Large-scale changes taking place in the modern world affect the various social institutions,among them one of the most powerful is sport. The purpose of the study is the main causesand characteristics of the emergence of new forms of physical activity in the context of non-Olympicsports. Methods: theoretical analysis and synthesis of scientific-methodical literature and materialson the Internet, comparison, observation, analysis and synthesis. In the article the relationship betweensport and other social institutions such as politics, economics, business, mass media, religion,and science is defined. Social importance and role of sport in modern society are denoted. The causesand characteristics of new forms of physical activity are revealed. Among the main reasons for theappearance of new forms of physical activity were identified: adaptation of the sport (to the existing conditions), intensification, democratization, globalization, commercialization, presentation of culture,extreme, exclusivity. The basic concepts of the formation of new types of physical activity withtheir subsequent transformation into sports are analyzed. Different directions of world-wide sport,among which there is a place of non-Olympic sports in the structure of the international Olympicmovement are presented. ; Масштабные преобразования, происходящие в современном мире, влияютна различные социальные институты, среди которых одним из наиболее мощных выступаетспорт. Цель исследования – выявление основных причин и характерных особенностей воз-никновения новых форм двигательной активности в контексте развития неолимпийского спо-рта. Методы исследования: теоретический анализ и обобщение научной и методической ли-тературы, а также материалов сети Интернет, сравнение, наблюдение, анализ и синтез. В ста-тье определены взаимоотношения спорта и других социальных институтов, таких как поли-тика, экономика, бизнес, СМИ, религия, наука. Обозначено социальное значение и роль спо-рта в современном обществе. Выявлены причины и характерные особенности ...
Рассматриваются виды форм правления, выявляются их отличительные признаки, дается характеристика каждого из них. Анализируются те или иные основания классификации формы правления, выделяемые в современной науке. При сопоставлении различных видов форм государственного правления автором выявляются как общие закономерности их эволюционного развития, так и прогнозируется дальнейшее развитие республиканской и монархической форм правления. Проводится исследование видов форм правления, на основе чего предлагаются новые критерии их классификации. Обосновывается новый подход к классификации форм правления, в соответствии с которым предлагается подразделять существующие формы правления не на республики и монархии, а на монократические и поликратические, которые в свою очередь имеют собственные разновидности (модели). Подчеркивается, что заимствование признаков одних видов форм правления другими приводит к появлению новых разновидностей (моделей) форм правления. Это позволяет говорить о многообразии как способов организации публичной власти, так и разновидностей (моделей) формы правления. ; The article considers types of the form of government, reveals their distinctive feature, provides their special characteristics. Some basic forms of government classification, distinguished in the modern science, are analyzed. The author compares different types of forms of the state government which help to discern general tendencies of their evolutional development, and makes a prognosis on the further development of monarchic and republican forms of government. In the present article typical forms of government are studied and according to this research the author suggests new criteria and a classification of the forms of government. On basis of the new approach to the classification of government forms it is suggested to subdivide all forms of government not into republic and monarchy but into monocratia and polycratia, which in their turn have their own varieties (models). It is emphasized that adoption of some features of a certain government form by another leads to emergence of absolutely new varieties (models) of the forms of government. This observation allows to speak about a diversity of means of organizing public authority and also of varieties(models) of government forms.
The article is devoted to such a type ofagitation and propaganda work, which was actively used in the 1920s, as staged agitation courts (agitsudy). According to the idea of their popularizers, they should have been an integral part of club work, being evaluated as a sufficiently effective way to revive cultural work and involve the broad masses in it, and become one of the many forms of rational organization of free leisure time. The article considers the range of topics covered by the agit-sudy and their place in cultural and propaganda work in the context of the transformation of everyday and leisure culture. The author comes to the conclusion that agitation courts, when properly organized, helped to combine indoctrination with entertainment, thereby contributing to the involvement of the broad masses in agitation and propaganda work. With minimal organization costs, they were more effective than lectures and plays due to the active involvement of the audience in the process. The topic of the processes depended on the most relevant tasks for the time and place and was often associated with the ongoing political campaigns. If initially agitsudy were organized not only to accuse, but also to re-educate, educate and integrate new values into everyday life, then by the end of the period there is a tendency to weigh down the charges and increase the severity of sentences. ; Исследование посвящено такому виду агитационно-пропагандистской работы, активно использовавшемуся в 1920-е гг., как постановочные агит-суды. По замыслу их популяризаторов они должны были стать неотъемлемой частью культурной работы и оценивались как достаточно эффективный способ ее оживления и вовлечения в нее широких масс, форма рациональной организации свободного досугового времени. В статье рассмотрен спектр тем, затрагивавшихся агитсудами, их место в культурно-просветительской и агитационно-пропагандистской работе в контексте трансформации повседневной и досуговой культуры. Автор приходит к выводу, что агитсуды при правильном устройстве помогали сочетать индоктринацию с развлечением, тем самым способствуя вовлечению в эту деятельность широких масс. При минимальных затратах на организацию они были эффективней лекций и пьес за счет активного вовлечения в «судебный процесс» зрителей. Тематика процессов зависела от наиболее актуальных для времени и места задач, часто была связана с проводимыми агиткампаниями. Если изначально агитсуды были призваны не только обвинять, но и перевоспитывать, просвещать и интегрировать новые ценности в быт, то к концу периода наблюдается тенденция к утяжелению обвинений и повышению суровости приговоров.
In article different types and forms of joint activity of students and teachers, formation on democratic basis of bodies of student's management are considered. ; В статье рассматриваются различные виды и формы совместной деятельности студентов и педагогов, формирование на демократических основах органов студенческого управления.
The subject-matter of this article is migration from Russia. The study deals with current aspects and new forms of emigration. The goal of this paper is to identify new patterns determining the emigration from Russia. The article views the emigration in a broad sense, including, in addition to classic emigration (i.e. leaving the home country for permanent residence in another country), various categories of return migration (labor migration, shuttle traders, seasonal migration, episodic migration, economic tourism, business migration, education abroad, etc.). With the emergence of these new forms and categories, there is a need to clarify the migration concepts. This analysis is built on a broad historical perspective on emigration, which has been a typical phenomenon for Russia over the last three centuries. The article is based on such economic theories, as the human capital theory, new economic theory of migration, Todaro's economic theory of migration and other. In this article, a variety of methods are used, including historical analogy, statistical and mathematical approaches, sociological and econometric models. The article analyzes the patterns of modern emigration from Russia. It also considers certain aspects in the legal regulation of migration processes, with a focus on emigrants, including potential emigrants. In conclusion, the article notes the need for the state control of emigration processes. This means not so much the improvement of statistical records for this group of migrants, but rather specific government measures aimed at providing the state support to these categories of migrants in order to prevent the nonreturn migration. In other words, it is not aimed at banning the emigration (a measure, the adverse effects of which were noted as long ago as by Mikhail Lomonosov), but at providing the state support to these categories of migrants in order to prevent the non-return migration. The findings of this research can be used in improving the migration policy implemented, in particular, by the Federal Migration Service of Russia. ; Представлен краткий экскурс в истории миграционных потоков из России. Рассмотрены новые формы, категории и правовые вопросы эмиграции. ; This study has been supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research as part of research project No. RFFI 16-0600048. "Social paradigm of regional development: selection of priorities and economic transformation".
Современная гражданская активность приобретает новые специфические формы своей реализации. Одними из основных направлений эволюции является ее перенос в Интернет и формирование на сетевых принципах организации. Одним из примеров реализации подобной гражданской активности является гражданские приложения в сети Интернет. Они позволяют аккумулировать различные ресурсы с целью решения актуальных для их участников проблем. ; Modern civic engagement acquires new specific forms of implementation. One of the main directions of its evolution is its shift in the Internet and network principles of organization. One example of the implementation of such civic activity is a civil application in the Internet. They allow to accumulate a variety of resources to solve urgent problems for their members.In this regard, the aim of this paper is to study the mechanisms and principles of civil applications in the Internet. Social and political processes show that civil applications demonstrate the effectiveness and fulfill important social functions. In the environment of the Internet, which has broad capabilities of communication and integration within it.Bright example of the efficient operation of civilian applications are «Ecofront.ru», «Virtual Ship's Bell», a charity fundraising platform «Tugeza».Civilian applications are designed to offer alternative to the existing mechanisms to solve social problems.Specificity of civilian applications is their essential principles: volunteerism and commitment to achieving results. The network becomes in such organizations a means to address socially important problems. The proposed instruments are distinguished creativity in their performance, as well as the convenience to the users. Thus, the aim is to interest and attract the largest number of participants in the projects. Search supporters is a major problem and challenge for civilian applications. Lack of awareness of their presence may lead to the closure of the project within the narrow circle of its permanent members. However, the functionality of the applications for several years, and the growth of quantitative indicators of participation show the demand for such solutions and a capacity for high-quality output on a different level of distribution. ; Сучасна громадянська активність набуває нової специфічної форми своєї реалізації. Одними з основних напрямків еволюції є її перенесення в Інтернет і формування на мережевих принципах організації. Одним з прикладів реалізації подібної громадянської активності є цивільні додатки в мережі Інтернет. Вони дозволяють акумулювати різні ресурси з метою вирішення актуальних для їх учасників проблем.
The subject of this study is the process of transformation of forms of national and subjective identity in the conditions of globalization. The aim of the study is to identify the specifics of the formation of coherent identity under the influence of the challenges of contemporary globalization and limited resources of the national state. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the analysis of new types of social representations in the crisis of national states and construction of the mechanism of cultural inheritance in the model of "democratic citizenship". Today, national identity is not a form of positioning of social communities, where one discourse dominates. In reality, national identity includes a complex set of competing models of representation focused on different ideals and values. In the conditions of contemporary globalization, a coherent type of multiple identity is formed, which is able to combine the universal principles of democracy with the basic values of local cultures. To an even greater extent, globalization has changed the mechanism of constructing subjective identity, abolished its boundaries and created a plurality of forms of its representation. Globalization has caused a change of ways of identification of events and phenomena by individuals, has generated inefficiency of social institutions, ephemeral cultural manifestations, has generated a crisis of meanings, and as a consequence, a change in the basic paradigms of life of the individual and society. Everyday life has become a complex of reactions to abstract schemes that cultivate changing social and identity attachments of the individual. ; Предмет данного исследования — процесс трансформации форм национальной и субъективной идентичности в условиях глобализации. Цель исследования — выявление специфики формирования когерентной идентичности под влиянием вызовов современной глобализации и ограниченности ресурсов национального государства. Научная новизна исследования заключается в анализе новых типов социальной репрезентации в условиях кризиса национальных государств и конструирования механизма культурного наследования в рамках модели «демократического гражданства». Сегодня национальная идентичность не представляет собой форму позиционирования социальных общностей, где доминирует один дискурс. В реальности национальная идентичность включает в себя сложный набор конкурирующих моделей репрезентаций, ориентированных на разные идеалы и ценности. В условиях современной глобализации формируется когерентный тип множественной идентичности, способной совмещать универсальные принципы демократии с базовыми ценностями локальных культур. Еще в большей степени глобализация изменила механизм конструирования субъективной идентичности, упразднила ее границы и породила множественность форм ее репрезентации. Глобализация вызвала смену способов идентификации индивидами событий и явлений, породила неэффективность социальных институтов, эфемерность культурных проявлений, кризис смыслов и, как следствие, смену базовых парадигм жизнедеятельности личности и общества. Повседневная жизнь превратилась в комплекс реакций на абстрактные схемы, культивирующие меняющиеся социально-идентификационные привязанности личности.
The results of data analysis on changes in the number of Russian research and teaching staff due to increased international competition for highly qualified personnel have been given. The main trend of the process is the decrease in their total number from 2015 to 2018 by an average of 900-1000 people annually, which exceeds similar indicators among other categories of the Russian population. The experience of the state bodies of the leading world powers in applying forms of work to create conditions for attracting foreign scientists to research and educational activities in the national interest has been analysed: a) improving the structure and powers of state bodies responsible for attracting scientists to the country; b) developing and implementing state target programs; c) improving national regulations for granting work visas to foreign scientists by simplifying administrative procedures. It has been concluded that it is necessary to monitor emigration processes among highly qualified personnel in Russia and make it personalized. The need for a point analysis of the reasons and conditions that contribute to the decision of a representative of the scientific and pedagogical community to move to another country has been substantiated. ; Приведены результаты анализа данных по изменению численности российских научно-педагогических работников в связи с усилением международной конкуренции за кадры высшей квалификации. Основной тенденцией процесса выделено снижение их общей численности с 2015 г. по 2018 г. в среднем на 900-1 000 человек ежегодно, что превышает аналогичные показатели среди остальных категорий населения России. Проанализирован опыт применения государственными органами ведущих мировых держав форм работы по созданию условий для привлечения иностранных ученых к научно-исследовательской и образовательной деятельности в национальных интересах: совершенствование структуры и полномочий государственных органов, отвечающих за привлечение в страну ученых; разработка и реализация государственных целевых программ; совершенствование национальных регламентов предоставления рабочих виз иностранным ученым посредством упрощения административных процедур. Сделан вывод о необходимости осуществления в России мониторинга эмиграционных процессов среди кадров высшей квалификации и придания ему персонифицированного характера. Обоснована необходимость точечного анализа причин и условий, способствующих принятию представителем научно-педагогического сообщества решения на переезд в другую страну.
The article is devoted to the issue, which has not been actually studied in bibliology and culture studies − the origin and formation of noniction books and periodicals as an independent genre in Russia. Indeed, today, when the circulation of popular science periodicals dropped by several orders of magnitude compared with the end of the 1980s, it seems highly improbable that in Russia, destroyed by the First World War and the Civil War, that popular scientiic literature amounted more than a third (36 %) of total books production. Even political literature noticeably lagged behind this igure. Based on rich archival, bibliographic and statistical material of the second half of the XVIII − beginning of the XXI century, found in the inaccessible primary sources, many of which have become a rarity, the author makes an attempt to reconstruct the social mechanisms of formation of the popular science genre. It is shown that one can not speak about the popular science genre as a once and for all formed phenomenon. The complexity of a clear deinition of the genre of scientiic popularization is explained by the fact that this genre is essentially historical. The author suggests using a model of the historical dynamics of the popular science genre he has developed – "Popular Science" / "Industrial Education" / "Entertaining Science" / "Nauchpop" (Popular Science 2.0) – in the analysis of the evolution of forms of popularization of science in Russia. It is shown that in our country the development of scientiic popularization began approximately a century later than in the West, having bypassed the Popular Science stage. In fact, this stage was combined with the stage of the "Industrial Education". It is important to keep in mind, at least in order to adequately deine the subject in the course of today's multiple discussions about the place and role of science popularization in society.
Currently, the most pressing issues are the interaction of civil society and the state, manifested in its various forms and using various means. One of the forms of such interaction is legislative initiative. This article examines and analyzes the concept and significance of legislative initiative as a form of interaction between civil society and the state, identifies problems of legal regulation and further development of such interaction, suggests solving the identified problems.
Актуальность статьи обусловлена возросшей ролью цифровых технологий в социальной сфере. Автор рассматривает влияние цифровизации на благотворительность на примере инновационных форм каритативной деятельности, система которых, наравне с иными социально-экономическими отраслями благотворительности, подвержена диджитализации. Web-сервисы, электронные средства связи и оплаты, социальные сети и мессенджеры - малая часть нововведений, которые позволяют трансформировать инновационные процессы в благотворительную деятельность. Реализация цифровых форм каритативной деятельности - приоритетное направление развития благотворительной отрасли. Цель исследования: раскрыть содержательную часть инновационных форм каритативной деятельности; описать примерные пути развития данной отрасли. Задачи: рассмотреть инновационные формы каритативной деятельности в их сущностных характеристиках; доказать нарастающий секуляративный характер каритативной деятельности, определяющий данную отрасль не только как религиозный катехизисный догмат, но и как светскую социально полезную инициативу; раскрыть понятия краудфандинга и фандрайзинга как основных элементов инновационных форм; проанализировать алгоритм обеспечения функционирования инновационных форм каритативной деятельности в будущем. Методы: онтологический, социально-экономический и иные подходы, общая задача которых − изучить инновационную область каритативной деятельности. В результате проведенной работы рассмотрен механизм реализации инновационных форм каритативной деятельности, выведена модель взаимодействия участников краудфандинговых отношений, отмечены пробелы в законодательном регулировании цифровых правоотношений. Выводы: благотворительная отрасль социальной сферы подвержена информатизации. Ярким примером могут быть инновационные формы каритативной деятельности, которые не только задают вектор цифрового развития социально-экономических отношений, но и стремятся их унифицировать посредством институтов краудфандинга и фандрайзинга. При успешной реализации инновационных форм каритативной деятельности и внедрении их в практику существенно повышается скорость решения финансовых задач, связанных со сбором средств, а также увеличивается охвата заинтересованной в каритативной помощи аудитории. ; The relevance of the article is conditioned by the increased role of digital technologies in the social sphere. The author examines the impact of digitalization on charity, using the example of innovative forms of caritative activities, the system of which, on a par with other socio-economic branches of charity, is subject to digitalization. Web-services, electronic means of communication and payment; social networks and messengers are a small part of innovations, which digitalization has brought to charity. The implementation of innovative forms of caritative activities is a priority direction of development of the charitable sector. The aim of the research is to reveal the content of innovative forms of caritative activity; to describe the approximate ways of development of this branch. The tasks are conditioned by the purpose of the article: to consider innovative forms of caritative activity in their essential characteristics; to prove the increasing secular character of caritative activity, defining this branch not only as a religious catechetical dogma, but also as a secular socially useful initiative; to disclose the concepts «crowdfunding» and «fundraising», as the main elements of innovative forms; to analyze the algorithm of providing functioning of innovative forms of caritative activity. To achieve the objectives, the following methodological approaches: ontological, socio-economic and other approaches, generalized by the overall objective of the study of the innovative field of caritative activity, are used. As a result of the carried out work the mechanism of realization of innovative forms of caritative activity is considered, the model of interaction of participants of crowdfunding relations is deduced, the gaps in legislative regulation of digital legal relations are noted. Conclusions. The charitable sector of the social sphere is subject to informatization, undoubtedly, innovative forms of caritative activities, which not only create a trend towards digital socio-economic relations, but also seek to unify them, through the institutions of crowdfunding and fundraising, can be a striking example. With the successful implementation of innovative forms of fundraising and their introduction into practice, the speed of solving financial problems related to fundraising increases significantly, as well as the completeness of coverage of the audience interested in fundraising assistance.
The article examines the origins and development of the railways tariff policy in Russia in the period of transformation toward monetary form of value, highlighted the stages of its evolution, and analyzes the most interesting ideas, concepts and approaches set forth by Russian government officials, academics and business community in the context of national transportation system development.
The strategy of scientiic and technological development of the Russian Federation considers research personnel and human capital as the main focus of the state policy in the ield of scientiic and technological development. The state's current policy is aimed at creating favorable working conditions for academic and research staf as a key element of human capital capable of building scientiic capacity for economic development. The impulse to reform the academic and research staf remuneration system was given in May 2012 by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation. Also the Government of the Russian Federation has developed and approved the program for the gradual improvement of labor remuneration system in state (municipal) institutions for 2012–2018. The Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the RF has taken a course towards creating a remuneration system in state (municipal) institutions based on the work measurement. However, in the opinion of the authors, the question of the possibility and appropriateness of the application of work measurement principles to intellectual research work remains controversial. Examination of the content of research work and various approaches to work management, as well as comparison with the existing institute of attestation of scientiic workers led the authors to the conclusion that introducing the research work measurement system is inexpedient.
The article is devoted to legal regulation of eficiency work in the Russian Federation and some foreign countries. The main problems in the sphere are revealed including the lack of legislative support of the eficiency proposal author's right to reward, and severely outdated legal documents regulating eficiency work that were adopted more than twenty years ago. The approach to the promotion of eficiency work in such developed countries as the USA, Japan and in promptly developing China is analyzed. The article contains a review of legal acts regulating eficiency work in Russia and in some countries of the former USSR, particularly in Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Two basic approaches to the promotion of eficiency work are identiied: the irst is typical for technologically advanced countries with a long tradition of direct support of eficiency work and innovative activity directly at enterprises without participation of the state. The second approach has been developed in the former socialist countries where the state traditionally has strong inluence on virtually all spheres of social life, in particular on creating instruments for the stimulation of eficiency work. In the countries, belonging to the irst group, eficiency proposals are not regarded as legally protected results of intellectual activity. In the second group of countries legal protection of eficiency proposals presently remains in force. There is some legal uncertainty in Russia nowadays: on the one hand eficiency proposal is not a legally protected result of intellectual activity, on the other hand it can be protected as know-how. However there are no legal norms providing for the know-how author's right to remuneration for the creation of the result in the course of the employment. The article suggests amendments to the Russian labor law, aimed at stimulating eficiency work.
