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The turning points of the history are characterized by people's active participation in one of the most natural for the man social activity - the creation of new self-images. Being incorporated in these images, people are able to realize their involvement in social events. The new ideas and meanings acquire "corporality" in the new images of man and get accumulated in them becoming the reality accessible for the majority of people. Being revealed in the images of people, new ideas obtain real bodies, penetrate to the living tissue of culture, transform into reality, which can be perceived. Man uses their body as a tool for coding significant cultural meanings. The rules of behavior, public manners, the elements of appearance and clothing become the material signs of nonmaterial ideas. They transform into the complex distinguishing system, which allows for the consolidation of people with similar viewpoints. The creation of new visual images comes in hand with the experiments in the field of creating a new language. The authors demonstrate the appearance and creation of such images using the examples of Great French revolution, the revolutionary transformations of Post-reform Russia, Great Russian revolution, cultural revolution of the Chinese People's Republic. M.M. Zagorulko and I.A. Petrova represent common theoretical approaches to the analysis of cultural revolutions of the New Time and Modern period, to understanding the principles of interaction between the "old" and the "new" in culture. I.A. Petrova carries out analysis of theoretical disputes of A.V. Lunacharsky and A.A. Bogdanov about the possibility of constructing "pure proletarian culture". I.K. Cheremushnikova proves the significance of emblematic images in the culture, the connection between body self-representation and the privileged meanings, adopted during the revolution; she represents numerous examples of man becoming the carrier of new cultural meanings in the process of self-representation.

The article prepared for the 75-th anniversary of the Faculty of Economics of the Moscow State Lomonosov University shows one of the periods of scientific & pedagogical activities of the oldest Faculty's departments — Department of Political Economy, which sources are somewhere in XIII century. As autonomous unit of the Faculty of Economics it was established in 1953 on the 12-th year of the Faculty's existence at the Moscow University in connection with opening of the University's new building on the Lenin Hills. «The Moscow University Review, Series Economy, 6» has devoted special issue N 4, 2016 to Faculty's jubilee, where there were published several articles representing University's scientific heritage in economic branch, among them there are some works by the Faculty's scientists. The article been proposed here proceeds that very series of publications. In this case the author speaks about the history of working at one of the fundamental categories of political economy of Socialism — planned nature of development of socialist economy realized by the staff of Department of Political Economy lead by Doctor of Science (Econ.), Professor, Merited Science Worker of the RSFSR N.A.Tsagolov in the 2-volume University «Course of Political Economy» (1–3 editions). The author of the article is one of direct participants of working at this category and redaction of both volumes of the «Course».

The subject of this article is the theoretical and methodological foundations for P.A. Sorokin's sociological concept, set forth in his work "The System of Sociology" (1920). The article analyzes Sorokin's interpretation of the dilemma of nominalism / realism and some general features of the vision of this dilemma in the field of sociological thought, namely: the failure to distinguish the notion "sociality" as an abstract concept and as an idea of society in the Platonic sense, the conversion of said dilemma into the form of the "atomism / holism" antitheses, and an anthropomorphic interpretation of holism. It is shown that in his attempt to establish a realistic view of the nature of social phenomena, while avoiding the extremes of its "literal" interpretation, Sorokin develops the methodology of analytical and material realism. From the author's point of view, the concept of the conductor proposed by Sorokin corresponds to the modern interest in nonverbal semiotics, while the instrumental interpretation of a person as a participant in social interactions corresponds to later developments, which maintain an "out-of-subject" line in sociological analysis.

В статье анализируются произведения украинской писательницы О. Ю. Кобылянской (1863-1942) в культурологическом аспекте. В центре нашего внимания лежит лингвистический и литературоведческий анализ монологических высказываний литературных героев об украинцах, в результате чего нам удалось выявить многогранное представление о лингвокультурном типаже украинца, который отразился в творчестве писательницы. Сюжеты в выбранных для анализа произведениях своими корнями уходят глубоко в историю, культуру и традиции Буковины (совр. Черновецкая обл.), где испокон веков соседствуют и гармонично сосуществуют разные национальности - украинцы, поляки, немцы, румыны, молдаване, цыгане. Таким образом, в ходе нашего анализа монологов литературных героев удалось выявить общие типологические черты типажа украинца, который в произведениях Кобылянской наделяется как отрицательными характеристиками, например, «хамство», «попрошайничество», «презрение к полякам», так и положительными - «сочинительство песен», «склонность к творчеству», «поэтический склад ума» и т. п., что является отражением общего стереотипного образа украинца в сознании жителей многонационального региона Буковины, исторической области современной Юго-Западной Украины и Румынии, ранее входившей в состав Австро-Венгрии. Результаты данного исследования иллюстрируются цитатами из речи героев произведений Кобылянской, на основании которых делаются лингвокультурологические заключения о «портрете» украинца как типологического образа, который реализуется в языке в виде характеризующих его метафор, эпитетов и прочих фигур речи.
This article analyzes the works of the Ukrainian writer O. Yu. Kobylyanskaya (1863-1942) from the point of view of the culturological aspect. The object of our attention is the linguistic and literary analysis of monologues of literary characters about Ukrainians, as a result of which we managed to identify a general and multifaceted idea of the linguoculturological type of a Ukrainian, which was reflected in the work of the writer. The plots in the works selected for analysis are deeply rooted in the history, culture and traditions of Bukovina, where from time immemorial different nationalities coexist and harmoniously coexist - Ukrainians, Poles, Germans, Romanians, Moldavians, Gypsies, etc. Thus, in the course of our analysis of the monologues of literary heroes, we were able to identify common typological features of the type of Ukrainian, which in the works of Kobylyanskaya is endowed with both negative characteristics, for example, "rudeness", "begging", "contempt for the Poles", and positive ones - "songwriting", "tendency to creativity", "poetic mindset", etc., which is a reflection of the general stereotypical image of a Ukrainian in the minds of the inhabitants of the multinational region of Bukovina, the historical region of modern Southwestern Ukraine, formerly part of Austria-Hungary. The results of this study are illustrated by quotations from the speech of the heroes of Kobylyanskaya's works, on the basis of which linguoculturological conclusions are made about the "portrait" of a Ukrainian as a typological image, which is realized in the language in the form of metaphors, epithets and other figures of speech characterizing him.

This article deals with the controversial issue of F.M. Dostoevsky's concept of "Higher Individuals." The latter are people who rise above other people and have a special influence on society and on history. The authors argue that this concept is most clearly expressed in "The Diary of a Writer" (1876) as well as in the story "The Sentence", along with Dostoevsky's commentaries on this story. By means of a detailed analysis of Raskolnikov's "theory" within the novel "Crime and Punishment", it is demonstrated that only a superficial version of the concept of "higher individuals" is refuted in the heroes' argumentations; at the same time, the novel's characters – Marmeladov, his wife Katerina Ivanovna, and Raskolnikov – can be viewed as examples of different degrees in the personal accomplishment of this "higher personality" state. In conclusion, it is observed how a person must go through three stages of development in order to become a "higher character": firstly, the experience of an existential crisis and the understanding of the lack of meaning in one's life; secondly, the "rebellion" against the Creator of the world and its laws along with the rejection of the traditional church faith, whose rejection leads this person on the edge of suicide; thirdly, the acquisition of a new faith, first of all, a faith in one's immortality, which happens in an unusual, unorthodox form, as is well demonstrated by the character of Svidrigailov in Dostoevsky's novel. According to Dostoevsky's doctrine, the meaning ofimmortality lies in the continuation of a person's existence in a new form in the earthly world or in a "parallel" world similar to the earthly one, and not in the ideal Kingdom of Heaven, as the church claims. Finally, the authors maintain that the process of a character's transformation into a "higher individual" was consistently and fully described by Dostoevsky in the stories of Raskolnikov and Ivan Karamazov.

Статья посвящена поиску перспектив взаимной трансформации онлайн и офлайн форм гражданского протеста в современной России. Исследование основано на критическом анализе отечественной и зарубежной литературы, посвященной проблемам цифровизации и виртуализации политики, в том числе и протестных практик. Помимо этого, авторами использовался качественный контент анализ, позволивший подтвердить тезис о доминировании «диванного активизма» как основной формы онлайн-активности участников протестного сообщества в сети.
В статье показано, что развитие интернета и кризис традиционных социально-политических институтов приводят к возникновению новых форм взаимодействия между государством и гражданским обществом по вопросам решения общественно-значимых задач. Пандемия коронавируса привела к вынужденному ускорению процессов цифровизации. Однако увеличение активности в социальных сетях и появление специфических форм онлайн-активности не приводит к замещению офлайн протеста его онлайн аналогом. Виртуальные протесты, по-прежнему, представляются менее значимыми как со стороны активистов, так и со стороны государства, что является следствием попадания виртуальных форм участия «в слепую зону». Акции незамеченные «случайными прохожими» не имеют возможностей к быстрому росту, а значит и не приводят к тому общественному резонансу, необходимому для решения обозначенной проблемы.

Um eine Effektivierung der bislang staatlichen Industriebetriebe zu erreichen, ist man seit 1991 dazu übergegangen, sie in private Hand zu übereignen. Wer aber als neuer Eigentümer tatsächlich eine effektivere Arbeit der Betriebe gewährleisten kann und welche Funktion die Unternehmensleitung dabei innehat, wird im ersten Kaiptel des Beitrages untersucht. Dabei wird angezweifelt, ob eine solche Effektivierung überhaupt eintreten kann, selbst wenn auländische Investoren unter die Firmeneigner fallen, es sei denn, daß staatliche Regulierungsmaßnahmen greifen. Rückblickend geht der Autor ferner auf die Mängel in den Betriebsstrukturen während der Planwirtschaft und die entsprechenden Veränderungen während der Perestrojka ein und erörtert detailliert einzelne Varianten struktureller Reorganisierung wie etwa die Schaffung von Tochterfirmen oder die Umwandlung von Großbetrieben in Holding-Gesellschaften. (BIOst-Rgl)

The article touches upon a set of questions about the role of Freemasonry in the writer's life and how Masonic teaching was expressed in his texts.
Grigoriev considered himself a hereditary mason and, according to his confession,
"believed in some mysterious connection" of his soul with the soul of his late grand-father, the mason Ivan Grigoriev. A friend of Grigoriev's youth and his comrade at
Moscow University, the poet Afanasy Fet recalled that Grigoriev had repeatedly told
him "about his admission to the Masonic lodge". Freemasonry and Hermeticism
also inspired (directly or indirectly) the literary pseudonym of the poet: "A. Trismegistov". Grigoriev's Masonic Hymns (1845) are considered in the context of the
hymns of the Russian Masons of the late 18th — fi rst quarter of the 19th centuries.
Th e "Masonic plot" of the play Two Egoisms (1845) and the Masonic subtext of the
novels One of Many (1846) and Th e Other of Many (1847) are also analyzed. In his
later works, Ap. Grigoriev acted as a bold innovator, portraying Masonic heroes at
a time when Freemasonry was offi cially banned in Russia, and depicted them not
retrospectively, but as his contemporaries, i.e. people of the forties.

The year 2021 is a remarkable date for the Italian history: 160 years ago the unified Italian state was created. As a matter of fact, before then, the necessity to unify the country had been discussed for more than five centuries. One of the first who expressed these ideas was the great poet and politician Dante Alighieri, whose anniversary is also celebrated this year. In Russian Dante studies, the poet's ideas on the Italian unification have been usually considered within the context of his own political views. It is the case of A.K. Dzhivelegov's and I.N. Golenishchev-Kutuzov's studies, which considered the biography and political activity of the famous Italian poet, whereas E.P. Naumov paid special attention to Dante's view on the contemporary political situation in Europe. Our article is entirely dedicated to the development of the issue concerning the Italian unification in Dante Alighieri's work. Basing on a systematic analysis of the entire body of Dante's work, this article highlights the fact that the idea of unification is not only found in Dante's political writings but is, in fact, a keynote of all his literary work. Although Dante considered the unification of Italy in the context of the utopian universal monarchy, he also saw the roots of this unification much deeper than that, i.e. in the organic unity of the Italian people. Our work emphasizes a given evolution of Dante's philosophical and political views, in connection with the unfolding events of his time. In conclusion, this article provides a comprehensive description of Dante's views on the unification of Italy, highlighting the necessity of this unification, the unwillingness of the country to it, as well as the reasons of this unwillingness coming from the contemporary municipalism.

The main content of the monograph by O.E. Puchnina (Sorokopudova) «Political Outlook of V.V. Rozanov» which makes up the main and largest section of the book «Russian socio-political thought in the 19th and early 20th century: V.V. Rozanov» is examined in detail. It is noted that the authors of the serial edition and above all the author-compiler of its monographic section, O.E. Puchnina, managed to bring out in a detailed study of the work of one of the most original Russian thinkers of culture in the Silver Age a whole layer of conceptually related socio-political ideas giving them the status of a political worldview. The methodological basis of the review rests on the methods of analysis and evaluation of the results of the research conducted by the author that are typical of this type of scientific criticism. The assessment of the quality and completeness of the bibliographic description of the sources used in the monograph rests on the resut of the analysis. The degree of influence of biographical themes taken from the biography of V.V. Rozanov on the character of his ideological formation is presented. The features of Rozanov's creative style and method of analysis of socio-political reality highlighted by the author of the monograph are considered and critically evaluated. The political processes and phenomena in relation to which the philosopher formulated his original political ideas are listed. The role and place of V.V. Rozanov's political outlook in the Russian historiography and the history of the Russian socio-political tradition are shown. The argument of the thesis about the typicality of Rozanov's unique creativity for the Russian consciousness in the late 19th‒ early 20th century is partially supported. It is concluded that despite the critical remarks that were expressed in the article, O.E. Puchnina's innovative experiment of an ideological reconstruction of Rozanov's socio-political ideas should be recognized as very successful.

This article is a review of the academic works of American sociologist James Bossard. During his life he wrote a vast number of articles and books on family, marriage, childhood and parenting, using a variety of methods for collecting and analyzing information. Despite his active academic and social life, James Bossard is very little known in the Russian-speaking environment. James Bossard creates his own set of approaches towards studying family, which should cover all significant aspects of the latter. Said set is based on approaches that can be divided into three main categories, which will be discussed in the review: family rituals, family heterogeneity and family as a field for change. Meanwhile he also described other issues: happiness and unhappiness in the family, the differences between large and small families, the role of children in the family, rites of passage, the impact of war on families. James Bossard is also worthy of interest as a productive researcher with unconventional approaches to working with material, as well as a peculiar sign of the time. The main goal of the author of this review is to draw attention to this sociologist's legacy, since many of his works are also relevant in modern Russia.

Introduction. The article presents the results of studying the problem of interaction between science and diplomacy, the analysis of scientific diplomacy in domestic and foreign practice. The purpose of the article is to analyze scientific diplomacy as a phenomenon within the framework of he state's foreign policy and as a form of public diplomacy. Methods. The methodological basis of the study was general scientific methods, such as analysis, synthesis and generalization; empirical level methods: observation, comparison, grouping; special research methods. Results and Discussion. The article sets forth the interpretation of the concept of scientific diplomacy by various authors, reviewed its «classical» areas, conducted a retrospective analysis of scientific diplomacy in Russia. The article highlights and describes the features characteristic of the domestic practice of using scientific diplomacy at the present stage of development. In particular, the author gives the examples of joint projects implementation, carries out an analysis of information on the joint publications of Russian and foreign scientists stimulating international cooperation in science and technology, which is one of the goals of science diplomacy. Conclusion. The author has given recommendations for improving the mechanism for implementing and widely introducing into national practice the basics of scientific diplomacy for the purpose of strengthening international cooperation and the national goals of the state.