Suchergebnisse

Die europäische Union hat Programme installiert (EFSF, EFSM, ESM) oder ist dabei dies zu tun (Europäische Einlagensicherung EDIS), die darauf hinauslaufen, dass Kapital von weniger korrupten Ländern in Länder mit höherem Korruptionsgrad transferiert wird. Die Literatur deckt einen deutlichen Zusammenhang zwischen Kreditgeschäft und Korruption auf. In korrupteren Regionen verzeichnen Banken mehr Kreditausfälle und verbuchen mehr Non-Performing-Loans. Korruption im Kreditgeschäft ist sowohl auf der Schuldnerseite (i), wie auch auf der (ii) Gläubigerseite wie auch auf der (iii) Seite der Regierung bzw. Regulatorik anzutreffen. Korrupte Länder zeichnen sich durch schwache Rechtssysteme aus, die es Gläubigern erschweren, ihre Rechte durchzusetzen. In Griechenland spricht man von "strategischen" Kreditnehmern, die es von vornherein darauf anlegen, Kredite nicht ordnungsgemäß zu bedienen. Außer privaten Schuldnern zeigen auch öffentliche Schuldner in korrupteren Ländern eine höhere Ausfallquote ihrer Kredite ("Moratorium"). Im Ergebnis bedeutet dies, dass es für Kapitalgeber ein großes Risiko darstellt, finanzielle Hilfen an korrupte Länder zu leisten. In Zukunft sollten bei allen europäischen Projekten, die mit rückzahlbaren Geldtransfers in Länder mit hohem Korruptionsgrad verbunden sind oder sein können, eine Korruptionsauswirkungsanalyse ("corruption impact assessment") angefertigt werden, welche die voraussichtlichen Folgen der Korruption für das Projekt darlegt. Außerdem sollten Banken in korrupteren Ländern mehr Eigenkapital halten. Die Europäische Einlagensicherung sollte aufgeschoben werden. ; The European Union installed financial programs that enable the transfer of money from less corrupt countries into countries with higher corruption grades (EFSF, EFSM, ESM, European deposit insurance EDIS). This is a risk for lenders in less corrupt countries. The scientific literature proofs that there is a significant correlation between the corruption grade of a country and the Non-Performing-Loan-quota (i) and loan losses (ii). Corruption can be traced back to actions of debtors, of lenders and of regulators. The latter refuse to install strong legal systems that would enable it lenders to enforce their rights. In corrupt countries a collaboration of many parties at the expense of outsiders and especially foreigners can be observed. In Greece the term "strategic borrower" has been established to describe the phenomenon that borrowers systematically try to evade the redemption of their loans with the help of the weak legal system. Taken altogether it is risky for European lenders to transfer money into corrupt jurisdictions. It seems to be necessary to complement European financial projects with detailed impact assessments of the corruption-problem. Banks in corrupt countries should hold higher equity ratios. The European deposit insurance should be suspended.

Der Verkauf von Non Performing Loans (NPLs) hat sich innerhalb von wenigen Jahren als ein bedeutendes Instrument zur Restrukturierung des Bankengeschäfts in Deutschland etabliert. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt auf transparente Weise den aktuellen Stand wieder, welche Formen von NPLs existieren, warum ein Verkauf von NPLs zunehmend stattfindet und vor allem welche rechtlichen Hürden den Verkauf in Form eines Asset Deals und in Form eines Share Deals erschweren. Dabei stellen die Autoren die Zustimmungspflichtigkeit der bestehenden Kreditnehmer beim Forderungs- und Sicherheitsübergang in den Mittelpunkt sowie, damit verbunden, mögliche Verletzungen des Bankgeheimnisses, des Datenschutzes und des Amtsgeheimnisses. Es zeigt sich, dass auf Basis der bestehenden Regelungen die Übertragung von NPLs im Sinne jederzeit kündbarer oder gekündigter Darlehen mit weitaus weniger Hürden an Investoren weitergereicht werden können als 'gefährdete' Darlehen oder Darlehen, die aus Sicht der Banken ihre geschäftspolitische Bedeutung verloren haben.

Der Verkauf von Non Performing Loans (NPLs) hat sich innerhalb von wenigen Jahren als ein bedeutendes Instrument zur Restrukturierung des Bankengeschäfts in Deutschland etabliert. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt auf transparente Weise den aktuellen Stand wieder, welche Formen von NPLs existieren, warum ein Verkauf von NPLs zunehmend stattfindet und vor allem welche rechtlichen Hürden den Verkauf in Form eines Asset Deals und in Form eines Share Deals erschweren. Dabei stellen die Autoren die Zustimmungspflichtigkeit der bestehenden Kreditnehmer beim Forderungs- und Sicherheitsübergang in den Mittelpunkt sowie, damit verbunden, mögliche Verletzungen des Bankgeheimnisses, des Datenschutzes und des Amtsgeheimnisses. Es zeigt sich, dass auf Basis der bestehenden Regelungen die Übertragung von NPLs im Sinne jederzeit kündbarer oder gekündigter Darlehen mit weitaus weniger Hürden an Investoren weitergereicht werden können als "gefährdete" Darlehen oder Darlehen, die aus Sicht der Banken ihre geschäftspolitische Bedeutung verloren haben. -- Non Performing Loans ; Distressed Loan ; Non Strategic Loans ; Loans of Watch ; Forderungsabtretung ; Sicherheitsübertragung ; Bankgeheimnis ; Datenschutz ; Amtsgeheimnis ; Basel II ; Asset Deal ; Share Deal

Among various indicators of financial stability banks non-performing loan assumes critical importance since it reflects on the asset quality credit risk and efficiency in the allocation of resources to productive sectors. Non-performing loans has become a concerning issue for banking sector in recent times. Thusly this study examines the perception of Somali bankers regarding the determinants of NPLs of Somali banks using primary information collected from 180 bankers working in twelve Somali banks. The researcher applied multiple regression and correlation matrix analysis aiming to find out the factors that may have an effect on the non-performing loans of Somali banks. The bankers perceive that the selected variables of this study have an effect on the NPLs of Somali banks. The empirical results of the regression and correlation analysis established strong positive and significant relationship between NPLs of Somali banks and the three variables of unemployment rate interest rate and inflation rate. The findings also reveal that GDP has a weak but positive and significant relationship with the NPLs whilst credit monitoring political interference and bankers incompetence established a weak positive and insignificant relationship with the NPLs of Somali banks. The study suggests that the bank management should increase their expenditure for training and development programmes which would enhance the loan quality monitoring and debt collection management of the bankers. It is also suggested to the government and regulatory bodies that the countrys unemployment rate should be kept low extra care should be given to inflation rate and interest rate fluctuations political interference should be limited or reduced to zero and the countrys banking sector need to be revitalised by increasing the commercial banking services capacity of the Central Bank.

Die europäische Union hat Programme installiert (ESM) oder ist dabei dies zu tun (Europäische Einlagensicherung), die darauf hinauslaufen, dass Kapital von weniger korrupten Ländern in Länder mit höherem Korruptionsgrad transferiert wird. Die Literatur deckt einen deutlichen Zusammenhang zwischen Kreditgeschäft und Korruption auf. In korrupteren Regionen verzeichnen Banken mehr Kreditausfälle und verbuchen mehr Non-Performing-Loans. Korruption im Kreditgeschäft ist sowohl auf der Schuldnerseite (i), wie auch auf der (ii) Gläubigerseite wie auch auf der (iii) Seite der Regierung bzw. Regulatorik anzutreffen. Korrupte Länder zeichnen sich durch schwache Rechtssysteme aus, die es Gläubigern erschweren, ihre Rechte durchzusetzen. In Griechenland spricht man von "strategischen" Kreditnehmern, die es von vornherein darauf anlegen, Kredite nicht ordnungsgemäß zu bedienen. Außer privaten Schuldnern zeigen auch öffentliche Schuldner in korrupteren Ländern eine höhere Ausfallquote ihrer Kredite ("Moratorium"). Im Ergebnis bedeutet dies, dass es für Kapitalgeber ein großes Risiko darstellt, finanzielle Hilfen an korrupte Länder zu leisten. In Zukunft sollten bei allen europäischen Projekten, die mit rückzahlbaren Geldtransfers in Länder mit hohem Korruptionsgrad verbunden sind oder sein können, eine Korruptionsauswirkungsanalyse ("corruption impact assessment") angefertigt werden, welche die voraussichtlichen Folgen der Korruption für das Projekt darlegt. Außerdem sollten Banken in korrupteren Ländern mehr Eigenkapital halten. Die Europäische Einlagensicherung sollte aufgeschoben werden. ; The European Union installed financial programs that enable the transfer of money from less corrupt countries into countries with higher corruption grades (ESM, European deposit insurance). This is a risk for lenders in less corrupt countries. The scientific literature proofs that there is a significant correlation between the corruption grade of a country and the Non-Performing-Loan-quota (i) and loan losses (ii). Corruption can be traced back to actions of debtors, of lenders and of regulators. The latter refuse to install strong legal systems that would enable it lenders to enforce their rights. In corrupt countries a collaboration of many parties at the expense of outsiders and especially foreigners can be observed. In Greece the term "strategic borrower" has been established to describe the phenomenon that borrowers systematically try to evade the redemption of their loans with the help of the weak legal system. Taken altogether it is risky for European lenders to transfer money into corrupt jurisdictions. It seems to be necessary to complement European financial projects with detailed impact assessments of the corruptionproblem. Banks in corrupt countries should hold higher equity ratios. The European deposit insurance should be suspended.

Priority sector lending, non-priority sector lending, corporate debt restructuring and accumulation of non- performing assets have now become an interesting topic of discussion and debate. Evolution of priority sector credit since social control of banks back in 1967 has a chequered history till emergence of micro finance as a tool of poverty alleviation. Various committees formed by RBI and the Government of India have reviewed progress of priority sector lending and recommended measures for revamping the structural and operational measures related to social banking. On the other side, non-priority sector NPAs and corporate debt restructuring seems to be alarming nowadays. Till the year 2011 the situation was different, but after 2011 with the implication of BASEL II, banks are bound to show their stressed assets and restructuring measures are in full swing. In 2015 the corporate debt restructuring was highest in last 10 years. With the introduction of financial sector reforms and adoption of prudential accounting norms following BASEL convention, the banks have been passing through tremendous crisis with phenomenal growth of nonperforming assets. This paper analyses the growth of priority sector non-performing assets, non-priority sector non-performing assets and its contribution towards building up total non-performing assets and investigates the relationship of non-performing assets with some economic parameters. It also analyses the association of corporate debt restructuring with non-performing assets and tries to find out relationship of the above two. A strong correlation is found between corporate debt restructuring and NPAs. A negative association is found between NPAs and GDP growth.

The Croatian banking sector is still burdened with a high portion of Non-Performing Loans, which must be resolved in order to support normalized credit conditions in the economy. With Non-Performing Loans (NPL) amounting to 16.6 of total loans at the end of 2015 and as much as 30 of loans in the corporate sector, Croatia has one of the highest levels of NPLs across the European Union. High stock of NPLs poses a significant strain on the Croatian financial system and resolving NPLs is essential to strengthen the financial system and restore normalized lending. From the perspective of borrowers, resolving unsustainable debt levels and restoring credit is equally vital to business recovery and economic growth. The European Commission Country Report Croatia 2016 highlights that the high stock of NPLs remains a challenge for the banking sector and the Council opinion on the 2016 National Reform Programme of Croatia recommends that the government facilitate the resolution of NPLs, and in particular by improving the tax treatment of the resolution of non-performing loans.

Financial intermediation by banks is an engine of growth because they cause money to be circulated in the economy by seeking deposits from those who have surplus and lend for investment activity. It has a multiplier effect in the economy! Borrowing leads to creation of demand for productive resources and increases the income level of those who supply goods and services. Expenditure of one is income of the t other. This leads to higher GDP and faster productive growth. Contraction in lending has opposite effect and growth falters. One major reason for muted credit growth is fast accretion of Non Performing Assets (NPAs) on banks' balance sheets. Roughly 72 per cent of market share of outstanding credit of SCBs (Scheduled Commercial Banks) is of PSBs. Meteoric rise of NPAs from Sept 15 had its genesis in rapid credit growth of banks during the preceding years say from 2008 onwards. During the period of 2008 to 2014 gross advances of public sector banks grew from Rs. 18 lakh crores to Rs. 54 lakh crores and by September 17 this figure was Rs. 55.01 lakh crores. No wonder that the share of sticky assets of government owned banks in this pile of bad loan is almost 90 per cent.Classification-JEL : A 14, E 44, E 58

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of the unlimited deposit insurance on non-performing loans and market discipline. Deposit insurance program play a crucial role in achieving financial stability. Governments in many advanced and developing economies established deposit insurance schemes for reducing the risk of systemic failure of banks. Deposit insurance has a beneficial effect of reducing the probability of a bank run. However deposit insurance systems have its own set of problems. Deposit insurance systems create moral hazard incentives that encourage banks to take excessive risk. Turkey established an explicit deposit insurance system in 1960. Until 1994, the coverage determined by a flat rate but in that date, Turkey experienced a major economic crisis. In April 1994, Turkish government started to apply an unlimited deposit insurance scheme to restore banking system stability. Unlimited deposit insurance caused a remarkable increase at non-performing loans. This paper empirically estimates the impact of unlimited deposit insurance system on non-performing bank loans (NPLs) and analyses the other potential sources of NPLs.

Benford's law states that the leading significant digits in real-world data sets, provided the data span several orders of magnitude, are not normally uniformly distributed. Deviations from this law may indicate human intervention, even fraud. The data on Chinese banks' non-performing loans has sometimes deviated from Benford's law. Up to 2012, the frequency of ones as leading significant digits was lower than predicted by Benford's law. Surprisingly, the number of ones well exceeded the expected level for large and government-owned banks during 2015–2018.

Banking sector in India has given a positive and encouraging response to the financial sector reforms, which were brought the Indian financial system closer to global standards. With the entry of new private banks and foreign banks has shaken up Public Sector Banks (PSBs) in the competitive changing financial scenario and have opened up opportunities for banks to expand their global presence through self-expansion, strategic alliances, etc. After the liberalization of the Indian economy, the Government has announced a number of reform measures based on the recommendation of the Narasimhan Committee to make the banking sector economically viable and competitively strong. The RBI has been introduced the concept of Non-Performing Asset (NP A) and certain norms with effect from 1.4.1992 which are useful not only to know the true financial position but also to take corrective steps for improving the performance of their loan portfolios. The issue of mounting NPAs is giving jitters to banking sector particularly in many a developing economy. This article attempts to focus on the asset-wise, sector-wise NP As and also examined the quality of loan assets as well as the distribution of PSBs by the ratio of net NP as to net Advances.

Islamic banking still has a high ratio of non-performing financing. This study analyzes the causes of non-performing financing, along with the prevention effectiveness and resolution strategies performed by Islamic banks in dealing with this problem. Interviews conducted on nine informants, with questionnaires distributed to 30 respondents. The results show that the prevention effectiveness performed by Islamic banks consists of legal aspects, qualified human resources, and criteria assessment used to finance proposals, and improve risk management. Furthermore, internal factors such as default, information asymmetry, and financial stress were attributes of non-performing financing, which is externally influenced by inflation, GDP decline, natural disasters, interest rates, and political criminality.JEL Classification: G21, G32

One of the important problem faced by the banking sector in India is the increase in the amount of Non Performing Assets (NPA). NPA are the assets which will not generate income in the form of interest and principal amount to banks. The NPA affects both the financial system and the economy. The competitiveness, profitability and capital adequacy will be affected by the increase in the NPA of banks. The present study examines the extent of NPA of scheduled commercial banks in India since 1997-98.The public sector banks in India have the highest GNPA ratio. In most of the banks the growth rate of NPA is higher than the gross advances. The non priority sector and credit provided to the large borrowers have high NPA. The RBI and government of India have introduced various recovery methods. A

In this study, new determinants of non-performing loans (NPL) for the MSCI emerging countries were investigated. For this purpose, a new index was formed using the World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicator data from 2002 to 2018. To test the effect of governance on NPL, we used the GMM technique. As a robustness test for GMM results, we employed the DOLSMG technique. According to the results, NPL was affected negatively by the governance index. This result could be of interest to policymakers and regulators as a macroprudential policy tool. ; Bu çalışmada MSCI gelişmekte olan ülkeler için devam etmeyen kredilerin (NPL) yeni belirleyicileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Dünya Bankası'nın 2002-2018 yılları arasında dünya çapında yönetişim göstergesi verileri kullanılarak yeni bir endeks oluşturulmuştur. Yönetişimin NPL üzerindeki etkisini test etmek için GMM tekniğini kullandık. GMM sonuçları için sağlamlık testi olarak DOLSMG tekniğini kullandılar. Sonuçlara göre, NPL yönetişim endeksi tarafından olumsuz etkilendi. Bu sonuç, makro izdifalı bir politika aracı olarak politika yapıcıların ve düzenleyicilerin ilgisini çekebilir.

In this paper, utilising the endogenous growth model, we assess the joint long-run determination of economic growth by non-performing loans (NPLs) and by other factors that include bank credit to the economy, gross secondary school enrolment, government expenditure growth rate and the inflation rate in Nigeria using the bank-based approach. The quarterly data sample is between 1998 and 2014. We incorporate the NPLs level in a multivariate model using the ARDL procedure. The results from the bound test suggest the existence of long-run co-movement of these variables and economic growth. All variables in the model are statistically significant in the long run. The NPLs level and bank credit to the economy were found to have a negative and a direct impact on economic growth respectively. On the whole, financial pollution (NPLs) and positive financial utility (from bank credit to the economy) show a remarkable impact of financial development on economic growth in Nigeria. The error correction mechanism shows a very slow restoration to equilibrium in the next period once the system is distorted. The study recommends a higher level of proactive policies both to curb the growth of NPLs and to drive credit by banks to the economy's private sector.