Suchergebnisse

Diagnoses of Colombia as a "failed state" have sometimes lead to teleological analyses that present this phenomenon as intricated in Colombia´s society, or as constitutive in the history of state formation. This research allows us to rethink these analyses by focusing on state formation at a key historical moment. Putting an end to "oligarchic republics", Colombian liberal governments of the nineteen thirties and forties tried to broaden the social base of their regime (integrating "the people" seemed like the necessary condition to transform the country). International and national political shifts led to the reinterpretation of concepts such as modernization and nationalization. Cultural nationalism, as well as social and economic regulations, irrupted in state discourses and practices, and started a new relationship between the state and society. In this context, for the first time, education and culture became politically central. By focusing on everyday experiences, this dissertation analyses how a state education reform was set up. For a comprehensive explanation of both the logic and the knowledge of the state, this dissertation focuses on local, regional and national scales. Drawing on methodologies of social and cultural history, this work gives a privileged position to the actors who constructed the reform. Therefore, this dissertation is both a political history of education and a social history of the "educational state". In this sense, it contributes to our understanding of the processes of state formation and of the complex links between culture and politics. ; Le diagnostic de l'État failli en Colombie a parfois conduit à des analyses téléologiques qui ont eu tendance à présenter ce phénomène non seulement comme inextricable à la société colombienne mais, en outre, constitutif de l'histoire de la construction étatique. Ce travail invite à reconsidérer ces analyses à travers l'étude de cette construction à un moment clé de son histoire. Mettant fin aux anciennes « Républiques oligarchiques », les ...

Diagnoses of Colombia as a "failed state" have sometimes lead to teleological analyses that present this phenomenon as intricated in Colombia´s society, or as constitutive in the history of state formation. This research allows us to rethink these analyses by focusing on state formation at a key historical moment. Putting an end to "oligarchic republics", Colombian liberal governments of the nineteen thirties and forties tried to broaden the social base of their regime (integrating "the people" seemed like the necessary condition to transform the country). International and national political shifts led to the reinterpretation of concepts such as modernization and nationalization. Cultural nationalism, as well as social and economic regulations, irrupted in state discourses and practices, and started a new relationship between the state and society. In this context, for the first time, education and culture became politically central. By focusing on everyday experiences, this dissertation analyses how a state education reform was set up. For a comprehensive explanation of both the logic and the knowledge of the state, this dissertation focuses on local, regional and national scales. Drawing on methodologies of social and cultural history, this work gives a privileged position to the actors who constructed the reform. Therefore, this dissertation is both a political history of education and a social history of the "educational state". In this sense, it contributes to our understanding of the processes of state formation and of the complex links between culture and politics. ; Le diagnostic de l'État failli en Colombie a parfois conduit à des analyses téléologiques qui ont eu tendance à présenter ce phénomène non seulement comme inextricable à la société colombienne mais, en outre, constitutif de l'histoire de la construction étatique. Ce travail invite à reconsidérer ces analyses à travers l'étude de cette construction à un moment clé de son histoire. Mettant fin aux anciennes « Républiques oligarchiques », les gouvernements libéraux des années 1930 et 1940 ont cherché à élargir les bases sociales du régime : intégrer le « peuple » paraissait la condition nécessaire à la transformation du pays. Si la modernisation et la nationalisation étaient les anciens horizons des élites politiques, ces concepts sont réinterprétés. Le nationalisme culturel, la régulation de l'économique et du social font irruption dans les discours et les pratiques étatiques. Ils traduisent un nouveau rapport de l'État à la société. Dans ce contexte, l'éducation et la culture ont pris une centralité politique jusqu'alors méconnue dans le pays. Cette thèse analyse la mise en place de la réforme éducative en privilégiant l'expérience quotidienne de sa construction. Cherchant à élucider le déploiement des logiques d'action et de connaissance de l'État, elle intègre les jeux d'échelle du local, du régional et du national. Puisant dans les méthodologies de l'histoire sociale et culturelle, elle donne une place privilégiée aux acteurs de cette construction. Ce travail est donc autant une histoire politique de l'éducation qu'une histoire sociale de l'État éducateur. En ce sens, elle contribue à une réflexion plus large sur les processus de construction étatique et les liens complexes entre culture et politique.

Regional crisis and housing question.
The object of this contribution is to call attention to the existing relation between the housing question in iron and steel producing Lorraine and the crises that this industry and region are at present undergoing. The former solidarities, the new institutional geography brought about by recent government reforms, and notably decentralization and the various nationalizations are put in perspective through an examination of the housing question.

Michel Heller, Pamiať : smuggling of history.
The five booklets of Pamiať (Istoricheskii sbornik) represent an important source of information on the political, social and cultural life in the Soviet Union since the time of the revolution and up to our days. The present article aims to acquaint with the contents of these compilations, whilst analyzing the causes of nationalization of history in USSR and the necessity to infringe upon the monopoly of memory reserved to the state.

International audience ; Through the prism of the educational question, this study focuses on the motives of the Albanian policy conducted in the border region during the 1920s and 1930s, and shows how the policy aiming at nationalizing the society, then conducted, evolves in a complex way, because many local, national or international actors (in Albania, Greece, Italy, Europe) are involved in it, not all with the same interests nor the same sensitivity to the issue. A detailed analysis is made of the non-linear evolution of the state of the education in Greek, which for various reasons, has not experienced a steady decline, as is often claimed. ; A travers le prisme de la question de l'éducation, cette étude analyse les ressorts de la politique albanaise menée dans la région frontières dans les années 1920-1930, et montre comme la politique visant à nationaliser la société, alors menée, a évolué de façon complexe, car de nombreux acteurs locaux, nationaux, internationaux (en Albanie, Grèce, Italie, Europe) y étaient impliqués, et que ceux-ci n'avaient pas tous les mêmes intérêts, ni les mêmes sensibilités. En particulier, une analyse détaillée de l'évolution non-linéaire de l'éducation en grec est faite, qui, pour des raisons variées, n'a pas correspondu à un déclin, comme on le dit souvent.

International audience ; Through the prism of the educational question, this study focuses on the motives of the Albanian policy conducted in the border region during the 1920s and 1930s, and shows how the policy aiming at nationalizing the society, then conducted, evolves in a complex way, because many local, national or international actors (in Albania, Greece, Italy, Europe) are involved in it, not all with the same interests nor the same sensitivity to the issue. A detailed analysis is made of the non-linear evolution of the state of the education in Greek, which for various reasons, has not experienced a steady decline, as is often claimed. ; A travers le prisme de la question de l'éducation, cette étude analyse les ressorts de la politique albanaise menée dans la région frontières dans les années 1920-1930, et montre comme la politique visant à nationaliser la société, alors menée, a évolué de façon complexe, car de nombreux acteurs locaux, nationaux, internationaux (en Albanie, Grèce, Italie, Europe) y étaient impliqués, et que ceux-ci n'avaient pas tous les mêmes intérêts, ni les mêmes sensibilités. En particulier, une analyse détaillée de l'évolution non-linéaire de l'éducation en grec est faite, qui, pour des raisons variées, n'a pas correspondu à un déclin, comme on le dit souvent.

International audience ; Through the prism of the educational question, this study focuses on the motives of the Albanian policy conducted in the border region during the 1920s and 1930s, and shows how the policy aiming at nationalizing the society, then conducted, evolves in a complex way, because many local, national or international actors (in Albania, Greece, Italy, Europe) are involved in it, not all with the same interests nor the same sensitivity to the issue. A detailed analysis is made of the non-linear evolution of the state of the education in Greek, which for various reasons, has not experienced a steady decline, as is often claimed. ; A travers le prisme de la question de l'éducation, cette étude analyse les ressorts de la politique albanaise menée dans la région frontières dans les années 1920-1930, et montre comme la politique visant à nationaliser la société, alors menée, a évolué de façon complexe, car de nombreux acteurs locaux, nationaux, internationaux (en Albanie, Grèce, Italie, Europe) y étaient impliqués, et que ceux-ci n'avaient pas tous les mêmes intérêts, ni les mêmes sensibilités. En particulier, une analyse détaillée de l'évolution non-linéaire de l'éducation en grec est faite, qui, pour des raisons variées, n'a pas correspondu à un déclin, comme on le dit souvent.

Public enterprise and performance.
What is meant by efficiency as applied to public enterprise? The very notion of efficiency of the public sector has for a long time given rise to confusion; hence the need for clarification. Nationalizations call for an urgent solution of this issue.
This is attempted through an extremely detailed analysis (of the various aspects of the public enterprise specific concept of efficiency), which draws a line between efficient public and efficient private administration. As a result, a new concept is outlined, incorporating the various targets and criteria sorted out earlier in an original assembly.

History of Telecommunications Management
Catherine Bertho-Lavenir
The history of telecommunications management may be broken down into four broad stages : the nationalization of telephone networks in 1889 ; the introduction of a separate budget for the PTT in 1922-1923 ; the setting up of close links between management, research and industry between 1944 and 1964, and finally, since the seventies, the drive to model telecommunications management on company management. This evolution illustrates that in spite of partial and often poorly implemented reforms, French telecommunications management has been able to show — under pressure of technological change and crises — a marked capacity for adaptation and innovation.

A philosophy of french nationalizations

Three trends of very various origin seem to have met to convey to French public corporations their status and present image : a legal, a political, and a more recent yet not less efficient technocratical trend. After analyzing the impact of these various trends, the author shows that it is the combined effect, producing at times unexpected results, of such different forces which explains the contradictions encountered ail along the making of what is now known as the public sector, and its uncertain boundaries and provides an illustration of rather than a solution to the problems encountered by its functioning.

Public enterprise and the crisis : trends in the energy and raw material sectors.
The international crisis has led public energy and raw material suppliers to engage in large structural transformations, viz. branching out, take-ouvers both in France and abroad, and setting up consortiums, whereas the adoption of private industry structures and management, blurring the line between both sectors, have resulted in a transfer of functions from one to the other, diminishing the specificity of public enterprise. The phenomenon is partly explained by the international crisis, calling for ideological and political reactions.
A wider coherence of the public sector and a clearer definition of what belongs to overall planning and what to the autonomy of public enterprise will determine the success of the nationalizations.

The purpose of this thesis is to understand the conditions for the adoption of the "loi Neuwirth" in December 1967, which decriminalizes the free use of contraceptive methods. The modification of a legal system dating back to the 1920s refers to the existence of a power relationship endowed with a historically dated, and therefore socially constructed, form, whichmust be addressed as such to explain its transformation. Its formation was not conceivable until the end of the 19th century as part of the process of nationalization and nationalization of society. Therefore, understanding the adoption of the " loi Neuwirth " implies accounting for both the constitution of procreative behaviour as a legitimate object of State intervention,describing in relation to the invention of the contraceptive cause in the 1950s, and grasping the relationships that can be established between, on the one hand, individuals and groups mobilized in favour of the latter and, on the other hand, governments. In short, fully grasping a power relationship and its transformation requires producing an equal analysis of the elements that compose it by treating them as interdependent spaces. This socio-historical work, at the crossroads of the sociology of mobilizations, the sociology of the State and the sociology of public action, is based on the exploitation of numerous archive collections, the construction and analysis of two databases and the conduct of interviews. ; Le but de cette thèse est de comprendre les conditions d'adoption de la « loi Neuwirth » en décembre 1967 qui dépénalise le libre recours à des moyens de contraception. La modification d'un dispositif légal qui remonte à la loi 1920 renvoie à l'existence d'une relation de pouvoir dotée d'une forme historiquement datée, et partant, socialement construite, qu'il convient d'aborder comme telle pour expliquer sa transformation. Sa formation n'est en effet pas concevable avant la fin du XIXème siècle dans le cadre du processus de nationalisation et d'étatisation de la société. Dès ...

In postwar western Europe, the French Republic appears as the most reforming state in economic and social matters. France is the only country which initiated, and partly carried out, a sharing of power in undertakings, an appropriation of the means of production, as well as a real control upon the economy. Contrary to that policy, the Italian state did not institute joint committees, did not proceed to nationalizations, and did not put into work any instrument of general planning. Between these two borderline cases, and starting from the left-wing center to the right-wing center, one could successively meet Austria, Great Britain and Germany. Owing to a legitimate government, France had the opportunity to answer to the national will, i.e. a strong pressure in favour of nationalizations, unlike the Italian and German states where this yearning was tainted by the remembrance of the fascist socializations and the nazi control of the economy. France derived also benefit from a quick liberation, contrasting with that of the peninsula, which permitted an early entry in a reformation policy. In other respects, the Victory in England and the remembrance of the Anschluss in Austria contributed to reduce in these countries the revenge spirit which was underlying in France the reforming impulse. ; Dans l'Europe occidentale de l'après-guerre, la République française apparaît comme l'État le plus réformateur en matière économique et sociale. La France est seule à avoir tenté, et réalisé en partie, à la fois un partage du pouvoir dans l'entreprise, une appropriation des moyens de production, et une maîtrise véritable de l'économie. A l'opposé de cette politique, l'État italien n'institua pas de comités d'entreprise, ne procéda à aucune nationalisation et ne mit en place aucun instrument de planification à vocation générale. Entre les deux cas-limites, et en partant du centre-gauche pour aller au centre-droit, on rencontrait successivement l'Autriche, l'Angleterre et l'Allemagne. Bénéficiant contrairement à l'Allemagne d'un ...

Private capital in Tanzania from 1962 to 1982.
There is a tripartite system of political decision in Tanzania : the Party, the Government and the President. There was no consensus concerning the policies devoted to private capital.
From 1962 to 1966 the government needed capital to invest and relied on private capital. But party activists managed to develop the idea of a state economy. The Arusha Declaration enabled each group to use its rhetoric, both on nationalization and on die need for capital. In 1969-1974 the President favoured radical politics but this led to an economic crisis and from 1976 to 1982 new policies were designed to attract new investment. The ideology of development has sustained too many contradictions and Tanzania still lacks a consensus in this domain notwithstanding the new liberalization process.

Are the large national corporations efficient.
The nationalizations are carried by the endeavour to clinch two sore, often interrelated issues: sway monopolistic activities or get hold of concerns which by their size and prospects offer major assets for a successful industrial policy. Traditionally, the major internationalized concerns have lived mainly by the first consideration, however they have often been called upon to lead the way, including in the social field, owing to their weight and driving force within the national economy. It is precisely this double aspect which makes an evaluation of their performance so difficult. In fact, there have been frequent challenges by public enterprise managers of the targets assigned. Nevertheless, the concerns will obviously assume at least a stabilizing fonction on account of their share in heavy industries and their key position. This is not negligeable, as is witnessed by their recent resurgence.