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This article comprehensively and adequately considered some theoretical and practical aspects concerning the types of expert activities, the implementation of which non-state forensic-expert institution should have an appropriate license issued by them in the manner prescribed by law. Reflected the current system of voluntary certification for the test subject non-state forensic activities. The analysis of judicial practice on sample questions provided law enforcement mistakes of actors eligible to appoint a forensic examination in the criminal case, invited some of the trends of the current legislation.As shown in the examples, despite explicit legal requirements on licensing of certain types of expertise-there are still violations of non-state forensic agencies. Regarding the certification of the institutions, we note that the absence in the law on forensic examination requirements for mandatory certification activities of non-state forensic institutions allow these organizations to make a decision about the need of certification of their activities. This approach of the legislator to the activities of non-state forensic institutions in light of the discussion in this section is not correct, in view of what we have proposed recommendations to improve normative-legal regulation in the field of forensics. ; УДК 343.13В настоящей статье комплексно и полно рассмотрены некоторые теоретико-практические аспекты, касающиеся видов экспертной деятельности, на осуществление которых негосударственные судебно-экспертные учреждения должны обладать соответствующей лицензией, выдаваемой им в порядке, установленном законом. Отражена действующая система добровольной сертификации исследуемого субъекта негосударственной судебно-экспертной деятельности. Приведен анализ судебной практики по анализируемым вопросам, указаны правоприменительные ошибки субъектов, правомочных назначить судебную экспертизу по уголовному делу, предложены некоторые тенденции совершенствования действующего законодательства.

Forensic Accounting andFraud Investigation for NON-EXPERTSThird Edition The essential guide for every business professional, Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts, Third Edition is a must-have resource if you've been wondering how financial fraud occurs in an organization and what to do if you find or suspect it. With comprehensive coverage, the authors present useful advice on where your organization is most susceptible to fraud. Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts, Third Edition features: Coverage of the core accounting, investigative, and legal aspects of forensic accounting for professionals new to the field New cases and new material on technology tools in forensic accounting A look at the investigative and legal process along with interview techniques Highly readable and accessible, this timely book provides you with a complete grounding in all phases of forensic accounting and fraud investigation, with methods and tips that will enable you to readily recognize and investigate financial fraud, as well as the evolving sophistication of financial crimes occurring in every sector of industry. Executives, managers, criminal investigators, and prosecuting attorneys all require a basic understanding of accounting principles and investigative techniques to protect their organizations from fraud. Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts, Third Edition helps non-accountants better understand basic forensic accounting principles, how different types of fraud occur, and how to detect and probe fraud in an approach that maximizes the chances of successful prosecution of the perpetrator

"Although great efforts have been made to understand citizenship, it has remained a contested concept, largely because of the problem of the changing relationship between citizens and their community of membership or belonging. The European Union poses the most recent and dramatic change to this definition of citizenship. Arguing that citizenship must be explored from a perspective that takes this continual change into account, Antje Wiener develops the concept of citizenship practicethe process of policymaking and/or political participation which contributes to creating the terms of citizenship. The approach draws on both comparative social-historical literature on the state and the new historical institutionalism in European integration theories. European Citizenship Practice advances a discursive analysis of citizenship practice based on these related bodies of literature, which lie at the heart of this important contribution to citizenship studies. }Although great efforts have been made to understand citizenship, it has remained a contested concept, largely because of the problem of the changing relationship between citizens and their community of membership or belonging. The European Union poses the most recent and dramatic change to this definition of citizenship. Arguing that citizenship must be explored from a perspective that takes this continual change into account, Antje Wiener develops the concept of citizenship practicethe process of policymaking and/or political participation which contributes to creating the terms of citizenship. The approach draws on both comparative social-historical literature on the state and the new historical institutionalism in European integration theories. European Citizenship Practice advances a discursive analysis of citizenship practice based on these related bodies of literature, which lie at the heart of this important contribution to citizenship studies. }"--Provided by publisher.

The Middle East appears rife with violent non-state actors operating outside international norms. The prevailing explanations view these groups through the lens of the state system. States are held responsible for the existence of groups within their borders. Alternatively, in the event that a state actively combats such groups, those non-state groups are attributed to the direction of international terrorists. It is assumed that some actor - state or international outlaw - is in hierarchical control over domestic non-state groups. These analyses ignore the grass-roots nature of non-state actors and their networked authority structure. In reality, even the groupsâ own leaders are often unable to control members. Increasing portions of the Middle East are escaping state regulation and services. Through state incapacity, reliance upon private service provision as the state reforms economically, rebellion, insurgency, and displacement due to war, increasing community space is being regulated locally. Effectively, territories are becoming stateless while they remain located within state territory. Unlike Hobbesâ nightmare of all-out competition and violence, institutions arise to govern these spaces internally. Gangs, local religious authorities and religious political parties are currently the main contenders for authority. In this paper I provide an overview and typology of unregulated areas in the Middle East. Unregulated spaces result from either economic or political causes. Economic causes include rural to urban migration, economic structural adjustment and state incapacity to provide services for new migrants and old residents of urban and rural areas alike. Political causes include war-displaced refugees and disputed zones, where non-state groups claim sovereignty against the state.

The Middle East appears rife with violent non-state actors operating outside domestic law and international norms. Through state incapacity, economic reforms, or war, increasing areas are untouched by state services or law. Territories are becoming effectively stateless even in the geographic heart of the nominal state itself. States considered strong (Tunisia) or rich (Saudi Arabia) are similarly affected. Yet unlike Hobbes's nightmare of all-out competition and violence, the areas are in fact governed. Instead of chaos in spaces where state sovereignty is sparse or absent, alternative authorities arise. New actors and institutions fulfill roles previously considered the preserve of the state. Gangs, militias, thugs, local men of influence, and religious political parties are the main contenders for authority. These actors and their authority are not traditional or longstanding; they are newly successful, self-made leaders. They establish authority through services to the community and legitimate it in terms of religion, identity, or violence.