Suchergebnisse

Cet ouvrage offre un tour d'horizon des questions relatives à la neutralité et à l'ouverture d'internet: liberté d'information, non-discrimination dans l'accès à internet, problèmes de concurrence et de régulation dans une perspective comparative

Since Raymond Aron's preface to Max Weber's book, Le savant et le politique, published in 1959 at Plon in a translation of Julien Freund, the idea has long emerged that the German sociologist would have fundamentally defended the incompatibility of the virtues of politics with those of the savant. The book brings together two Max Weber conferences at different times and contexts: The profession and motherhood declared on 7 November 1917 in Munich, one year before the end of the First World War and the defeat of the German Reich, at the invitation of the Bavarian Committee of the Free Students' Association; The profession and political vocation, on 28 January 1919 within the same framework but in a completely different context, in the midst of the revolution of the Councils (Aron, 1990 [1959]: 8). A few years later, Wertfreiheit's concept of Wertfreiheit, which strictly means that there is no value judgment (the adjective wertfrei means free value judgement), is translated as 'axiological neutrality'. Julien Freund takes over the expression Axiological neutrality used in 1949 in the first American translation of the Der Sinn der Wertfreiheit der soziologischen und ökonomischen Wissenschaften ('Test on the meaning of 'axiological neutrality' in sociological and economic sciences') published in 1917. The theme of supposedly neutral skavant will now be sustainable, especially in French-speaking social sciences. Aron is part of the approach opened by the functionalist sociology of the United States, in particular Talcott Parsons, which instrumentalisa Max Weber to promote sociology favourable to the established social order. ; International audience ; Since Raymond Aron's preface to Max Weber's book, Le savant et le politique, published in 1959 at Plon in a translation of Julien Freund, the idea has long emerged that the German sociologist would have fundamentally defended the incompatibility of the virtues of politics with those of the savant. The book brings together two Max Weber conferences at different times and ...

La manière dont sont formulées bien des exigences de "neutralité de l'Etat" dans le débat public est souvent ambiguë. Ces exigences, dans beaucoup de cas visent les citoyens ordinaires tout autant que l'Etat. Elles manquent de fondement normatif et elles ne correspondent pas toujours aux pratiques réelles (et consensuelles) au sein de nos sociétés. Elles semblent parfois taillées sur mesure pour la défense de ce que Jean Baubérot appelle "le communautarisme républicain" et que l'on pourrait baptiser, en Belgique "communautarisme laïque".

This thesis aims to investigate on the validity of monetary neutrality hypothesis in CFA zone, in respect with the new neoclassical synthesis (Goodfriend and King, 2000) and his resurgence due to the extension of monetary unions. In short run, nominal rigidities may induce some real effects of monetary policy due to information asymmetries, prices viscosities or rigidities [Gordon (1980), Akerlof and Yellen (1977), Mankiw and Reis (2002)]. This confers a capability of managing negative effects of business cycles to monetary policy, with respect to the necessity of tying down agents expectations and knowing monetary transmission mechanism. In long run, monetary neutrality hypothesis steel holds, justifying the necessity to target and inflation rate around the natural rate of unemployment, as preconized by Milton Friedman (1968) and Edmund Phelps (1968). This inflation-unemployment trade-off, a fundamental relationship of macroeconomic models suppose for a full employment equilibrium that the medium or long run inflation target corresponds to the intersection of short run Phillips curve to the long run one: "a natural rate of inflation". The above trade-off between inflation and unemployment may seem somewhat problematic in monetary unions, due to the diversity of Phillips curves with respect to time and space. This difficulty may be overcome in an optimal currency area, as defined by Robert Mundell (1961), Ronald McKinnon (1963) and Peter Kenen (1969). Unfortunately, CFA zone has been and steel mostly a simple monetary bloc, due to the unification of exchange rate rules as pointed by Philippe Hugon (1997). For Ondo Ossa (2000), rather than standard criterion, his optimality may be found on solidarity. Chico Eboué (2000, 2002) claims the goals of monetary policy of the zone induces a bias against inflation, traducing a preference for unemployment over inflation for growth. Also, it results an exchange constraint and a reserve constraint witch induce an excessive accumulation of reserve as in currency board, ...

This thesis aims to investigate on the validity of monetary neutrality hypothesis in CFA zone, in respect with the new neoclassical synthesis (Goodfriend and King, 2000) and his resurgence due to the extension of monetary unions. In short run, nominal rigidities may induce some real effects of monetary policy due to information asymmetries, prices viscosities or rigidities [Gordon (1980), Akerlof and Yellen (1977), Mankiw and Reis (2002)]. This confers a capability of managing negative effects of business cycles to monetary policy, with respect to the necessity of tying down agents expectations and knowing monetary transmission mechanism. In long run, monetary neutrality hypothesis steel holds, justifying the necessity to target and inflation rate around the natural rate of unemployment, as preconized by Milton Friedman (1968) and Edmund Phelps (1968). This inflation-unemployment trade-off, a fundamental relationship of macroeconomic models suppose for a full employment equilibrium that the medium or long run inflation target corresponds to the intersection of short run Phillips curve to the long run one: "a natural rate of inflation". The above trade-off between inflation and unemployment may seem somewhat problematic in monetary unions, due to the diversity of Phillips curves with respect to time and space. This difficulty may be overcome in an optimal currency area, as defined by Robert Mundell (1961), Ronald McKinnon (1963) and Peter Kenen (1969). Unfortunately, CFA zone has been and steel mostly a simple monetary bloc, due to the unification of exchange rate rules as pointed by Philippe Hugon (1997). For Ondo Ossa (2000), rather than standard criterion, his optimality may be found on solidarity. Chico Eboué (2000, 2002) claims the goals of monetary policy of the zone induces a bias against inflation, traducing a preference for unemployment over inflation for growth. Also, it results an exchange constraint and a reserve constraint witch induce an excessive accumulation of reserve as in currency board, ...

Switzerland definitively adopted, on 25 September 2020, a law adapting its federal law to distributed ledger technology (DLT). As the European Commission had just tabled its own proposal for a legislative package on crypto-assets the day before, the scheme devised by Switzerland, not constrained by EU law but with a sophisticated financial market, deserves consideration. ; Switzerland definitively adopted, on September 25, 2020, a law adapting its federal law to distributed ledger technology (DLT). While the European Commission had just presented, the day before, its own proposal for a legislative package on crypto-assets, the framework designed by Switzerland, a country not constrained by European law, but endowed with a sophisticated financial market, deserves an exam. ; Switzerland definitively adopted, on 25 September 2020, a law adapting its federal law to distributed ledger technology (DLT). As the European Commission had just tabled its own proposal for a legislative package on crypto-assets the day before, the scheme devised by Switzerland, not constrained by EU law but with a sophisticated financial market, deserves consideration. ; La Suisse a adopté définitivement, le 25 septembre 2020, une loi d'adaptation de son droit fédéral à la technologie des registres distribués (TRD). Alors que la Commission européenne venait de déposer, la veille, sa propre proposition d'un paquet législatif sur les crypto-actifs, le dispositif conçu par la Suisse, non contrainte par le droit européen, mais dotée d'un marché financier sophistiqué, mérite un examen.

in the field of managing discrimination on grounds of religion in business, the concept of neutrality is all. but neutral. Formalised in legal language through regulations, charters and other employment contracts, convictional neutrality is a tool used by the company to formalise its policy towards both its employees and its clients. However, its indiscriminate application is questionable. In France and Belgium, a series of judicial cases make it possible to understand how the use of religious neutrality within the company works and its consequences for the religious freedom of employees and the fight against discrimination. ; Dans le domaine de la gestion des discriminations pour motif de religion dans l'entreprise, la mobilisation de la notion de neutralité est tout… sauf neutre. Formalisée en langage juridique par des règlements, des chartes et autres contrats de travail, la neutralité convictionnelle représente un outil mobilisé par l'entreprise pour formaliser sa politique à l'égard de ses salariés comme de ses clients. Cependant, son application indifférenciée est sujette à caution. En France comme en Belgique, une série d'affaires judiciaires permet de comprendre le fonctionnement du recours à la neutralité religieuse au sein de l'entreprise et ses conséquences vis-à-vis de la liberté religieuse des salariés et de la lutte contre les discriminations.

Traditionnellement, le droit international se caractérise par une certaine neutralité vis-à-vis du phénomène de la rébellion qui n'est, en tant que tel, ni permis ni interdit. Depuis quelques années, cette position traditionnelle est cependant l'objet de tensions croissantes, qui se manifestent dans deux sens a priori opposés. D'un côté, dans la mesure où se développe, depuis les années 1990, une règle de droit international imposant l'Etat de droit, la remise en cause du gouvernement constitutionnel par la force paraît avoir été progressivement interdite. D'un autre côté, cependant, le renversement par la violence de certaines autorités à la fois légales, mais aussi considérées comme autoritaires ou dictatoriales semble avoir été accepté et même favorisé par un grand nombre d'Etats et d'organisations internationales, en particulier l'ONU, notamment dans le contexte du « printemps arabe ». Ainsi pourrait-on envisager l'émergence d'une certaine forme de droit à la rébellion, même si c'est dans des limites qui restent à définir et à concilier avec les règles qui confèrent à l'Etat un droit, voire un devoir, de maintenir l'ordre. Spécialement dans ses évolutions récentes, le droit international paraît donc entretenir une relation ambivalente avec le phénomène de la rébellion

La forêt occupe une place centrale dans la question du changement climatique. Elle compense en effet chaque année une partie de nos émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et les produits issus de la filière bois peuvent se substituer à des matériaux ou à des combustibles fossiles fortement émetteurs de GES. Mais face aux conséquences du changement climatique, la forêt et les services que nous en tirons sont également vulnérables. Nous présentons dans cet article une proposition publiée par l'association The Shift Project pour dynamiser la filière bois de l'Union européenne (UE) dans le but de réduire ses émissions de GES. Après avoir rappelé le rôle des forêts européennes dans la séquestration du carbone et dressé un panorama de la filière bois de l'UE, nous proposons de doubler d'ici 2050 la substitution des produits bois à d'autres matériaux de construction plus émissifs (béton, acier, aluminium…). Nous envisageons ensuite les actions à mettre en place pour atteindre cet objectif : augmentation de la production de bois, réorientation des flux et structuration de la filière. La mise en oeuvre de ce programme permettrait à l'UE de réduire ses émissions d'au moins 100 millions de tonnes de CO2 en 2050 en profitant par ailleurs d'autres bénéfices économiques, sociaux et environnementaux. ; Forests take up a central position in the issue of climate change. Indeed, they offset part of our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions every year, while products of the forestry and forest-based industry can be used as substitutes for materials and fossil fuels that produce significant amounts of GHG emissions. But as a result of climate change, forests and their services are themselves also vulnerable. In this article, authors describe the proposal published by The Shift Project association to revitalise the forestry and forest-based industry in the European Union (EU) with the aim of reducing its GHG emissions. Having recalled the role played by European forests in carbon sequestration and provided an overview of the timber industry in the EU, the authors suggest that substitution of high-emission construction materials (concrete, steel, aluminium, etc.) by wood products should be doubled by 2050. They then consider actions that should be undertaken so as to achieve that objective: increase in production of wood, redirecting flows and structuring of the industry. The implementation of this programme would enable the EU to reduce its emissions by at least 100 million tonnes of CO2 in 2050 while also benefitting from other economic, social and environmental advantages.

International audience Forests take up a central position in the issue of climate change. Indeed, they offset part of our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions every year, while products of the forestry and forest-based industry can be used as substitutes for materials and fossil fuels that produce significant amounts of GHG emissions. But as a result of climate change, forests and their services are themselves also vulnerable. In this article, authors describe the proposal published by The Shift Project association to revitalise the forestry and forest-based industry in the European Union (EU) with the aim of reducing its GHG emissions. Having recalled the role played by European forests in carbon sequestration and provided an overview of the timber industry in the EU, the authors suggest that substitution of high-emission construction materials (concrete, steel, aluminium, etc.) by wood products should be doubled by 2050. They then consider actions that should be undertaken so as to achieve that objective: increase in production of wood, redirecting flows and structuring of the industry. The implementation of this programme would enable the EU to reduce its emissions by at least 100 million tonnes of CO2 in 2050 while also benefitting from other economic, social and environmental advantages. ; La forêt occupe une place centrale dans la question du changement climatique. Elle compense en effet chaque année une partie de nos émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et les produits issus de la filière bois peuvent se substituer à des matériaux ou à des combustibles fossiles fortement émetteurs de GES. Mais face aux conséquences du changement climatique, la forêt et les services que nous en tirons sont également vulnérables. Nous présentons dans cet article une proposition publiée par l'association The Shift Project pour dynamiser la filière bois de l'Union européenne (UE) dans le but de réduire ses émissions de GES. Après avoir rappelé le rôle des forêts européennes dans la séquestration du carbone et dressé un panorama ...

International audience ; Forests take up a central position in the issue of climate change. Indeed, they offset part of our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions every year, while products of the forestry and forest-based industry can be used as substitutes for materials and fossil fuels that produce significant amounts of GHG emissions. But as a result of climate change, forests and their services are themselves also vulnerable. In this article, authors describe the proposal published by The Shift Project association to revitalise the forestry and forest-based industry in the European Union (EU) with the aim of reducing its GHG emissions. Having recalled the role played by European forests in carbon sequestration and provided an overview of the timber industry in the EU, the authors suggest that substitution of high-emission construction materials (concrete, steel, aluminium, etc.) by wood products should be doubled by 2050. They then consider actions that should be undertaken so as to achieve that objective: increase in production of wood, redirecting flows and structuring of the industry. The implementation of this programme would enable the EU to reduce its emissions by at least 100 million tonnes of CO2 in 2050 while also benefitting from other economic, social and environmental advantages. ; La forêt occupe une place centrale dans la question du changement climatique. Elle compense en effet chaque année une partie de nos émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et les produits issus de la filière bois peuvent se substituer à des matériaux ou à des combustibles fossiles fortement émetteurs de GES. Mais face aux conséquences du changement climatique, la forêt et les services que nous en tirons sont également vulnérables. Nous présentons dans cet article une proposition publiée par l'association The Shift Project pour dynamiser la filière bois de l'Union européenne (UE) dans le but de réduire ses émissions de GES. Après avoir rappelé le rôle des forêts européennes dans la séquestration du carbone et dressé un ...

In this article I defend that liberal perfectionism, even when paternalistic, is compatible with state neutrality. I defend this compatibility as follows. First, I distinguish three types of neutrality. Then, I distinguish three types of paternalism. I then examine under what conditions neutrality and paternalism can be compatible. Finally, I argue that neutrality of consequences, which seems to be the most demanding version of neutrality, is also compatible with paternalism and will conclude by suggesting that the only way to make paternalism and neutrality incompatible is to require that neutrality encompasses at the same time neutral justifications, aims, and consequences. Adapted from the source document.

The objective of this article is to clarify dominant types of neutrality and their evolutions under the French state model, taking into special consideration religious diversity. It proposes to proceed to an abstract modelling of types of neutrality that are detectable in public governance: confessional neutrality and referential neutrality. The maturation of these types of neutrality in the regulation of religious diversity is illustrated using a study of policies relating to the sectarian question, on the one hand, and dealing with wearing religious signs/clothing, on the other hand. Given that neutrality is a normative requirement imposed on the state by limiting the reasons that can be invoked to justify the adopted policies, the analyses presented herewith rely on primary sources that all bear features of state action. Adapted from the source document.