Nationalerziehung entscheidungsgebend sind. Forschungsmethoden: Fragebogen, Vergleichsanalyse der statistischen Angaben. Forschungsteilnehmer: 50 Pädagogen und 50 Eltern der X Kinderkrippen und – gärten des Bezirks Marijampole. Forschungsangaben wurden mit Microsoft Excel Progrmm bearbeitet. Die Forschung hat gezeigt, dass die Umgebung im Kindergarten und in der Familie, die Bildungsbasis, das Mikroklima der Gemeinschaft, die Beziehungen zwischen dem Kind und der Erzieherin, die Bildungs- und Spieltätigkeit, die Erneuerung der Position des Vorschulpädagogen für den Erfolg und Perspektiven der Nationalerziehung entscheidend sein können. Die Resultate der Forschung werden in der pädagogischen Bildung der Vorschulpädagogen des Bezirks Marijampole verwertet werden. Das Thema der Arbeit ist mit der Voraussicht der Perspektiven der Nationalerziehung, mit der Vervollkommnung der beruflichen Kompetenz und mit der Vorbereitung für die Arbeit im Kindergarten direkt verbunden.
Today nation education problem is pretty urgent thing. More and more spreading cosmopolitical ideas, because of that family starts to forget her national culture. When nations is shuffling nation loses speech and national identity. Heute ist das Problem der Nationalerziehung ganz aktuell. Kosmopolitische Ideen verbreiten sich immer mehr, und die Familie verliert allmählich ihre Nationalität, die Völker vermischen sich und verlieren ihre nationale Identität. Ungeachtet dessen, dass die Nationalerziehung in den bildungsreglamentierenden Dokumenten als eine Prioritätsrichtung erklärt wird, formiert jedoch die sogenannte "Bürgerlichkeit" entgegengesetzte Vorurteile den Nationalideen, die in Litauen der Zwischenkriegszeit gepflegt oder in den ersten Jahren der nationalen Unabhängigkeit erklärt wurden. Deswegen ist es wichtig, im Kindergarten von klein an das Gefühl des nationalen Bewusstseins, Ethnosittlichkeit, Traditionenrespekt zu erziehen. Das muss sich im Bildungsinhalt wiederspiegeln, während die Ethnokultur in alle Bildungsbereiche integriert wird. Ziel der Forschung: Perspektive der Nationalerziehung in der Vorschlbildung zu erforschen. Aufgaben: Erklärung der passenden Bedingungen für die Nationalerziehung. Erklärung der Aspekte der Nationalerziehung der Kinder während verschiedener Tätigkeit. Erklärung der wichtigsten Faktoren, die die Erziehung der nationalen Persönlichket im Kindergarten und in der Familie beeinflussen. Erklärung der Meinung der Pädagogen und Eltern über die Nationalerziehung und die Perspektive. Das Problem der Forschung – Faktoren, die für den Erfolg und Perspektiven der Nationalerziehung entscheidungsgebend sind. Forschungsmethoden: Fragebogen, Vergleichsanalyse der statistischen Angaben. Forschungsteilnehmer: 50 Pädagogen und 50 Eltern der X Kinderkrippen und – gärten des Bezirks Marijampole. Forschungsangaben wurden mit Microsoft Excel Progrmm bearbeitet. Die Forschung hat gezeigt, dass die Umgebung im Kindergarten und in der Familie, die Bildungsbasis, das Mikroklima der Gemeinschaft, die Beziehungen zwischen dem Kind und der Erzieherin, die Bildungs- und Spieltätigkeit, die Erneuerung der Position des Vorschulpädagogen für den Erfolg und Perspektiven der Nationalerziehung entscheidend sein können. Die Resultate der Forschung werden in der pädagogischen Bildung der Vorschulpädagogen des Bezirks Marijampole verwertet werden. Das Thema der Arbeit ist mit der Voraussicht der Perspektiven der Nationalerziehung, mit der Vervollkommnung der beruflichen Kompetenz und mit der Vorbereitung für die Arbeit im Kindergarten direkt verbunden.
Topic of the thesis − Native Language as a Priority for Preserving National Identity (Insights of Three Generations). Relevance and problem of the topic. Native language is one of the most important links of continuity of national identity. It is not only high-sounding words but also life experience, source of national spirit, peculiarity and sense of belonging to the same linguistic community, which, while gradually turning into personal conviction, becomes an essential part of national, moral and cultural identity. The role of language is exceptional. It is hard to find any other element as important as the language itself, bringing all members of the national and political community into a single whole. The goal of the thesis − to examine national priorities of three generations; by means of comparative analysis, reveal the role of the native (Lithuanian) language in pursuit of preserving and strengthening Lithuanian national identity. Therefore, the Master's thesis will address national identity and its relationship with the native language. Objectives of the thesis: 1. To analyse the elements reflecting Lithuanian national identity (Lithuanianhood), their expression and change in our society. 2. To reveal the possibilities for preserving Lithuanian national identity in the process of global integration. 3. To examine the relationship between native language and national identity; to define the Lithuanian language as an inherent feature of Lithuanianhood. 4. To explore linguistic principles and problems of self-identification in the face of globalisation. 5. To analyse the role of Lithuanian nationality, Lithuanianhood and the Lithuanian language as a system of moral values in the development of personal values. 6. To carry out a qualitative research in order to find out how three generations evaluate their native Lithuanian language as the main factor for preserving national identity. Methods of the thesis: 1. Documentary analysis (scientific, publicistic literature). 2. Interview. Proposition defended in the thesis. Native Lithuanian language is the main factor shaping Lithuanian national identity. Other factors are also important (geographical location, citizenship, history of Lithuania, participation in Lithuania's political life, upbringing) but their role is only secondary. The main reason determining the decline and fall of the Lithuanian nation is denationalization, loss of language and customs. The main reasons determining the survival of the Lithuanian nation are the ability to preserve nationality; it also covers the facts of the history of Lithuania and the unity of the Lithuanian nation. Theoretical basis of research. Lithuania's presence in the world unfolds itself by a specific language expressing a peculiar public spirit, historicity and culture of the knowledge of the world. Language plays an exceptional role. It would be hard to find any other element as important as the language itself, drawing all members of the national and political community together. After all, the closeness of language inevitably reveals at both personal and community level. It is a certain guarantor of our psychological security: it is a fellow country-man's feeling arising out of belonging to the same linguistic community, which are always a nation and most commonly a state. Main conclusions: 1. The analysis of theoretical material leads to the conclusion that there is a close relationship between national identity and native Lithuanian language. Once the native language is lost, the main factor for preserving national identity is lost as well. 2. The research tried to answer whether the Lithuanian language is a means of communication, a system of symbols or a part of individual identity. The study determined that it is a part of national identity for most of the informants, only a youth group find it more like a means of communication, even though this group of the informants does not deny language as the expression of identity. It is believed that youth find it much easier to adapt to contemporary global world and perceive language as a means of communication, whereas representatives of other generations tend to see it as an expression of identity. 3. The research tried to identify the possibilities of survival of the Lithuanian language in the increasingly global world. It was established that the informants see good possibilities for survival of the language and believe that it mostly depends on us and our willingness to preserve our mother tongue. The informants do not believe that Lithuanian may get extinct in a short term because Lithuanians are more prone to use and preserve their mother tongue. 4. The general research conclusion – the proposition brought forward in the beginning of the thesis proved to be right. Native Lithuanian language is the main factor shaping Lithuanian national identity. Other factors are also important (geographical location, citizenship, history of Lithuania, participation in Lithuania's political life, upbringing) but their role is only secondary.The main reason determining the decline and fall of the Lithuanian nation is denationalization, loss of language and customs. The main reasons determining the survival of the Lithuanian nation are the ability to preserve nationality; it also covers the facts of the history of Lithuania and the unity of the Lithuanian nation. Keywords: national identity, nationality, citizenship, factors for preserving national identity.
Topic of the thesis − Native Language as a Priority for Preserving National Identity (Insights of Three Generations). Relevance and problem of the topic. Native language is one of the most important links of continuity of national identity. It is not only high-sounding words but also life experience, source of national spirit, peculiarity and sense of belonging to the same linguistic community, which, while gradually turning into personal conviction, becomes an essential part of national, moral and cultural identity. The role of language is exceptional. It is hard to find any other element as important as the language itself, bringing all members of the national and political community into a single whole. The goal of the thesis − to examine national priorities of three generations; by means of comparative analysis, reveal the role of the native (Lithuanian) language in pursuit of preserving and strengthening Lithuanian national identity. Therefore, the Master's thesis will address national identity and its relationship with the native language. Objectives of the thesis: 1. To analyse the elements reflecting Lithuanian national identity (Lithuanianhood), their expression and change in our society. 2. To reveal the possibilities for preserving Lithuanian national identity in the process of global integration. 3. To examine the relationship between native language and national identity; to define the Lithuanian language as an inherent feature of Lithuanianhood. 4. To explore linguistic principles and problems of self-identification in the face of globalisation. 5. To analyse the role of Lithuanian nationality, Lithuanianhood and the Lithuanian language as a system of moral values in the development of personal values. 6. To carry out a qualitative research in order to find out how three generations evaluate their native Lithuanian language as the main factor for preserving national identity. Methods of the thesis: 1. Documentary analysis (scientific, publicistic literature). 2. Interview. Proposition defended in the thesis. Native Lithuanian language is the main factor shaping Lithuanian national identity. Other factors are also important (geographical location, citizenship, history of Lithuania, participation in Lithuania's political life, upbringing) but their role is only secondary. The main reason determining the decline and fall of the Lithuanian nation is denationalization, loss of language and customs. The main reasons determining the survival of the Lithuanian nation are the ability to preserve nationality; it also covers the facts of the history of Lithuania and the unity of the Lithuanian nation. Theoretical basis of research. Lithuania's presence in the world unfolds itself by a specific language expressing a peculiar public spirit, historicity and culture of the knowledge of the world. Language plays an exceptional role. It would be hard to find any other element as important as the language itself, drawing all members of the national and political community together. After all, the closeness of language inevitably reveals at both personal and community level. It is a certain guarantor of our psychological security: it is a fellow country-man's feeling arising out of belonging to the same linguistic community, which are always a nation and most commonly a state. Main conclusions: 1. The analysis of theoretical material leads to the conclusion that there is a close relationship between national identity and native Lithuanian language. Once the native language is lost, the main factor for preserving national identity is lost as well. 2. The research tried to answer whether the Lithuanian language is a means of communication, a system of symbols or a part of individual identity. The study determined that it is a part of national identity for most of the informants, only a youth group find it more like a means of communication, even though this group of the informants does not deny language as the expression of identity. It is believed that youth find it much easier to adapt to contemporary global world and perceive language as a means of communication, whereas representatives of other generations tend to see it as an expression of identity. 3. The research tried to identify the possibilities of survival of the Lithuanian language in the increasingly global world. It was established that the informants see good possibilities for survival of the language and believe that it mostly depends on us and our willingness to preserve our mother tongue. The informants do not believe that Lithuanian may get extinct in a short term because Lithuanians are more prone to use and preserve their mother tongue. 4. The general research conclusion – the proposition brought forward in the beginning of the thesis proved to be right. Native Lithuanian language is the main factor shaping Lithuanian national identity. Other factors are also important (geographical location, citizenship, history of Lithuania, participation in Lithuania's political life, upbringing) but their role is only secondary.The main reason determining the decline and fall of the Lithuanian nation is denationalization, loss of language and customs. The main reasons determining the survival of the Lithuanian nation are the ability to preserve nationality; it also covers the facts of the history of Lithuania and the unity of the Lithuanian nation. Keywords: national identity, nationality, citizenship, factors for preserving national identity.
125 years ago, the mission of the Lithuanian literary, political, and scientific newspaper Varpas (The Bell) published under the Czarist occupation was to interpret the issues of the national life, to raise the nation's spirit, and to awaken and strengthen the national self-consciousness. Among other issues, the publishers devoted great attention to a fundamental human need, i.e. the maintenance of identity and its relationship to faith (Catholicism). Religion and language were interpreted as closely related phenomena and as the nation's values of utmost significance for the maintenance of the national identity. Religion, language, and customs were so closely related that the destruction of one could undermine the fundaments of the other elements. People who had learnt their native language from their mothers, and later had disowned it, could have also questioned another legacy of the mother, i.e. faith. As demonstrated in the paper, the henchmen of the czarist government tended to simultaneously destroy both Catholicism and Lithuanianness in different ways, especially during the reign of Mikhail Muravjov. The authors of Varpas considered the Orthodox church to be the main factor of Lithuanians' assimilation which tried to attract Lithuanians in different ways; another important factor of influence was school which taught children different subjects, even religious studies, in a non-native language. In the implementation of that kind of Muravjov's strategy, some clergy collaborated with the invaders.
125 years ago, the mission of the Lithuanian literary, political, and scientific newspaper Varpas (The Bell) published under the Czarist occupation was to interpret the issues of the national life, to raise the nation's spirit, and to awaken and strengthen the national self-consciousness. Among other issues, the publishers devoted great attention to a fundamental human need, i.e. the maintenance of identity and its relationship to faith (Catholicism). Religion and language were interpreted as closely related phenomena and as the nation's values of utmost significance for the maintenance of the national identity. Religion, language, and customs were so closely related that the destruction of one could undermine the fundaments of the other elements. People who had learnt their native language from their mothers, and later had disowned it, could have also questioned another legacy of the mother, i.e. faith. As demonstrated in the paper, the henchmen of the czarist government tended to simultaneously destroy both Catholicism and Lithuanianness in different ways, especially during the reign of Mikhail Muravjov. The authors of Varpas considered the Orthodox church to be the main factor of Lithuanians' assimilation which tried to attract Lithuanians in different ways; another important factor of influence was school which taught children different subjects, even religious studies, in a non-native language. In the implementation of that kind of Muravjov's strategy, some clergy collaborated with the invaders.
This article is based on manuscripts and printed sources still extant and gives a relationship development overview of the two famous USA public figures – Jonas Žilius (1870–1932) and Jonas Šliūpas (1861–1944) at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The article reveals a significant transformation in their relationship decade: from correct communication to confrontation, and finally – cooperation on ideological background. During a Lithuanian department preparation to the Paris international exposition a fierce ideological battle arose. Therefore the article stresses a key role of Petras Mikolainis (1868–1934), an editor of Vienybė lietuvninkų weekly, who discredited Catholic priests' authority and distinguished Šliūpas's public merits. Thus, Liberals with their leader Jonas Šliūpas managed to take dominant positions in the society. From spring 1905 the press revealed ideas of Jonas Žilius. But we should pay attention to Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927), who was the true organizer of the first Lithuanian American Political Conference. It was he who inspired Jonas Žilius's written communication with Jonas Šliūpas and speedy convocation of the Convention in Philadelphia on 22 February 1906. However Catholic organizations and their priest leaders boycotted the Convention. Therefore, it had nothing in its importance with the Great Assembly in Vilnius (1905). Žilius and Šliūpas's ideological approach emerged after Žilius's practical retreat from Catholic. [to full text]
This article is based on manuscripts and printed sources still extant and gives a relationship development overview of the two famous USA public figures – Jonas Žilius (1870–1932) and Jonas Šliūpas (1861–1944) at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The article reveals a significant transformation in their relationship decade: from correct communication to confrontation, and finally – cooperation on ideological background. During a Lithuanian department preparation to the Paris international exposition a fierce ideological battle arose. Therefore the article stresses a key role of Petras Mikolainis (1868–1934), an editor of Vienybė lietuvninkų weekly, who discredited Catholic priests' authority and distinguished Šliūpas's public merits. Thus, Liberals with their leader Jonas Šliūpas managed to take dominant positions in the society. From spring 1905 the press revealed ideas of Jonas Žilius. But we should pay attention to Jonas Basanavičius (1851–1927), who was the true organizer of the first Lithuanian American Political Conference. It was he who inspired Jonas Žilius's written communication with Jonas Šliūpas and speedy convocation of the Convention in Philadelphia on 22 February 1906. However Catholic organizations and their priest leaders boycotted the Convention. Therefore, it had nothing in its importance with the Great Assembly in Vilnius (1905). Žilius and Šliūpas's ideological approach emerged after Žilius's practical retreat from Catholic. [to full text]
