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تتولّى الإدارةُ العامَّةُ إدارةَ شؤونِ الدولةِ وتسييرَ أُمورِها بما لها مِنْ سُلُطاتٍ وامتيازاتٍ منحها إيّاها المُشرِّعُ تحقيقًا للمصلحةِ العامَّةِ، وإنَّ أخطرَ هذهِ الامتيازاتُ هو حقّها في إصدارِ قراراتٍ مُلزِمةٍ بإرادتها المنفردة ومن ثم يجد الأفراد أنفسهم في مواجهةِ قرارٍ مُلزَمين بتنفيذهِ من دون أنْ يكون لهم الحقَّ في رفضهِ أو إبداء رأيهم فيه، وينبغي ظهور هذه الإرادة الباطنة بمظهرٍ خارجيٍّ حتى يعلم بها الأفراد المعنيون بتنفيذها وهو ما يُطلَق الظهور عليه"شكل القرار الإداري" لذا يُعَدُّ ضمانةً للأفرادِ لأنَّه يُحيطهُم عِلمًا بما تُقرِّره الإدارة تجاههم. ويُعَدُّ عيبَ الشكلِ في القرارِ الإداريِّ من أسبابِ الطعنِ فيه بالإلغاءِ؛ لأنَّه ينصَبُّ على رُكنٍ أساسيٍّ من أركانِ القرارِ الإداريِّ لا يستقيم من دونه، فالإدارةُ مُلزَمةٌ بأنْ تُفرِغَ إرادتَها بالشكل الذي يُحدِّده القانون وللقضاء الإداري سلطةَ إلغاءِ القرارِ المعيبِ بعيبِ الشكلِ. وتَبرزُ أهمّية ركن الشكل في خصوصيَّته؛ لأنَّه يُنظِّمُ ويضبطُ عملَ الإدارةِ في صورةٍ محدَّدةٍ دقيقةٍ وقانونيَّةٍ ممَّا يَستتبِعهُ ضمانُ مشروعيَّةِ القرارِ الذي تُصدِره الإدارة، فالتزام الإدارة به يُؤدِّي إلى تحقيق المصلحة العامَّة؛ لأنَّه يُظهِر إرادة الإدارة في صور ومظاهر خارجيةٍ معلومةٍ للأفرادِ بِغيةَ الالتزامَ بها وتنفيذها. ; The Public Administration Assumes The Management of The Affairs of The State And The Conduct of Its Affairs With The Powers And Privileges Granted To It By The Legislator In order To Achieve The Public Interest، And The Most Dangerous of These Privileges Is Its Right To Issue Decisions That Are Binding on Their Individual Will، And Therefore Individuals Find Themselves With A Refusal To Confront Them Without Facing Their opinion on It، And Since This Inner Will of The Administration Should Appear In An External Appearance Until The Individuals Concerned With Its Implementation Know About It And This Appearance Is What Is Called The "Administrative Decision Form" So It Is Considered A Guarantee For Individuals Because Debriefed Note Determined By The Administration Towards Them. The Importance of The Corner of The Form Emerges In Its Privacy Because It ...

Reforming Modernity is a sweeping intellectual history and philosophical reflection built around the work of the Morocco-based philosopher Abdurrahman Taha, one of the most significant philosophers in the Islamic world since the colonial era. Wael B. Hallaq contends that Taha is at the forefront of forging a new, non-Western-centric philosophical tradition. He explores how Taha's philosophical project sheds light on recent intellectual currents in the Islamic world and puts forth a formidable critique of Western and Islamic modernities.Hallaq argues that Taha's project departs from—but leaves behind—the epistemological grounds in which most modern Muslim intellectuals have anchored their programs. Taha systematically rejects the modes of thought that have dominated the Muslim intellectual scene since the beginning of the twentieth century—nationalism, Marxism, secularism, political Islamism, and liberalism. Instead, he provides alternative ways of thinking, forcefully and virtuosically developing an ethical system with a view toward reforming existing modernities. Hallaq analyzes the ethical thread that runs throughout Taha's oeuvre, illuminating how Taha weaves it into a discursive engagement with the central questions that plague modernity in both the West and the Muslim world. The first introduction to Taha's ethical philosophy for Western audiences, Reforming Modernity presents his complex thought in an accessible way while engaging with it critically. Hallaq's conversation with Taha's work both proffers a cogent critique of modernity and points toward answers for its endemic and seemingly insoluble problems

The Lebanon Economic Monitor provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past six months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on Lebanon. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy on the outlook for Lebanon. Lebanon continues to be impacted by the domestic political stalemate and regional turmoil, particularly along its border with Syria. Economic activity picked up in the second half of 2014. Stronger economic performance and lower oil prices pushed real GDP growth to an estimated 2.0 percent in 2014, compared to 0.9 percent in 2013. One-off cosmetic and unsustainable measures rather than policy actions helped improve the fiscal balance in 2014. We estimate the overall fiscal deficit to have declined by 2.3 percentage points. Declining imports lead an improvement in the current account balance. In 2014, a fall in merchandize imports induced a 4.4 pp reduction in the current account deficit to a still-elevated 22.2 percent of GDP. This trend is projected to continue in 2015 helped by falling oil prices and a depreciating euro, Headline inflation plummeted from 2.7 percent in 2013 to 1.9 percent in 2014 and is expected to remain tempered over the medium term. Lebanon s economy continues to be exposed to external shocks. The border with Syria is increasingly menacing as coordinated attacks by ISIS and Al Nusra are being launched more frequently from their bases in Syria. Inefficiencies in power generation impose sizable macroeconomic costs on Lebanon. The Lebanese electricity sector has been underperforming for decades with considerable socio-economic costs. The macroeconomic impact has been massive.