Suchergebnisse

Jedan od praktično i teorijski najvažnijih problema teritorijalne organizacije lokalne samouprave svodi se na dilemu uspostave jednog stupnja ili više stupnjeva lokalnih samoupravnih jedinica. Stupnjevanjem se odgovara na problem i potrebu integracije sustava lokalne samouprave te na potrebu povezivanja tog sustava sa širom državnom organizacijom. Nakon opće rasprave o prednostima i nedostacima stupnjevanja, opsežno je komparativno analizirano stanje u 39 zemalja, 23 razvijene i 16 tranzicijskih. Ustanovljena su četiri tipa teritorijalnih okvira za integraciju sustava lokalne samouprave, jednostupanjski, mješoviti ili segmentirani, dvostupanjski i trostupanjski. Kao glavni faktori koji uvjetuju izbor jednog od tih okvira u pojedinoj zemlji utvrđeni su: veličina lokalnih jedinica, njihovo monotipsko ili politipsko uređenje, veličina države izražena brojem stanovnika te oblik društvenog uređenja (federacije, unitarne države). ; The dilemma about the establishment of one or more levels of local self-government units is one of the most important problems of territorial organisation of local self-government. Levelling is structural answer to the problem and needs to integrate local self-government system itself and to integrate that system into a wider organisation of a state as a whole. At the beginning, the paper deals with general discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of levelling. The situation in almost forty countries has been analysed, including two groups of countries: developed democracies (Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Island, Italia, Japan, Luxemburg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the USA) and transition countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Serbia). Four different types of territorial frames for local self-govern mentsystem integration have been identified: one-tier, mixed or segmented, two-tier, and three-tier systems. Decision to select one of them is conditioned by the average size of local units, monotypic or polytypic design of territorial division of a country, the size of a country in terms of the number of inhabitants, and form of political organisation (federation or unitary state).

U glavnom gradu EU-a, Bruxellesu, pridružili su se i naši proizvođači mlijeka na dan ukidanja kvota za proizvodnju mlijeka akciji proizvođača mlijeka. Zemlje razvijenog mljekarstva očekuju 20 % porasta proizvodnje bez ekonomskih posljedica, no Republika Hrvatska nema takav tržni alat zbog gubitka velikog broja proizvođača, odnosno isporučitelja mlijeka. Kvote ne ugrožavaju Hrvatsku jer odobrena kvota znatno je veća u odnosu na količinu ukupne proizvodnje mlijeka. Prema izvješću Europske komisije iz prosinca 2013., zbog loših klimatskih prilika i visokih troškova stočne hrane proizvodne kvote EU članica nisu ostvarene za oko 6 %. Dobar primjer su Austrija, Cipar, Poljska i Njemačka te Danska koje su proizvele više od svojih kvota. Zajednička agrarna politika daje praktičnu i organizacijsku potporu za Mliječni paket gdje su određena jasna pravila otkupa mlijeka i njegove cijene u pisanim ugovorima između proizvođača i mljekarske industrije. Tijekom djelovanja sustava kvota restrukturiran je mliječni sektor, odnosno godišnje je proizvodnju napuštalo oko 6 % proizvođača. Poboljšanjem u genetici i učinkovitošću hrane dovodi do povećanja prosječnog prinosa po kravi, iako situacija u tom pogledu znatno varira unutar članica EU-a. Specijalizirane farme u EU-15 članicama ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka od 7300 kg/krava za prosječno stado od 54 krave, dok ostale članice EU-a ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka 5700 kg/krava za prosječno stado 19 krava. Zbog strukture stada ne možemo biti konkurentni farmama u SAD-u sa 115 krava, Australiji sa 258 i Novom Zelandu sa 458 krava. ; In the capital city of EU, Bruxelles, there was a rally of milk producers on the day of abolition of milk quotas, which was joined by our own producers. Countries with developed dairy production expect 20% increase in production without economic consequences, however, Croatia has no such market tool because of the loss of a large number of manufacturers, specifically, suppliers of milk. Quotas are not threatening for Croatia because the approved quota is much higher than the amount of the total milk production. According to the European Commission report in December 2013, due to bad climate conditions and the high cost of animal feed, production quota of EU Member States has not been achieved by the lack of about 6%. Good examples are Austria, Cyprus, Poland, Germany, and Denmark which have produced more than their quota. The Common Agricultural Policy provides a practical and organizational support for the Dairy package where there are certain rules for the purchase of milk and its price in the written agreement between producers and dairy industry. During the period of the quota system dairy sector was restructured, that resulted in annual 6% of manufacturers leaving the production. Improving the genetics and efficiency of food leads to an increase in the average yield per cow, although the situation in this regard varies considerably across the EU Member States specialized farms in the EU-15 Member States achieved an average milk yield of 7300 kg/cow for the average herd of 54 cows, while other EU members are eligible for the average milk yield of 5700 kg/cow for the average herd of 19 cows. Due to the structure of the herd we cannot be competitive with farms in the United States which have 115 cows, Australia 258 and New Zealand with 458 cows.

Moderan pristup oblikovanju javnozdravstvenih preporuka temelji se na objedinjavanju preporuka za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarno ponašanje i duljinu spavanja, odnosno na optimalnoj kombinaciji trajanja navedenih ponašanja tijekom 24 sata. Cilj ovog rada bio je napraviti sustavni pregled literature radi identificiranja i analize postojećih 24-satnih preporuka za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarno ponašanje i spavanje te izraditi prijedlog hrvatskih 24-satnih preporuka u skladu s postojećim nalazima. Sustavnim pregledom literature utvrđeno je da postoje 24-satne preporuke Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) i nacionalne 24-satne preporuke za djecu i mlade (0 – 17 g.) u četiri države (Australiji, Južnoafričkoj Republici, Kanadi i Novom Zelandu), dok takve preporuke za odrasle i starije osobe nisu nađene. Sve postojeće 24-satne preporuke za djecu i mlade temelje se na Kanadskim nacionalnim preporukama i stoga su vrlo slične. Naime, kvantitativne su preporuke jednake, a razlike postoje samo u specifičnim primjerima ili opisima pojedinih aktivnosti. S obzirom na to da su prije spomenute preporuke oblikovane prema najboljim znanstvenim dokazima koji su trenutačno raspoloživi, one su upotrijebljene kao temelj za izradu prijedloga hrvatskih 24-satnih preporuka za djecu i mlade. Pritom su preporuke prilagođene specifičnostima hrvatskog konteksta. Budući da sustavnim pregledom literature nisu nađene objedinjene 24-satne preporuke za tjelesnu aktivnost, sedentarno ponašanje i spavanje odraslih i starijih osoba, proveden je iscrpan pregled literature. Na temelju preporuka SZO-a i najnovijih nacionalnih preporuka za svaku pojedinu sastavnicu, koje su utemeljene na najboljim znanstvenim dokazima što su trenutačno raspoloživi, napravljen je prijedlog hrvatskih 24-satnih preporuka. Predložene hrvatske 24-satne preporuke mogu se iskoristiti za individualno savjetovanje u ambulantama obiteljske medicine, klinikama ili rekreacijskim centrima, za oblikovanje poruka u javnozdravstvenim kampanjama te pri izradi nacionalnih, lokalnih i institucionalnih zdravstvenih politika. ; A modern approach to shaping public health guidelines is to integrate recommendations for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep and to recommend the optimal distribution of time spent in these behaviours in a 24-hour day. The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of literature to identify and analyse the available 24-hour guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep, and to propose Croatian 24-hour guidelines in line with the existing findings. The systematic review of literature showed 24-hour guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and national 24-hour guidelines for children and youth (0 – 17 years of age) in four countries (Australia, South Africa, Canada, and New Zealand). No such guidelines were found for adults and seniors. All the available 24-hour guidelines for children and youth are very similar, as they are based on the Canadian national guidelines. The quantitative recommendations are all the same, with differences found only in specific examples and descriptions of activities. Given that the foregoing guidelines were formulated in line with the best available scientific evidence, they were used to inform the development of the proposed Croatian 24-hour guidelines for children and youth. The proposed guidelines were tailored to the specific context in Croatia. Since no integrated 24-hour guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep for adults and seniors were found in the systematic review of literature, an additional thorough review of literature was conducted in order to identify the most relevant guidelines for each individual behaviour. The proposed Croatian 24-hour guidelines for adults and seniors were based on the WHO guidelines and the most recent and relevant national recommendations from other countries for each of the behaviours. The proposed Croatian 24-hour guidelines can be used: (1) to provide individual counselling in general practice clinics, medical clinics, and recreation centres; (2) to help formulate messages in public health campaigns; and (3) to develop national, local, and institutional health policies.